hello-algo/docs/chapter_divide_and_conquer/build_binary_tree_problem.md

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---
comments: true
---
# 12.3   构建二叉树问题
!!! question
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给定一棵二叉树的前序遍历 `preorder` 和中序遍历 `inorder` ,请从中构建二叉树,返回二叉树的根节点。假设二叉树中没有值重复的节点(如图 12-5 所示)。
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![构建二叉树的示例数据](build_binary_tree_problem.assets/build_tree_example.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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<p align="center"> 图 12-5 &nbsp; 构建二叉树的示例数据 </p>
### 1. &nbsp; 判断是否为分治问题
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原问题定义为从 `preorder``inorder` 构建二叉树,是一个典型的分治问题。
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- **问题可以分解**:从分治的角度切入,我们可以将原问题划分为两个子问题:构建左子树、构建右子树,加上一步操作:初始化根节点。而对于每棵子树(子问题),我们仍然可以复用以上划分方法,将其划分为更小的子树(子问题),直至达到最小子问题(空子树)时终止。
- **子问题是独立的**:左子树和右子树是相互独立的,它们之间没有交集。在构建左子树时,我们只需关注中序遍历和前序遍历中与左子树对应的部分。右子树同理。
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- **子问题的解可以合并**:一旦得到了左子树和右子树(子问题的解),我们就可以将它们链接到根节点上,得到原问题的解。
### 2. &nbsp; 如何划分子树
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根据以上分析,这道题可以使用分治来求解,**但如何通过前序遍历 `preorder` 和中序遍历 `inorder` 来划分左子树和右子树呢**
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根据定义,`preorder` 和 `inorder` 都可以划分为三个部分。
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- 前序遍历:`[ 根节点 | 左子树 | 右子树 ]` ,例如图 12-5 的树对应 `[ 3 | 9 | 2 1 7 ]`
- 中序遍历:`[ 左子树 | 根节点 右子树 ]` ,例如图 12-5 的树对应 `[ 9 | 3 | 1 2 7 ]`
以上图数据为例,我们可以通过图 12-6 所示的步骤得到划分结果。
1. 前序遍历的首元素 3 是根节点的值。
2. 查找根节点 3 在 `inorder` 中的索引,利用该索引可将 `inorder` 划分为 `[ 9 | 3 1 2 7 ]`
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3. 根据 `inorder` 的划分结果,易得左子树和右子树的节点数量分别为 1 和 3 ,从而可将 `preorder` 划分为 `[ 3 | 9 | 2 1 7 ]`
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![在前序遍历和中序遍历中划分子树](build_binary_tree_problem.assets/build_tree_preorder_inorder_division.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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<p align="center"> 图 12-6 &nbsp; 在前序遍历和中序遍历中划分子树 </p>
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### 3. &nbsp; 基于变量描述子树区间
根据以上划分方法,**我们已经得到根节点、左子树、右子树在 `preorder``inorder` 中的索引区间**。而为了描述这些索引区间,我们需要借助几个指针变量。
- 将当前树的根节点在 `preorder` 中的索引记为 $i$ 。
- 将当前树的根节点在 `inorder` 中的索引记为 $m$ 。
- 将当前树在 `inorder` 中的索引区间记为 $[l, r]$ 。
如表 12-1 所示,通过以上变量即可表示根节点在 `preorder` 中的索引,以及子树在 `inorder` 中的索引区间。
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<p align="center"> 表 12-1 &nbsp; 根节点和子树在前序遍历和中序遍历中的索引 </p>
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<div class="center-table" markdown>
| | 根节点在 `preorder` 中的索引 | 子树在 `inorder` 中的索引区间 |
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| ------ | ---------------------------- | ----------------------------- |
| 当前树 | $i$ | $[l, r]$ |
| 左子树 | $i + 1$ | $[l, m-1]$ |
| 右子树 | $i + 1 + (m - l)$ | $[m+1, r]$ |
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</div>
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请注意,右子树根节点索引中的 $(m-l)$ 的含义是“左子树的节点数量”,建议结合图 12-7 理解。
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![根节点和左右子树的索引区间表示](build_binary_tree_problem.assets/build_tree_division_pointers.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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<p align="center"> 图 12-7 &nbsp; 根节点和左右子树的索引区间表示 </p>
### 4. &nbsp; 代码实现
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为了提升查询 $m$ 的效率,我们借助一个哈希表 `hmap` 来存储数组 `inorder` 中元素到索引的映射:
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=== "Python"
```python title="build_tree.py"
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def dfs(
preorder: list[int],
inorder_map: dict[int, int],
i: int,
l: int,
r: int,
) -> TreeNode | None:
"""构建二叉树:分治"""
# 子树区间为空时终止
if r - l < 0:
return None
# 初始化根节点
root = TreeNode(preorder[i])
# 查询 m ,从而划分左右子树
m = inorder_map[preorder[i]]
# 子问题:构建左子树
root.left = dfs(preorder, inorder_map, i + 1, l, m - 1)
# 子问题:构建右子树
root.right = dfs(preorder, inorder_map, i + 1 + m - l, m + 1, r)
# 返回根节点
return root
