hello-algo/docs/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list.md

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---
comments: true
---
# 4.3   列表
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「列表 list」是一个抽象的数据结构概念它表示元素的有序集合支持元素访问、修改、添加、删除和遍历等操作无须使用者考虑容量限制的问题。列表可以基于链表或数组实现。
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- 链表天然可以看作一个列表,其支持元素增删查改操作,并且可以灵活动态扩容。
- 数组也支持元素增删查改,但由于其长度不可变,因此只能看作一个具有长度限制的列表。
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当使用数组实现列表时,**长度不可变的性质会导致列表的实用性降低**。这是因为我们通常无法事先确定需要存储多少数据,从而难以选择合适的列表长度。若长度过小,则很可能无法满足使用需求;若长度过大,则会造成内存空间浪费。
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为解决此问题,我们可以使用「动态数组 dynamic array」来实现列表。它继承了数组的各项优点并且可以在程序运行过程中进行动态扩容。
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实际上,**许多编程语言中的标准库提供的列表是基于动态数组实现的**,例如 Python 中的 `list` 、Java 中的 `ArrayList` 、C++ 中的 `vector` 和 C# 中的 `List` 等。在接下来的讨论中,我们将把“列表”和“动态数组”视为等同的概念。
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## 4.3.1   列表常用操作
### 1.   初始化列表
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我们通常使用“无初始值”和“有初始值”这两种初始化方法:
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=== "Python"
```python title="list.py"
# 初始化列表
# 无初始值
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nums1: list[int] = []
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# 有初始值
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nums: list[int] = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4]
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```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="list.cpp"
/* 初始化列表 */
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// 需注意C++ 中 vector 即是本文描述的 nums
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// 无初始值
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vector<int> nums1;
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// 有初始值
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vector<int> nums = { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
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```
=== "Java"
```java title="list.java"
/* 初始化列表 */
// 无初始值
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List<Integer> nums1 = new ArrayList<>();
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// 有初始值(注意数组的元素类型需为 int[] 的包装类 Integer[]
Integer[] numbers = new Integer[] { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
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List<Integer> nums = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(numbers));
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="list.cs"
/* 初始化列表 */
// 无初始值
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List<int> nums1 = [];
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// 有初始值
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int[] numbers = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
List<int> nums = [.. numbers];
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```
=== "Go"
```go title="list_test.go"
/* 初始化列表 */
// 无初始值
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nums1 := []int{}
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// 有初始值
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nums := []int{1, 3, 2, 5, 4}
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```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="list.swift"
/* 初始化列表 */
// 无初始值
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let nums1: [Int] = []
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// 有初始值
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var nums = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4]
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```
=== "JS"
```javascript title="list.js"
/* 初始化列表 */
// 无初始值
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const nums1 = [];
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// 有初始值
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const nums = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
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```
=== "TS"
```typescript title="list.ts"
/* 初始化列表 */
// 无初始值
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const nums1: number[] = [];
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// 有初始值
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const nums: number[] = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
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```
=== "Dart"
```dart title="list.dart"
/* 初始化列表 */
// 无初始值
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List<int> nums1 = [];
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// 有初始值
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List<int> nums = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
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```
=== "Rust"
```rust title="list.rs"
/* 初始化列表 */
// 无初始值
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let nums1: Vec<i32> = Vec::new();
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// 有初始值
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let nums: Vec<i32> = vec![1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
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```
=== "C"
```c title="list.c"
// C 未提供内置动态数组
```
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=== "Kotlin"
```kotlin title="list.kt"
```
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=== "Zig"
```zig title="list.zig"
// 初始化列表
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var nums = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
defer nums.deinit();
try nums.appendSlice(&[_]i32{ 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 });
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```
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??? pythontutor "可视化运行"
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<div style="height: 315px; width: 100%;"><iframe class="pythontutor-iframe" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%97%A0%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%80%BC%0A%20%20%20%20nums1%20%3D%20%5B%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%9C%89%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%80%BC%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B1,%203,%202,%205,%204%5D&codeDivHeight=472&codeDivWidth=350&cumulative=false&curInstr=4&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe></div>
