hello-algo/docs/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.md

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# 数组
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「数组 Array」是一种线性数据结构其将相同类型元素存储在连续的内存空间中。我们将元素在数组中的位置称为元素的「索引 Index」。
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![数组定义与存储方式](array.assets/array_definition.png)
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**数组初始化**。通常有无初始值和给定初始值两种方式,我们可根据需求选择合适的方法。在未给定初始值的情况下,数组的所有元素通常会被初始化为默认值 $0$ 。
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=== "Java"
```java title="array.java"
/* 初始化数组 */
int[] arr = new int[5]; // { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }
int[] nums = { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="array.cpp"
/* 初始化数组 */
// 存储在栈上
int arr[5];
int nums[5] { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
// 存储在堆上
int* arr1 = new int[5];
int* nums1 = new int[5] { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
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```
=== "Python"
```python title="array.py"
# 初始化数组
arr: List[int] = [0] * 5 # [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
nums: List[int] = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4]
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```
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=== "Go"
```go title="array.go"
/* 初始化数组 */
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var arr [5]int
// 在 Go 中,指定长度时([5]int为数组不指定长度时[]int为切片
// 由于 Go 的数组被设计为在编译期确定长度,因此只能使用常量来指定长度
// 为了方便实现扩容 extend() 方法以下将切片Slice看作数组Array
nums := []int{1, 3, 2, 5, 4}
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```
=== "JavaScript"
```javascript title="array.js"
/* 初始化数组 */
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var arr = new Array(5).fill(0);
var nums = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
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```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="array.ts"
/* 初始化数组 */
let arr: number[] = new Array(5).fill(0);
let nums: number[] = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
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```
=== "C"
```c title="array.c"
int arr[5] = { 0 }; // { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }
int nums[5] = { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="array.cs"
/* 初始化数组 */
int[] arr = new int[5]; // { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }
int[] nums = { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
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```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="array.swift"
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/* 初始化数组 */
let arr = Array(repeating: 0, count: 5) // [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
let nums = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4]
```
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=== "Zig"
```zig title="array.zig"
// 初始化数组
var arr = [_]i32{0} ** 5; // { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }
var nums = [_]i32{ 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
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```
=== "Dart"
```dart title="array.dart"
/* 初始化数组 */
List<int> arr = List.filled(5, 0); // [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
List<int> nums = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
```
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=== "Rust"
```rust title="array.rs"
```
## 数组优点
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**在数组中访问元素非常高效**。由于数组元素被存储在连续的内存空间中,因此计算数组元素的内存地址非常容易。给定数组首个元素的地址和某个元素的索引,我们可以使用以下公式计算得到该元素的内存地址,从而直接访问此元素。
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![数组元素的内存地址计算](array.assets/array_memory_location_calculation.png)
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```shell
# 元素内存地址 = 数组内存地址 + 元素长度 * 元素索引
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elementAddr = firtstElementAddr + elementLength * elementIndex
```
!!! question "为什么数组元素的索引要从 $0$ 开始编号呢?"