def build_tree(preorder: list[int], inorder: list[int]) -> TreeNode | None:
"""构建二叉树"""
# 初始化哈希表,存储 inorder 元素到索引的映射
inorder_map = {val: i for i, val in enumerate(inorder)}
root = dfs(preorder, inorder_map, 0, 0, len(inorder) - 1)
return root
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```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="build_tree.cpp"
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/* 构建二叉树:分治 */
TreeNode *dfs(vector<int> &preorder, unordered_map<int, int> &inorderMap, int i, int l, int r) {
// 子树区间为空时终止
if (r - l < 0)
return NULL;
// 初始化根节点
TreeNode *root = new TreeNode(preorder[i]);
// 查询 m ,从而划分左右子树
int m = inorderMap[preorder[i]];
// 子问题:构建左子树
root->left = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1, l, m - 1);
// 子问题:构建右子树
root->right = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1 + m - l, m + 1, r);
// 返回根节点
return root;
}
/* 构建二叉树 */
TreeNode *buildTree(vector<int> &preorder, vector<int> &inorder) {
// 初始化哈希表,存储 inorder 元素到索引的映射
unordered_map<int, int> inorderMap;
for (int i = 0; i < inorder.size(); i++) {
inorderMap[inorder[i]] = i;
}
TreeNode *root = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, 0, 0, inorder.size() - 1);
return root;
}
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```
=== "Java"
```java title="build_tree.java"
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/* 构建二叉树:分治 */
TreeNode dfs(int[] preorder, Map<Integer, Integer> inorderMap, int i, int l, int r) {
// 子树区间为空时终止
if (r - l < 0)
return null;
// 初始化根节点
TreeNode root = new TreeNode(preorder[i]);
// 查询 m ,从而划分左右子树
int m = inorderMap.get(preorder[i]);
// 子问题:构建左子树
root.left = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1, l, m - 1);
// 子问题:构建右子树
root.right = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1 + m - l, m + 1, r);
// 返回根节点
return root;
}
/* 构建二叉树 */
TreeNode buildTree(int[] preorder, int[] inorder) {
// 初始化哈希表,存储 inorder 元素到索引的映射
Map<Integer, Integer> inorderMap = new HashMap<>();
for (int i = 0; i < inorder.length; i++) {
inorderMap.put(inorder[i], i);
}
TreeNode root = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, 0, 0, inorder.length - 1);
return root;
}
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="build_tree.cs"
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/* 构建二叉树:分治 */
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TreeNode? DFS(int[] preorder, Dictionary<int, int> inorderMap, int i, int l, int r) {
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// 子树区间为空时终止
if (r - l < 0)
return null;
// 初始化根节点
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TreeNode root = new(preorder[i]);
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// 查询 m ,从而划分左右子树
int m = inorderMap[preorder[i]];
// 子问题:构建左子树
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root.left = DFS(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1, l, m - 1);
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// 子问题:构建右子树
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root.right = DFS(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1 + m - l, m + 1, r);
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// 返回根节点
return root;
}
/* 构建二叉树 */
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TreeNode? BuildTree(int[] preorder, int[] inorder) {
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// 初始化哈希表,存储 inorder 元素到索引的映射
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Dictionary<int, int> inorderMap = [];
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for (int i = 0; i < inorder.Length; i++) {
inorderMap.TryAdd(inorder[i], i);
}
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TreeNode? root = DFS(preorder, inorderMap, 0, 0, inorder.Length - 1);
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return root;
}
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```
=== "Go"
```go title="build_tree.go"
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/* 构建二叉树:分治 */
func dfsBuildTree(preorder []int, inorderMap map[int]int, i, l, r int) *TreeNode {