<div style="margin-top: 5px;"><a href="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%97%A0%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%80%BC%0A%20%20%20%20nums1%20%3D%20%5B%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%9C%89%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%80%BC%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B1,%203,%202,%205,%204%5D&codeDivHeight=800&codeDivWidth=600&cumulative=false&curInstr=4&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全屏观看 ></a></div>
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### 2. &nbsp; 访问元素
列表本质上是数组,因此可以在 $O(1)$ 时间内访问和更新元素,效率很高。
=== "Python"
```python title="list.py"
# 访问元素
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num: int = nums[1] # 访问索引 1 处的元素
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# 更新元素
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nums[1] = 0 # 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
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```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="list.cpp"
/* 访问元素 */
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int num = nums[1]; // 访问索引 1 处的元素
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/* 更新元素 */
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nums[1] = 0; // 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
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```
=== "Java"
```java title="list.java"
/* 访问元素 */
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int num = nums.get(1); // 访问索引 1 处的元素
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/* 更新元素 */
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nums.set(1, 0); // 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="list.cs"
/* 访问元素 */
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int num = nums[1]; // 访问索引 1 处的元素
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/* 更新元素 */
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nums[1] = 0; // 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
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```
=== "Go"
```go title="list_test.go"
/* 访问元素 */
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num := nums[1] // 访问索引 1 处的元素
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/* 更新元素 */
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nums[1] = 0 // 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
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```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="list.swift"
/* 访问元素 */
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let num = nums[1] // 访问索引 1 处的元素
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/* 更新元素 */
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nums[1] = 0 // 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
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```
=== "JS"
```javascript title="list.js"
/* 访问元素 */
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const num = nums[1]; // 访问索引 1 处的元素
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/* 更新元素 */
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nums[1] = 0; // 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
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```
=== "TS"
```typescript title="list.ts"
/* 访问元素 */
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const num: number = nums[1]; // 访问索引 1 处的元素
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/* 更新元素 */
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nums[1] = 0; // 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
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```
=== "Dart"
```dart title="list.dart"
/* 访问元素 */
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int num = nums[1]; // 访问索引 1 处的元素
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/* 更新元素 */
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nums[1] = 0; // 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
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```
=== "Rust"
```rust title="list.rs"
/* 访问元素 */
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let num: i32 = nums[1]; // 访问索引 1 处的元素
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/* 更新元素 */
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nums[1] = 0; // 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
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```
=== "C"
```c title="list.c"
// C 未提供内置动态数组
```
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=== "Kotlin"
```kotlin title="list.kt"
```
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=== "Zig"
```zig title="list.zig"
// 访问元素
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var num = nums.items[1]; // 访问索引 1 处的元素
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// 更新元素
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nums.items[1] = 0; // 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
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```
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??? pythontutor "可视化运行"
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<div style="height: 369px; width: 100%;"><iframe class="pythontutor-iframe" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B1,%203,%202,%205,%204%5D%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%20%20%20%20num%20%3D%20nums%5B1%5D%20%20%23%20%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%201%20%E5%A4%84%E7%9A%84%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%20%20%20%20nums%5B1%5D%20%3D%200%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%B0%86%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%201%20%E5%A4%84%E7%9A%84%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%BA%200&codeDivHeight=472&codeDivWidth=350&cumulative=false&curInstr=3&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe></div>
<div style="margin-top: 5px;"><a href="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B1,%203,%202,%205,%204%5D%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%20%20%20%20num%20%3D%20nums%5B1%5D%20%20%23%20%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%201%20%E5%A4%84%E7%9A%84%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%20%20%20%20nums%5B1%5D%20%3D%200%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%B0%86%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%201%20%E5%A4%84%E7%9A%84%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%BA%200&codeDivHeight=800&codeDivWidth=600&cumulative=false&curInstr=3&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全屏观看 ></a></div>
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### 3. &nbsp; 插入与删除元素
相较于数组,列表可以自由地添加与删除元素。在列表尾部添加元素的时间复杂度为 $O(1)$ ,但插入和删除元素的效率仍与数组相同,时间复杂度为 $O(n)$ 。
=== "Python"
```python title="list.py"
# 清空列表
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nums.clear()
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# 在尾部添加元素
