2023-04-17 18:22:18 +08:00
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# 哈希优化策略
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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2023-04-17 18:22:18 +08:00
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在算法题中,**我们时常通过将线性查找替换为哈希查找来降低算法的时间复杂度**。以 LeetCode 全站第一题 [两数之和](https://leetcode.cn/problems/two-sum/) 为例。
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2023-01-18 19:56:56 +08:00
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!!! question "两数之和"
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2023-01-19 02:04:21 +08:00
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给定一个整数数组 `nums` 和一个整数目标值 `target` ,请你在该数组中找出“和”为目标值 `target` 的那两个整数,并返回它们的数组下标。
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2023-04-07 22:31:50 +08:00
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2023-01-18 19:56:56 +08:00
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你可以假设每种输入只会对应一个答案。但是,数组中同一个元素在答案里不能重复出现。
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2023-04-07 22:31:50 +08:00
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2023-01-18 19:56:56 +08:00
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你可以按任意顺序返回答案。
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2023-04-17 18:22:18 +08:00
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## 线性查找:以时间换空间
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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2023-04-17 18:22:18 +08:00
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考虑直接遍历所有可能的组合。开启一个两层循环,在每轮中判断两个整数的和是否为 `target` ,若是,则返回它们的索引。
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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2023-04-17 18:22:18 +08:00
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(图)
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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=== "Java"
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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```java title="leetcode_two_sum.java"
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2023-02-08 19:45:06 +08:00
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[class]{leetcode_two_sum}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="leetcode_two_sum.cpp"
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2023-02-08 19:45:06 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title="leetcode_two_sum.py"
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2023-02-08 19:45:06 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{two_sum_brute_force}
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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```
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2022-11-24 22:54:10 +08:00
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=== "Go"
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```go title="leetcode_two_sum.go"
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2023-02-09 04:45:06 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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2022-11-24 22:54:10 +08:00
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```
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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=== "JavaScript"
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2023-02-08 04:27:55 +08:00
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```javascript title="leetcode_two_sum.js"
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2023-02-08 19:45:06 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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```
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=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title="leetcode_two_sum.ts"
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="leetcode_two_sum.c"
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2023-02-11 18:22:27 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="leetcode_two_sum.cs"
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2023-02-08 22:18:02 +08:00
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[class]{leetcode_two_sum}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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```
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2023-01-03 22:24:50 +08:00
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="leetcode_two_sum.swift"
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2023-02-08 20:30:05 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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2023-01-03 22:24:50 +08:00
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```
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2023-02-01 22:03:04 +08:00
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title="leetcode_two_sum.zig"
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2023-02-09 22:57:25 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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2023-02-01 22:03:04 +08:00
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```
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2023-04-17 18:22:18 +08:00
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此方法的时间复杂度为 $O(n^2)$ ,空间复杂度为 $O(1)$ ,在大数据量下非常耗时。
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2023-02-27 02:44:09 +08:00
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2023-04-17 18:22:18 +08:00
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## 哈希查找:以空间换时间
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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2023-04-17 18:22:18 +08:00
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考虑借助一个哈希表,将数组元素和元素索引构建为键值对。循环遍历数组中的每个元素 `num` 并执行:
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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2023-02-27 02:44:09 +08:00
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1. 判断数字 `target - num` 是否在哈希表中,若是则直接返回该两个元素的索引;
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2. 将元素 `num` 和其索引添加进哈希表;
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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2023-04-17 18:22:18 +08:00
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(图)
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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=== "Java"
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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```java title="leetcode_two_sum.java"
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2023-02-08 19:45:06 +08:00
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[class]{leetcode_two_sum}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="leetcode_two_sum.cpp"
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title="leetcode_two_sum.py"
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2023-02-08 19:45:06 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{two_sum_hash_table}
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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```
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2022-11-24 22:54:10 +08:00
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=== "Go"
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```go title="leetcode_two_sum.go"
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2023-02-09 04:45:06 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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2022-11-24 22:54:10 +08:00
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```
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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=== "JavaScript"
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2023-02-08 04:27:55 +08:00
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```javascript title="leetcode_two_sum.js"
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2023-02-08 19:45:06 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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```
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=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title="leetcode_two_sum.ts"
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2023-02-08 19:45:06 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="leetcode_two_sum.c"
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2023-02-11 18:22:27 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="leetcode_two_sum.cs"
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2023-02-08 22:18:02 +08:00
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[class]{leetcode_two_sum}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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```
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2023-01-03 22:24:50 +08:00
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="leetcode_two_sum.swift"
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2023-02-08 20:30:05 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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2023-01-03 22:24:50 +08:00
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```
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2023-02-01 22:03:04 +08:00
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title="leetcode_two_sum.zig"
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2023-02-09 22:57:25 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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2023-02-01 22:03:04 +08:00
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```
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2023-02-27 02:44:09 +08:00
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2023-04-17 18:22:18 +08:00
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此方法通过哈希查找将时间复杂度从 $O(n^2)$ 降低至 $O(n)$ ,大幅提升运行效率。
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由于需要维护一个额外的哈希表,因此空间复杂度为 $O(n)$ 。**尽管如此,该方法的整体时空效率更为均衡,因此它是本题的最优解法**。
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