观察上图,我们发现数组首个元素的索引为 $0$ ,这似乎有些反直觉,因为从 $1$ 开始计数会更自然。
然而,从地址计算公式的角度看,**索引本质上表示的是内存地址的偏移量**。首个元素的地址偏移量是 $0$ ,因此索引为 $0$ 也是合理的。
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访问元素的高效性带来了诸多便利。例如,我们可以在 $O(1)$ 时间内随机获取数组中的任意一个元素。
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=== "Java"
```java title="array.java"
[class]{array}-[func]{randomAccess}
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```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="array.cpp"
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[class]{}-[func]{randomAccess}
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```
=== "Python"
```python title="array.py"
[class]{}-[func]{random_access}
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```
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=== "Go"
```go title="array.go"
[class]{}-[func]{randomAccess}
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```
=== "JavaScript"
```javascript title="array.js"
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[class]{}-[func]{randomAccess}
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```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="array.ts"
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[class]{}-[func]{randomAccess}
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```
=== "C"
```c title="array.c"
[class]{}-[func]{randomAccess}
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="array.cs"
[class]{array}-[func]{randomAccess}
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```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="array.swift"
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[class]{}-[func]{randomAccess}
```
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=== "Zig"
```zig title="array.zig"
[class]{}-[func]{randomAccess}
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```
=== "Dart"
```dart title="array.dart"
[class]{}-[func]{randomAccess}
```
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=== "Rust"
```rust title="array.rs"
[class]{}-[func]{random_access}
```
## 数组缺点
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**数组在初始化后长度不可变**。由于系统无法保证数组之后的内存空间是可用的,因此数组长度无法扩展。而若希望扩容数组,则需新建一个数组,然后把原数组元素依次拷贝到新数组,在数组很大的情况下,这是非常耗时的。
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=== "Java"
```java title="array.java"
[class]{array}-[func]{extend}
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```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="array.cpp"
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[class]{}-[func]{extend}
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```
=== "Python"
```python title="array.py"
[class]{}-[func]{extend}
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```
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=== "Go"
```go title="array.go"
[class]{}-[func]{extend}
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```
=== "JavaScript"
```javascript title="array.js"
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[class]{}-[func]{extend}
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```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="array.ts"
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[class]{}-[func]{extend}
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```
=== "C"
```c title="array.c"
[class]{}-[func]{extend}
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="array.cs"
[class]{array}-[func]{extend}
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```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="array.swift"
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[class]{}-[func]{extend}
```
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=== "Zig"
```zig title="array.zig"
[class]{}-[func]{extend}
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```
=== "Dart"
```dart title="array.dart"
[class]{}-[func]{extend}
```
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=== "Rust"
```rust title="array.rs"
[class]{}-[func]{extend}
```
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**数组中插入或删除元素效率低下**。如果我们想要在数组中间插入一个元素,由于数组元素在内存中是“紧挨着的”,它们之间没有空间再放任何数据。因此,我们不得不将此索引之后的所有元素都向后移动一位,然后再把元素赋值给该索引。
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![数组插入元素](array.assets/array_insert_element.png)
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=== "Java"
```java title="array.java"
[class]{array}-[func]{insert}
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```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="array.cpp"
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[class]{}-[func]{insert}
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```
=== "Python"
```python title="array.py"
[class]{}-[func]{insert}
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```
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=== "Go"
```go title="array.go"
[class]{}-[func]{insert}
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```
=== "JavaScript"
```javascript title="array.js"
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[class]{}-[func]{insert}
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```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="array.ts"
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[class]{}-[func]{insert}
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```
=== "C"
```c title="array.c"
[class]{}-[func]{insert}
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="array.cs"
[class]{array}-[func]{insert}
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```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="array.swift"
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[class]{}-[func]{insert}
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```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="array.zig"
[class]{}-[func]{insert}
```
=== "Dart"
```dart title="array.dart"
[class]{}-[func]{insert}
```
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=== "Rust"