// 子树区间为空时终止
if r-l < 0 {
return nil
}
// 初始化根节点
root := NewTreeNode(preorder[i])
// 查询 m ,从而划分左右子树
m := inorderMap[preorder[i]]
// 子问题:构建左子树
root.Left = dfsBuildTree(preorder, inorderMap, i+1, l, m-1)
// 子问题:构建右子树
root.Right = dfsBuildTree(preorder, inorderMap, i+1+m-l, m+1, r)
// 返回根节点
return root
}
/* 构建二叉树 */
func buildTree(preorder, inorder []int) *TreeNode {
// 初始化哈希表,存储 inorder 元素到索引的映射
inorderMap := make(map[int]int, len(inorder))
for i := 0; i < len(inorder); i++ {
inorderMap[inorder[i]] = i
}
root := dfsBuildTree(preorder, inorderMap, 0, 0, len(inorder)-1)
return root
}
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```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="build_tree.swift"
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/* 构建二叉树:分治 */
func dfs(preorder: [Int], inorderMap: [Int: Int], i: Int, l: Int, r: Int) -> TreeNode? {
// 子树区间为空时终止
if r - l < 0 {
return nil
}
// 初始化根节点
let root = TreeNode(x: preorder[i])
// 查询 m ,从而划分左右子树
let m = inorderMap[preorder[i]]!
// 子问题:构建左子树
root.left = dfs(preorder: preorder, inorderMap: inorderMap, i: i + 1, l: l, r: m - 1)
// 子问题:构建右子树
root.right = dfs(preorder: preorder, inorderMap: inorderMap, i: i + 1 + m - l, l: m + 1, r: r)
// 返回根节点
return root
}
/* 构建二叉树 */
func buildTree(preorder: [Int], inorder: [Int]) -> TreeNode? {
// 初始化哈希表,存储 inorder 元素到索引的映射
let inorderMap = inorder.enumerated().reduce(into: [:]) { $0[$1.element] = $1.offset }
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return dfs(preorder: preorder, inorderMap: inorderMap, i: inorder.startIndex, l: inorder.startIndex, r: inorder.endIndex - 1)
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}
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```
=== "JS"
```javascript title="build_tree.js"
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/* 构建二叉树:分治 */
function dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i, l, r) {
// 子树区间为空时终止
if (r - l < 0) return null;
// 初始化根节点
const root = new TreeNode(preorder[i]);
// 查询 m ,从而划分左右子树
const m = inorderMap.get(preorder[i]);
// 子问题:构建左子树
root.left = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1, l, m - 1);
// 子问题:构建右子树
root.right = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1 + m - l, m + 1, r);
// 返回根节点
return root;
}
/* 构建二叉树 */
function buildTree(preorder, inorder) {
// 初始化哈希表,存储 inorder 元素到索引的映射
let inorderMap = new Map();
for (let i = 0; i < inorder.length; i++) {
inorderMap.set(inorder[i], i);
}
const root = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, 0, 0, inorder.length - 1);
return root;
}
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```
=== "TS"
```typescript title="build_tree.ts"
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/* 构建二叉树:分治 */
function dfs(
preorder: number[],
inorderMap: Map<number, number>,
i: number,
l: number,
r: number
): TreeNode | null {
// 子树区间为空时终止
if (r - l < 0) return null;
// 初始化根节点
const root: TreeNode = new TreeNode(preorder[i]);
// 查询 m ,从而划分左右子树
const m = inorderMap.get(preorder[i]);
// 子问题:构建左子树
root.left = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1, l, m - 1);
// 子问题:构建右子树
root.right = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1 + m - l, m + 1, r);
// 返回根节点
return root;
}
/* 构建二叉树 */
function buildTree(preorder: number[], inorder: number[]): TreeNode | null {
// 初始化哈希表,存储 inorder 元素到索引的映射
let inorderMap = new Map<number, number>();
for (let i = 0; i < inorder.length; i++) {
inorderMap.set(inorder[i], i);
}
const root = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, 0, 0, inorder.length - 1);
return root;
}
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```
=== "Dart"
```dart title="build_tree.dart"
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/* 构建二叉树:分治 */
TreeNode? dfs(
List<int> preorder,
Map<int, int> inorderMap,
int i,
int l,
int r,
) {
// 子树区间为空时终止
if (r - l < 0) {
return null;
}
// 初始化根节点
TreeNode? root = TreeNode(preorder[i]);
// 查询 m ,从而划分左右子树
int m = inorderMap[preorder[i]]!;
// 子问题:构建左子树