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nums.append(1)
nums.append(3)
nums.append(2)
nums.append(5)
nums.append(4)
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# 在中间插入元素
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nums.insert(3, 6) # 在索引 3 处插入数字 6
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# 删除元素
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nums.pop(3) # 删除索引 3 处的元素
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```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="list.cpp"
/* 清空列表 */
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nums.clear();
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/* 在尾部添加元素 */
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nums.push_back(1);
nums.push_back(3);
nums.push_back(2);
nums.push_back(5);
nums.push_back(4);
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/* 在中间插入元素 */
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nums.insert(nums.begin() + 3, 6); // 在索引 3 处插入数字 6
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/* 删除元素 */
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nums.erase(nums.begin() + 3); // 删除索引 3 处的元素
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```
=== "Java"
```java title="list.java"
/* 清空列表 */
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nums.clear();
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/* 在尾部添加元素 */
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nums.add(1);
nums.add(3);
nums.add(2);
nums.add(5);
nums.add(4);
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/* 在中间插入元素 */
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nums.add(3, 6); // 在索引 3 处插入数字 6
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/* 删除元素 */
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nums.remove(3); // 删除索引 3 处的元素
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="list.cs"
/* 清空列表 */
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nums.Clear();
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/* 在尾部添加元素 */
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nums.Add(1);
nums.Add(3);
nums.Add(2);
nums.Add(5);
nums.Add(4);
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/* 在中间插入元素 */
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nums.Insert(3, 6);
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/* 删除元素 */
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nums.RemoveAt(3);
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```
=== "Go"
```go title="list_test.go"
/* 清空列表 */
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nums = nil
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/* 在尾部添加元素 */
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nums = append(nums, 1)
nums = append(nums, 3)
nums = append(nums, 2)
nums = append(nums, 5)
nums = append(nums, 4)
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/* 在中间插入元素 */
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nums = append(nums[:3], append([]int{6}, nums[3:]...)...) // 在索引 3 处插入数字 6
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/* 删除元素 */
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nums = append(nums[:3], nums[4:]...) // 删除索引 3 处的元素
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```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="list.swift"
/* 清空列表 */
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nums.removeAll()
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/* 在尾部添加元素 */
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nums.append(1)
nums.append(3)
nums.append(2)
nums.append(5)
nums.append(4)
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/* 在中间插入元素 */
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nums.insert(6, at: 3) // 在索引 3 处插入数字 6
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/* 删除元素 */
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nums.remove(at: 3) // 删除索引 3 处的元素
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```
=== "JS"
```javascript title="list.js"
/* 清空列表 */
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nums.length = 0;
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/* 在尾部添加元素 */
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nums.push(1);
nums.push(3);
nums.push(2);
nums.push(5);
nums.push(4);
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/* 在中间插入元素 */
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nums.splice(3, 0, 6);
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/* 删除元素 */
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nums.splice(3, 1);
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```
=== "TS"
```typescript title="list.ts"
/* 清空列表 */
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nums.length = 0;
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/* 在尾部添加元素 */
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nums.push(1);
nums.push(3);
nums.push(2);
nums.push(5);
nums.push(4);
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2023-12-02 06:24:05 +08:00
/* 在中间插入元素 */
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nums.splice(3, 0, 6);
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/* 删除元素 */
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nums.splice(3, 1);
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```
=== "Dart"
```dart title="list.dart"
/* 清空列表 */
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nums.clear();
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/* 在尾部添加元素 */
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nums.add(1);
nums.add(3);
nums.add(2);
nums.add(5);
nums.add(4);
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/* 在中间插入元素 */
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nums.insert(3, 6); // 在索引 3 处插入数字 6
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/* 删除元素 */
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nums.removeAt(3); // 删除索引 3 处的元素
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```
=== "Rust"
```rust title="list.rs"
/* 清空列表 */
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nums.clear();
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/* 在尾部添加元素 */
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nums.push(1);
nums.push(3);
nums.push(2);
nums.push(5);
nums.push(4);
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2023-12-02 06:24:05 +08:00
/* 在中间插入元素 */
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nums.insert(3, 6); // 在索引 3 处插入数字 6
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/* 删除元素 */
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nums.remove(3); // 删除索引 3 处的元素
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```