```rust title="array.rs"
[class]{}-[func]{insert}
```
删除元素也类似,如果我们想要删除索引 $i$ 处的元素,则需要把索引 $i$ 之后的元素都向前移动一位。值得注意的是,删除元素后,原先末尾的元素变得“无意义”了,我们无需特意去修改它。
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![数组删除元素](array.assets/array_remove_element.png)
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=== "Java"
```java title="array.java"
[class]{array}-[func]{remove}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="array.cpp"
[class]{}-[func]{remove}
```
=== "Python"
```python title="array.py"
[class]{}-[func]{remove}
```
=== "Go"
```go title="array.go"
[class]{}-[func]{remove}
```
=== "JavaScript"
```javascript title="array.js"
[class]{}-[func]{remove}
```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="array.ts"
[class]{}-[func]{remove}
```
=== "C"
```c title="array.c"
[class]{}-[func]{removeItem}
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="array.cs"
[class]{array}-[func]{remove}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="array.swift"
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[class]{}-[func]{remove}
```
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=== "Zig"
```zig title="array.zig"
[class]{}-[func]{remove}
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```
=== "Dart"
```dart title="array.dart"
[class]{}-[func]{remove}
```
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=== "Rust"
```rust title="array.rs"
[class]{}-[func]{remove}
```
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总结来看,数组的插入与删除操作有以下缺点:
- **时间复杂度高**:数组的插入和删除的平均时间复杂度均为 $O(n)$ ,其中 $n$ 为数组长度。
- **丢失元素**:由于数组的长度不可变,因此在插入元素后,超出数组长度范围的元素会丢失。
- **内存浪费**:我们可以初始化一个比较长的数组,只用前面一部分,这样在插入数据时,丢失的末尾元素都是我们不关心的,但这样做同时也会造成内存空间的浪费。
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## 数组常用操作
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**数组遍历**。以下介绍两种常用的遍历方法。
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=== "Java"
```java title="array.java"
[class]{array}-[func]{traverse}
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```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="array.cpp"
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[class]{}-[func]{traverse}
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```
=== "Python"
```python title="array.py"
[class]{}-[func]{traverse}
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```
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=== "Go"
```go title="array.go"
[class]{}-[func]{traverse}
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```
=== "JavaScript"
```javascript title="array.js"
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[class]{}-[func]{traverse}
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```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="array.ts"
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[class]{}-[func]{traverse}
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```
=== "C"
```c title="array.c"
[class]{}-[func]{traverse}
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="array.cs"
[class]{array}-[func]{traverse}
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```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="array.swift"
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[class]{}-[func]{traverse}
```
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=== "Zig"
```zig title="array.zig"
[class]{}-[func]{traverse}
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```
=== "Dart"
```dart title="array.dart"
[class]{}-[func]{traverse}
```
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=== "Rust"
```rust title="array.rs"
[class]{}-[func]{traverse}
```
**数组查找**。通过遍历数组,查找数组内的指定元素,并输出对应索引。
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=== "Java"
```java title="array.java"
[class]{array}-[func]{find}
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```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="array.cpp"
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[class]{}-[func]{find}
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```
=== "Python"
```python title="array.py"
[class]{}-[func]{find}
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```
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=== "Go"
```go title="array.go"
[class]{}-[func]{find}
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```
=== "JavaScript"
```javascript title="array.js"
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[class]{}-[func]{find}
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```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="array.ts"
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[class]{}-[func]{find}
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```
=== "C"
```c title="array.c"
[class]{}-[func]{find}
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="array.cs"
[class]{array}-[func]{find}
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```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="array.swift"
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[class]{}-[func]{find}
```
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=== "Zig"
```zig title="array.zig"
[class]{}-[func]{find}
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```
=== "Dart"
```dart title="array.dart"
[class]{}-[func]{find}
```
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=== "Rust"
```rust title="array.rs"
[class]{}-[func]{find}
```
## 数组典型应用
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数组是最基础的数据结构,在各类数据结构和算法中都有广泛应用。
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- **随机访问**:如果我们想要随机抽取一些样本,那么可以用数组存储,并生成一个随机序列,根据索引实现样本的随机抽取。
- **排序和搜索**:数组是排序和搜索算法最常用的数据结构。例如,快速排序、归并排序、二分查找等都需要在数组上进行。
- **查找表**:当我们需要快速查找一个元素或者需要查找一个元素的对应关系时,可以使用数组作为查找表。例如,我们有一个字符到其 ASCII 码的映射,可以将字符的 ASCII 码值作为索引,对应的元素存放在数组中的对应位置。
- **机器学习**:神经网络中大量使用了向量、矩阵、张量之间的线性代数运算,这些数据都是以数组的形式构建的。数组是神经网络编程中最常使用的数据结构。
- **数据结构实现**:数组可以用于实现栈、队列、哈希表、堆、图等数据结构。例如,邻接矩阵是图的常见表示之一,它实质上是一个二维数组。