root.left = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1, l, m - 1);
// 子问题:构建右子树
root.right = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1 + m - l, m + 1, r);
// 返回根节点
return root;
}
/* 构建二叉树 */
TreeNode? buildTree(List<int> preorder, List<int> inorder) {
// 初始化哈希表,存储 inorder 元素到索引的映射
Map<int, int> inorderMap = {};
for (int i = 0; i < inorder.length; i++) {
inorderMap[inorder[i]] = i;
}
TreeNode? root = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, 0, 0, inorder.length - 1);
return root;
}
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```
=== "Rust"
```rust title="build_tree.rs"
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/* 构建二叉树:分治 */
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fn dfs(
preorder: &[i32],
inorder_map: &HashMap<i32, i32>,
i: i32,
l: i32,
r: i32,
) -> Option<Rc<RefCell<TreeNode>>> {
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// 子树区间为空时终止
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if r - l < 0 {
return None;
}
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// 初始化根节点
let root = TreeNode::new(preorder[i as usize]);
// 查询 m ,从而划分左右子树
let m = inorder_map.get(&preorder[i as usize]).unwrap();
// 子问题:构建左子树
root.borrow_mut().left = dfs(preorder, inorder_map, i + 1, l, m - 1);
// 子问题:构建右子树
root.borrow_mut().right = dfs(preorder, inorder_map, i + 1 + m - l, m + 1, r);
// 返回根节点
Some(root)
}
/* 构建二叉树 */
fn build_tree(preorder: &[i32], inorder: &[i32]) -> Option<Rc<RefCell<TreeNode>>> {
// 初始化哈希表,存储 inorder 元素到索引的映射
let mut inorder_map: HashMap<i32, i32> = HashMap::new();
for i in 0..inorder.len() {
inorder_map.insert(inorder[i], i as i32);
}
let root = dfs(preorder, &inorder_map, 0, 0, inorder.len() as i32 - 1);
root
}
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```
=== "C"
```c title="build_tree.c"
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/* 构建二叉树:分治 */
TreeNode *dfs(int *preorder, int *inorderMap, int i, int l, int r, int size) {
// 子树区间为空时终止
if (r - l < 0)
return NULL;
// 初始化根节点
TreeNode *root = (TreeNode *)malloc(sizeof(TreeNode));
root->val = preorder[i];
root->left = NULL;
root->right = NULL;
// 查询 m ,从而划分左右子树
int m = inorderMap[preorder[i]];
// 子问题:构建左子树
root->left = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1, l, m - 1, size);
// 子问题:构建右子树
root->right = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1 + m - l, m + 1, r, size);
// 返回根节点
return root;
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}
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/* 构建二叉树 */
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TreeNode *buildTree(int *preorder, int preorderSize, int *inorder, int inorderSize) {
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// 初始化哈希表,存储 inorder 元素到索引的映射
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int *inorderMap = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * MAX_SIZE);
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for (int i = 0; i < inorderSize; i++) {
inorderMap[inorder[i]] = i;
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}
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TreeNode *root = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, 0, 0, inorderSize - 1, inorderSize);
free(inorderMap);
return root;
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}
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```
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=== "Kotlin"
```kotlin title="build_tree.kt"
/* 构建二叉树:分治 */
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fun dfs(
preorder: IntArray,
inorderMap: Map<Int?, Int?>,
i: Int,
l: Int,
r: Int
): TreeNode? {
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// 子树区间为空时终止
if (r - l < 0) return null
// 初始化根节点
val root = TreeNode(preorder[i])
// 查询 m ,从而划分左右子树
val m = inorderMap[preorder[i]]!!
// 子问题:构建左子树
root.left = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1, l, m - 1)
// 子问题:构建右子树
root.right = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1 + m - l, m + 1, r)
// 返回根节点
return root
}
/* 构建二叉树 */