=== "C"
```c title="list.c"
// C 未提供内置动态数组
```
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=== "Kotlin"
```kotlin title="list.kt"
```
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
=== "Zig"
```zig title="list.zig"
// 清空列表
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nums.clearRetainingCapacity();
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// 在尾部添加元素
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try nums.append(1);
try nums.append(3);
try nums.append(2);
try nums.append(5);
try nums.append(4);
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
2023-12-02 06:24:05 +08:00
// 在中间插入元素
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try nums.insert(3, 6); // 在索引 3 处插入数字 6
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// 删除元素
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_ = nums.orderedRemove(3); // 删除索引 3 处的元素
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```
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??? pythontutor "可视化运行"
2024-01-09 16:00:24 +08:00
<div style="height: 549px; width: 100%;"><iframe class="pythontutor-iframe" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%9C%89%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%80%BC%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B1,%203,%202,%205,%204%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%B8%85%E7%A9%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%0A%20%20%20%20nums.clear%28%29%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%9C%A8%E5%B0%BE%E9%83%A8%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%20%20%20%20nums.append%281%29%0A%20%20%20%20nums.append%283%29%0A%20%20%20%20nums.append%282%29%0A%20%20%20%20nums.append%285%29%0A%20%20%20%20nums.append%284%29%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E6%8F%92%E5%85%A5%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%20%20%20%20nums.insert%283,%206%29%20%20%23%20%E5%9C%A8%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%203%20%E5%A4%84%E6%8F%92%E5%85%A5%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%206%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%A0%E9%99%A4%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%20%20%20%20nums.pop%283%29%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%A0%E9%99%A4%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%203%20%E5%A4%84%E7%9A%84%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&codeDivHeight=472&codeDivWidth=350&cumulative=false&curInstr=3&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe></div>
<div style="margin-top: 5px;"><a href="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%9C%89%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%80%BC%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B1,%203,%202,%205,%204%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%B8%85%E7%A9%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%0A%20%20%20%20nums.clear%28%29%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%9C%A8%E5%B0%BE%E9%83%A8%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%20%20%20%20nums.append%281%29%0A%20%20%20%20nums.append%283%29%0A%20%20%20%20nums.append%282%29%0A%20%20%20%20nums.append%285%29%0A%20%20%20%20nums.append%284%29%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E6%8F%92%E5%85%A5%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%20%20%20%20nums.insert%283,%206%29%20%20%23%20%E5%9C%A8%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%203%20%E5%A4%84%E6%8F%92%E5%85%A5%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%206%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%A0%E9%99%A4%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%20%20%20%20nums.pop%283%29%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%A0%E9%99%A4%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%203%20%E5%A4%84%E7%9A%84%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&codeDivHeight=800&codeDivWidth=600&cumulative=false&curInstr=3&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全屏观看 ></a></div>
2024-01-07 03:26:23 +08:00
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### 4. &nbsp; 遍历列表
与数组一样,列表可以根据索引遍历,也可以直接遍历各元素。
=== "Python"
```python title="list.py"
# 通过索引遍历列表
count = 0
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for i in range(len(nums)):
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count += nums[i]
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# 直接遍历列表元素
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for num in nums:
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count += num
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```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="list.cpp"
/* 通过索引遍历列表 */
int count = 0;
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for (int i = 0; i < nums.size(); i++) {
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count += nums[i];
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}
/* 直接遍历列表元素 */
count = 0;
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for (int num : nums) {
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count += num;
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}
```
=== "Java"
```java title="list.java"
/* 通过索引遍历列表 */
int count = 0;
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for (int i = 0; i < nums.size(); i++) {
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count += nums.get(i);
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}
/* 直接遍历列表元素 */
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for (int num : nums) {
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count += num;
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}
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="list.cs"
/* 通过索引遍历列表 */
int count = 0;
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for (int i = 0; i < nums.Count; i++) {
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count += nums[i];
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}
/* 直接遍历列表元素 */
count = 0;
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foreach (int num in nums) {
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count += num;
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}
```
=== "Go"
```go title="list_test.go"
/* 通过索引遍历列表 */
count := 0
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for i := 0; i < len(nums); i++ {
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count += nums[i]
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}
/* 直接遍历列表元素 */
count = 0
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for _, num := range nums {
count += num
