2023-02-16 03:39:01 +08:00
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# 权衡时间与空间
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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理想情况下,我们希望算法的时间复杂度和空间复杂度都能够达到最优,而实际上,同时优化时间复杂度和空间复杂度是非常困难的。
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2023-01-07 20:34:32 +08:00
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**降低时间复杂度,往往是以提升空间复杂度为代价的,反之亦然**。我们把牺牲内存空间来提升算法运行速度的思路称为「以空间换时间」;反之,称之为「以时间换空间」。选择哪种思路取决于我们更看重哪个方面。
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2022-12-14 01:30:04 +08:00
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大多数情况下,时间都是比空间更宝贵的,只要空间复杂度不要太离谱、能接受就行,**因此以空间换时间最为常用**。
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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2023-02-16 03:39:01 +08:00
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## 示例题目 *
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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2023-01-18 19:56:56 +08:00
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以 LeetCode 全站第一题 [两数之和](https://leetcode.cn/problems/two-sum/) 为例。
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!!! question "两数之和"
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2023-01-19 02:04:21 +08:00
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给定一个整数数组 `nums` 和一个整数目标值 `target` ,请你在该数组中找出“和”为目标值 `target` 的那两个整数,并返回它们的数组下标。
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2023-01-18 19:56:56 +08:00
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你可以假设每种输入只会对应一个答案。但是,数组中同一个元素在答案里不能重复出现。
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你可以按任意顺序返回答案。
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「暴力枚举」和「辅助哈希表」分别为 **空间最优** 和 **时间最优** 的两种解法。本着时间比空间更宝贵的原则,后者是本题的最佳解法。
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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### 方法一:暴力枚举
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时间复杂度 $O(N^2)$ ,空间复杂度 $O(1)$ ,属于「时间换空间」。
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虽然仅使用常数大小的额外空间,但运行速度过慢。
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=== "Java"
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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```java title="leetcode_two_sum.java"
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2023-02-08 19:45:06 +08:00
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[class]{leetcode_two_sum}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="leetcode_two_sum.cpp"
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2023-02-08 19:45:06 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title="leetcode_two_sum.py"
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2023-02-08 19:45:06 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{two_sum_brute_force}
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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```
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2022-11-24 22:54:10 +08:00
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=== "Go"
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```go title="leetcode_two_sum.go"
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2023-02-09 04:45:06 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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2022-11-24 22:54:10 +08:00
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```
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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=== "JavaScript"
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2023-02-08 04:27:55 +08:00
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```javascript title="leetcode_two_sum.js"
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2023-02-08 19:45:06 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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```
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=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title="leetcode_two_sum.ts"
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2023-02-08 19:45:06 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="leetcode_two_sum.c"
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2023-02-11 18:22:27 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="leetcode_two_sum.cs"
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2023-02-08 22:18:02 +08:00
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[class]{leetcode_two_sum}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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```
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2023-01-03 22:24:50 +08:00
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="leetcode_two_sum.swift"
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2023-02-08 20:30:05 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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2023-01-03 22:24:50 +08:00
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```
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2023-02-01 22:03:04 +08:00
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title="leetcode_two_sum.zig"
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2023-02-09 22:57:25 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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2023-02-01 22:03:04 +08:00
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```
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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### 方法二:辅助哈希表
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时间复杂度 $O(N)$ ,空间复杂度 $O(N)$ ,属于「空间换时间」。
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借助辅助哈希表 dic ,通过保存数组元素与索引的映射来提升算法运行速度。
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=== "Java"
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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```java title="leetcode_two_sum.java"
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2023-02-08 19:45:06 +08:00
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[class]{leetcode_two_sum}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="leetcode_two_sum.cpp"
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2023-02-08 19:45:06 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title="leetcode_two_sum.py"
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2023-02-08 19:45:06 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{two_sum_hash_table}
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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```
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2022-11-24 22:54:10 +08:00
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=== "Go"
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```go title="leetcode_two_sum.go"
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2023-02-09 04:45:06 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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2022-11-24 22:54:10 +08:00
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```
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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=== "JavaScript"
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2023-02-08 04:27:55 +08:00
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```javascript title="leetcode_two_sum.js"
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2023-02-08 19:45:06 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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```
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=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title="leetcode_two_sum.ts"
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2023-02-08 19:45:06 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="leetcode_two_sum.c"
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2023-02-11 18:22:27 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="leetcode_two_sum.cs"
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2023-02-08 22:18:02 +08:00
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[class]{leetcode_two_sum}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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```
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2023-01-03 22:24:50 +08:00
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="leetcode_two_sum.swift"
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2023-02-08 20:30:05 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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2023-01-03 22:24:50 +08:00
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```
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2023-02-01 22:03:04 +08:00
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title="leetcode_two_sum.zig"
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2023-02-09 22:57:25 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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2023-02-01 22:03:04 +08:00
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```
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