fun buildTree(preorder: IntArray, inorder: IntArray): TreeNode? {
// 初始化哈希表,存储 inorder 元素到索引的映射
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val inorderMap = HashMap<Int?, Int?>()
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for (i in inorder.indices) {
inorderMap[inorder[i]] = i
}
val root = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, 0, 0, inorder.size - 1)
return root
}
```
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=== "Ruby"
```ruby title="build_tree.rb"
[class]{}-[func]{dfs}
[class]{}-[func]{build_tree}
```
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=== "Zig"
```zig title="build_tree.zig"
[class]{}-[func]{dfs}
[class]{}-[func]{buildTree}
```
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??? pythontutor "可视化运行"
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<div style="height: 549px; width: 100%;"><iframe class="pythontutor-iframe" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=class%20TreeNode%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%89%E6%A0%91%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E7%B1%BB%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20def%20__init__%28self,%20val%3A%20int%20%3D%200%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.val%3A%20int%20%3D%20val%20%20%23%20%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%80%BC%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.left%3A%20TreeNode%20%7C%20None%20%3D%20None%20%20%23%20%E5%B7%A6%E5%AD%90%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.right%3A%20TreeNode%20%7C%20None%20%3D%20None%20%20%23%20%E5%8F%B3%E5%AD%90%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%0A%0Adef%20dfs%28%0A%20%20%20%20preorder%3A%20list%5Bint%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20inorder_map%3A%20dict%5Bint,%20int%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20i%3A%20int,%0A%20%20%20%20l%3A%20int,%0A%20%20%20%20r%3A%20int,%0A%29%20-%3E%20TreeNode%20%7C%20None%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%9E%84%E5%BB%BA%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%89%E6%A0%91%EF%BC%9A%E5%88%86%E6%B2%BB%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%91%E5%8C%BA%E9%97%B4%E4%B8%BA%E7%A9%BA%E6%97%B6%E7%BB%88%E6%AD%A2%0A%20%20%20%20if%20r%20-%20l%20%3C%200%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20None%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E6%A0%B9%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20root%20%3D%20TreeNode%28preorder%5Bi%5D%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%A2%20m%20%EF%BC%8C%E4%BB%8E%E8%80%8C%E5%88%92%E5%88%86%E5%B7%A6%E5%8F%B3%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%91%0A%20%20%20%20m%20%3D%20inorder_map%5Bpreorder%5Bi%5D%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%AD%90%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%EF%BC%9A%E6%9E%84%E5%BB%BA%E5%B7%A6%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%91%0A%20%20%20%20root.left%20%3D%20dfs%28preorder,%20inorder_map,%20i%20%2B%201,%20l,%20m%20-%201%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%AD%90%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%EF%BC%9A%E6%9E%84%E5%BB%BA%E5%8F%B3%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%91%0A%20%20%20%20root.right%20%3D%20dfs%28preorder,%20inorder_map,%20i%20%2B%201%20%2B%20m%20-%20l,%20m%20%2B%201,%20r%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%E6%A0%B9%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20return%20root%0A%0A%0Adef%20build_tree%28preorder%3A%20list%5Bint%5D,%20inorder%3A%20list%5Bint%5D%29%20-%3E%20TreeNode%20%7C%20None%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%9E%84%E5%BB%BA%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%89%E6%A0%91%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E5%93%88%E5%B8%8C%E8%A1%A8%EF%BC%8C%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%20inorder%20%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%B0%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%E7%9A%84%E6%98%