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}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="list.swift"
/* 通过索引遍历列表 */
var count = 0
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for i in nums.indices {
count += nums[i]
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}
/* 直接遍历列表元素 */
count = 0
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for num in nums {
count += num
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}
```
=== "JS"
```javascript title="list.js"
/* 通过索引遍历列表 */
let count = 0;
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for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
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count += nums[i];
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}
/* 直接遍历列表元素 */
count = 0;
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for (const num of nums) {
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count += num;
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}
```
=== "TS"
```typescript title="list.ts"
/* 通过索引遍历列表 */
let count = 0;
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for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
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count += nums[i];
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}
/* 直接遍历列表元素 */
count = 0;
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for (const num of nums) {
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count += num;
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}
```
=== "Dart"
```dart title="list.dart"
/* 通过索引遍历列表 */
int count = 0;
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for (var i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
count += nums[i];
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}
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
/* 直接遍历列表元素 */
count = 0;
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for (var num in nums) {
count += num;
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}
```
=== "Rust"
```rust title="list.rs"
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// 通过索引遍历列表
let mut _count = 0;
for i in 0..nums.len() {
_count += nums[i];
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}
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// 直接遍历列表元素
_count = 0;
for num in &nums {
_count += num;
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}
```
=== "C"
```c title="list.c"
// C 未提供内置动态数组
```
2024-03-25 22:43:12 +08:00
=== "Kotlin"
```kotlin title="list.kt"
```
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
=== "Zig"
```zig title="list.zig"
// 通过索引遍历列表
var count: i32 = 0;
var i: i32 = 0;
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while (i < nums.items.len) : (i += 1) {
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count += nums[i];
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}
// 直接遍历列表元素
count = 0;
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for (nums.items) |num| {
count += num;
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}
```
2024-01-07 03:26:23 +08:00
??? pythontutor "可视化运行"
2024-01-09 16:00:24 +08:00
<div style="height: 423px; width: 100%;"><iframe class="pythontutor-iframe" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B1,%203,%202,%205,%204%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%87%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%0A%20%20%20%20count%20%3D%200%0A%20%20%20%20for%20i%20in%20range%28len%28nums%29%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20count%20%2B%3D%20nums%5Bi%5D%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%20%20%20%20for%20num%20in%20nums%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20count%20%2B%3D%20num&codeDivHeight=472&codeDivWidth=350&cumulative=false&curInstr=3&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe></div>
<div style="margin-top: 5px;"><a href="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B1,%203,%202,%205,%204%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%87%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%0A%20%20%20%20count%20%3D%200%0A%20%20%20%20for%20i%20in%20range%28len%28nums%29%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20count%20%2B%3D%20nums%5Bi%5D%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%20%20%20%20for%20num%20in%20nums%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20count%20%2B%3D%20num&codeDivHeight=800&codeDivWidth=600&cumulative=false&curInstr=3&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全屏观看 ></a></div>
2024-01-07 03:26:23 +08:00
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
### 5. &nbsp; 拼接列表
2023-12-02 06:24:05 +08:00
给定一个新列表 `nums1` ,我们可以将其拼接到原列表的尾部。
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
=== "Python"
```python title="list.py"
# 拼接两个列表
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nums1: list[int] = [6, 8, 7, 10, 9]
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nums += nums1 # 将列表 nums1 拼接到 nums 之后
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```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="list.cpp"
/* 拼接两个列表 */
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vector<int> nums1 = { 6, 8, 7, 10, 9 };
// 将列表 nums1 拼接到 nums 之后
nums.insert(nums.end(), nums1.begin(), nums1.end());
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```
=== "Java"
```java title="list.java"
/* 拼接两个列表 */
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List<Integer> nums1 = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(new Integer[] { 6, 8, 7, 10, 9 }));
nums.addAll(nums1); // 将列表 nums1 拼接到 nums 之后
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="list.cs"
/* 拼接两个列表 */
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List<int> nums1 = [6, 8, 7, 10, 9];
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nums.AddRange(nums1); // 将列表 nums1 拼接到 nums 之后
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```
=== "Go"
```go title="list_test.go"
/* 拼接两个列表 */
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nums1 := []int{6, 8, 7, 10, 9}
nums = append(nums, nums1...) // 将列表 nums1 拼接到 nums 之后
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```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="list.swift"
/* 拼接两个列表 */
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let nums1 = [6, 8, 7, 10, 9]
nums.append(contentsOf: nums1) // 将列表 nums1 拼接到 nums 之后
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```
=== "JS"
```javascript title="list.js"
/* 拼接两个列表 */
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const nums1 = [6, 8, 7, 10, 9];
nums.push(...nums1); // 将列表 nums1 拼接到 nums 之后
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```
=== "TS"
```typescript title="list.ts"
/* 拼接两个列表 */
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const nums1: number[] = [6, 8, 7, 10, 9];
nums.push(...nums1); // 将列表 nums1 拼接到 nums 之后
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```
=== "Dart"
```dart title="list.dart"
/* 拼接两个列表 */
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List<int> nums1 = [6, 8, 7, 10, 9];
nums.addAll(nums1); // 将列表 nums1 拼接到 nums 之后
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```
=== "Rust"
```rust title="list.rs"
/* 拼接两个列表 */
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let nums1: Vec<i32> = vec![6, 8, 7, 10, 9];
nums.extend(nums1);
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```
=== "C"
```c title="list.c"
// C 未提供内置动态数组
```
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=== "Kotlin"
```kotlin title="list.kt"
```
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=== "Zig"
```zig title="list.zig"
// 拼接两个列表
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var nums1 = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
defer nums1.deinit();
try nums1.appendSlice(&[_]i32{ 6, 8, 7, 10, 9 });
try nums.insertSlice(nums.items.len, nums1.items); // 将列表 nums1 拼接到 nums 之后
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```
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??? pythontutor "可视化运行"
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<div style="height: 333px; width: 100%;"><iframe class="pythontutor-iframe" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B1,%203,%202,%205,%204%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%8B%BC%E6%8E%A5%E4%B8%A4%E4%B8%AA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%0A%20%20%20%20nums1%20%3D%20%5B6,%208,%207,%2010,%209%5D%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%2B%3D%20nums1%20%20%23%20%E5%B0%86%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%20nums1%20%E6%8B%BC%E6%8E%A5%E5%88%B0%20nums%20%E4%B9%8B%E5%90%8E&codeDivHeight=472&codeDivWidth=350&cumulative=false&curInstr=3&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe></div>
<div style="margin-top: 5px;"><a href="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B1,%203,%202,%205,%204%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%8B%BC%E6%8E%A5%E4%B8%A4%E4%B8%AA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%0A%20%20%20%20nums1%20%3D%20%5B6,%208,%207,%2010,%209%5D%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%2B%3D%20nums1%20%20%23%20%E5%B0%86%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%20nums1%20%E6%8B%BC%E6%8E%A5%E5%88%B0%20nums%20%E4%B9%8B%E5%90%8E&codeDivHeight=800&codeDivWidth=600&cumulative=false&curInstr=3&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全屏观看 ></a></div>
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### 6. &nbsp; 排序列表
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完成列表排序后,我们便可以使用在数组类算法题中经常考查的“二分查找”和“双指针”算法。
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=== "Python"
```python title="list.py"
# 排序列表
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nums.sort() # 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
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```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="list.cpp"
/* 排序列表 */
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sort(nums.begin(), nums.end()); // 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
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```
=== "Java"
```java title="list.java"
/* 排序列表 */
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Collections.sort(nums); // 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="list.cs"
/* 排序列表 */
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nums.Sort(); // 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
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```
=== "Go"
```go title="list_test.go"
/* 排序列表 */
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sort.Ints(nums) // 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
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```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="list.swift"
/* 排序列表 */
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nums.sort() // 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
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```
=== "JS"
```javascript title="list.js"
/* 排序列表 */
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nums.sort((a, b) => a - b); // 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
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```
=== "TS"
```typescript title="list.ts"
/* 排序列表 */
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nums.sort((a, b) => a - b); // 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
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```
=== "Dart"
```dart title="list.dart"
/* 排序列表 */
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nums.sort(); // 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
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```
=== "Rust"
```rust title="list.rs"
/* 排序列表 */
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nums.sort(); // 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
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```
=== "C"
```c title="list.c"
// C 未提供内置动态数组
```
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=== "Kotlin"
```kotlin title="list.kt"
```
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=== "Zig"
```zig title="list.zig"
// 排序列表
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std.sort.sort(i32, nums.items, {}, comptime std.sort.asc(i32));
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```
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??? pythontutor "可视化运行"
2024-01-09 16:00:24 +08:00
<div style="height: 315px; width: 100%;"><iframe class="pythontutor-iframe" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B1,%203,%202,%205,%204%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%0A%20%20%20%20nums.sort%28%29%20%20%23%20%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F%E5%90%8E%EF%BC%8C%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E4%BB%8E%E5%B0%8F%E5%88%B0%E5%A4%A7%E6%8E%92%E5%88%97&codeDivHeight=472&codeDivWidth=350&cumulative=false&curInstr=3&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe></div>