A0%E5%B0%84%0A%20%20%20%20inorder_map%20%3D%20%7Bval%3A%20i%20for%20i,%20val%20in%20enumerate%28inorder%29%7D%0A%20%20%20%20root%20%3D%20dfs%28preorder,%20inorder_map,%200,%200,%20len%28inorder%29%20-%201%29%0A%20%20%20%20return%20root%0A%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20preorder%20%3D%20%5B3,%209,%202,%201,%207%5D%0A%20%20%20%20inorder%20%3D%20%5B9,%203,%201,%202,%207%5D%0A%20%20%20%20print%28f%22%E5%89%8D%E5%BA%8F%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%20%3D%20%7Bpreorder%7D%22%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28f%22%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%8F%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%20%3D%20%7Binorder%7D%22%29%0A%20%20%20%20root%20%3D%20build_tree%28preorder,%20inorder%29&codeDivHeight=472&codeDivWidth=350&cumulative=false&curInstr=21&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe></div>
<div style="margin-top: 5px;"><a href="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=class%20TreeNode%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%89%E6%A0%91%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E7%B1%BB%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20def%20__init__%28self,%20val%3A%20int%20%3D%200%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.val%3A%20int%20%3D%20val%20%20%23%20%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%80%BC%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.left%3A%20TreeNode%20%7C%20None%20%3D%20None%20%20%23%20%E5%B7%A6%E5%AD%90%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.right%3A%20TreeNode%20%7C%20None%20%3D%20None%20%20%23%20%E5%8F%B3%E5%AD%90%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%0A%0Adef%20dfs%28%0A%20%20%20%20preorder%3A%20list%5Bint%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20inorder_map%3A%20dict%5Bint,%20int%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20i%3A%20int,%0A%20%20%20%20l%3A%20int,%0A%20%20%20%20r%3A%20int,%0A%29%20-%3E%20TreeNode%20%7C%20None%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%9E%84%E5%BB%BA%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%89%E6%A0%91%EF%BC%9A%E5%88%86%E6%B2%BB%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%91%E5%8C%BA%E9%97%B4%E4%B8%BA%E7%A9%BA%E6%97%B6%E7%BB%88%E6%AD%A2%0A%20%20%20%20if%20r%20-%20l%20%3C%200%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20None%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E6%A0%B9%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20root%20%3D%20TreeNode%28preorder%5Bi%5D%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%A2%20m%20%EF%BC%8C%E4%BB%8E%E8%80%8C%E5%88%92%E5%88%86%E5%B7%A6%E5%8F%B3%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%91%0A%20%20%20%20m%20%3D%20inorder_map%5Bpreorder%5Bi%5D%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%AD%90%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%EF%BC%9A%E6%9E%84%E5%BB%BA%E5%B7%A6%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%91%0A%20%20%20%20root.left%20%3D%20dfs%28preorder,%20inorder_map,%20i%20%2B%201,%20l,%20m%20-%201%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%AD%90%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%EF%BC%9A%E6%9E%84%E5%BB%BA%E5%8F%B3%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%91%0A%20%20%20%20root.right%20%3D%20dfs%28preorder,%20inorder_map,%20i%20%2B%201%20%2B%20m%20-%20l,%20m%20%2B%201,%20r%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%E6%A0%B9%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20return%20root%0A%0A%0Adef%20build_tree%28preorder%3A%20list%5Bint%5D,%20inorder%3A%20list%5Bint%5D%29%20-%3E%20TreeNode%20%7C%20None%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%9E%84%E5%BB%BA%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%89%E6%A0%91%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E5%93%88%E5%B8%8C%E8%A1%A8%EF%BC%8C%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%20inorder%20%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%B0%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%E7%9A%84%E6%98%A0%E5%B0%84%0A%20%20%20%20inorder_map%20%3D%20%7Bval%3A%20i%20for%20i,%20val%20in%20enumerate%28inorder%29%7D%0A%20%20%20%20root%20%3D%20dfs%28preorder,%20inorder_map,%200,%200,%20len%28inorder%29%20-%201%29%0A%20%20%20%20return%20root%0A%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20preorder%20%3D%20%5B3,%209,%202,%201,%207%5D%0A%20%20%20%20inorder%20%3D%20%5B9,%203,%201,%202,%207%5D%0A%20%20%20%20print%28f%22%E5%89%8D%E5%BA%8F%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%20%3D%20%7Bpreorder%7D%22%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28f%22%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%8F%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%20%3D%20%7Binorder%7D%22%29%0A%20%20%20%20root%20%3D%20build_tree%28preorder,%20inorder%29&codeDivHeight=800&codeDivWidth=600&cumulative=false&curInstr=21&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全屏观看 ></a></div>
2024-01-07 23:42:54 +08:00
2023-12-02 06:24:05 +08:00
图 12-8 展示了构建二叉树的递归过程,各个节点是在向下“递”的过程中建立的,而各条边(引用)是在向上“归”的过程中建立的。
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=== "<1>"
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![构建二叉树的递归过程](build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_step1.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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=== "<2>"
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![built_tree_step2](build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_step2.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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=== "<3>"
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![built_tree_step3](build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_step3.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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=== "<4>"
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![built_tree_step4](build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_step4.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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=== "<5>"
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![built_tree_step5](build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_step5.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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=== "<6>"
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![built_tree_step6](build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_step6.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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=== "<7>"
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![built_tree_step7](build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_step7.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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=== "<8>"
2023-11-09 05:13:48 +08:00
![built_tree_step8](build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_step8.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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=== "<9>"
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![built_tree_step9](build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_step9.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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<p align="center"> 图 12-8 &nbsp; 构建二叉树的递归过程 </p>
每个递归函数内的前序遍历 `preorder` 和中序遍历 `inorder` 的划分结果如图 12-9 所示。
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![每个递归函数中的划分结果](build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_overall.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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<p align="center"> 图 12-9 &nbsp; 每个递归函数中的划分结果 </p>
设树的节点数量为 $n$ ,初始化每一个节点(执行一个递归函数 `dfs()` )使用 $O(1)$ 时间。**因此总体时间复杂度为 $O(n)$** 。
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哈希表存储 `inorder` 元素到索引的映射,空间复杂度为 $O(n)$ 。在最差情况下,即二叉树退化为链表时,递归深度达到 $n$ ,使用 $O(n)$ 的栈帧空间。**因此总体空间复杂度为 $O(n)$** 。