<div style="margin-top: 5px;"><a href="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B1,%203,%202,%205,%204%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%0A%20%20%20%20nums.sort%28%29%20%20%23%20%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F%E5%90%8E%EF%BC%8C%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E4%BB%8E%E5%B0%8F%E5%88%B0%E5%A4%A7%E6%8E%92%E5%88%97&codeDivHeight=800&codeDivWidth=600&cumulative=false&curInstr=3&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全屏观看 ></a></div>
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## 4.3.2 &nbsp; 列表实现
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许多编程语言内置了列表,例如 Java、C++、Python 等。它们的实现比较复杂,各个参数的设定也非常考究,例如初始容量、扩容倍数等。感兴趣的读者可以查阅源码进行学习。
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为了加深对列表工作原理的理解,我们尝试实现一个简易版列表,包括以下三个重点设计。
- **初始容量**:选取一个合理的数组初始容量。在本示例中,我们选择 10 作为初始容量。
- **数量记录**:声明一个变量 `size` ,用于记录列表当前元素数量,并随着元素插入和删除实时更新。根据此变量,我们可以定位列表尾部,以及判断是否需要扩容。
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- **扩容机制**:若插入元素时列表容量已满,则需要进行扩容。先根据扩容倍数创建一个更大的数组,再将当前数组的所有元素依次移动至新数组。在本示例中,我们规定每次将数组扩容至之前的 2 倍。
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=== "Python"
```python title="my_list.py"
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class MyList:
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"""列表类"""
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def __init__(self):
"""构造方法"""
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self._capacity: int = 10 # 列表容量
self._arr: list[int] = [0] * self._capacity # 数组(存储列表元素)
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self._size: int = 0 # 列表长度(当前元素数量)
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self._extend_ratio: int = 2 # 每次列表扩容的倍数
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def size(self) -> int:
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"""获取列表长度(当前元素数量)"""
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return self._size
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def capacity(self) -> int:
"""获取列表容量"""
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return self._capacity
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def get(self, index: int) -> int:
"""访问元素"""
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# 索引如果越界,则抛出异常,下同
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if index < 0 or index >= self._size:
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raise IndexError("索引越界")
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return self._arr[index]
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def set(self, num: int, index: int):
"""更新元素"""
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if index < 0 or index >= self._size:
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raise IndexError("索引越界")
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self._arr[index] = num
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def add(self, num: int):
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"""在尾部添加元素"""
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# 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
if self.size() == self.capacity():
self.extend_capacity()
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self._arr[self._size] = num
self._size += 1
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def insert(self, num: int, index: int):
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"""在中间插入元素"""
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if index < 0 or index >= self._size:
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raise IndexError("索引越界")
# 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
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if self._size == self.capacity():
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self.extend_capacity()
# 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
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for j in range(self._size - 1, index - 1, -1):
self._arr[j + 1] = self._arr[j]
self._arr[index] = num
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# 更新元素数量
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self._size += 1
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def remove(self, index: int) -> int:
"""删除元素"""
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if index < 0 or index >= self._size:
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raise IndexError("索引越界")
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num = self._arr[index]
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# 将索引 index 之后的元素都向前移动一位
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for j in range(index, self._size - 1):
self._arr[j] = self._arr[j + 1]
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# 更新元素数量
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self._size -= 1
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# 返回被删除的元素
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return num
def extend_capacity(self):
"""列表扩容"""
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# 新建一个长度为原数组 _extend_ratio 倍的新数组,并将原数组复制到新数组
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self._arr = self._arr + [0] * self.capacity() * (self._extend_ratio - 1)
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# 更新列表容量
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self._capacity = len(self._arr)
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def to_array(self) -> list[int]:
"""返回有效长度的列表"""
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return self._arr[: self._size]
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```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="my_list.cpp"
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/* 列表类 */
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class MyList {
private:
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int *arr; // 数组(存储列表元素)
int arrCapacity = 10; // 列表容量
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int arrSize = 0; // 列表长度(当前元素数量)
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int extendRatio = 2; // 每次列表扩容的倍数
public:
/* 构造方法 */
MyList() {
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arr = new int[arrCapacity];
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}
/* 析构方法 */
~MyList() {
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delete[] arr;
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}
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/* 获取列表长度(当前元素数量)*/
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int size() {
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return arrSize;
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}
/* 获取列表容量 */
int capacity() {
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return arrCapacity;
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}
/* 访问元素 */
int get(int index) {
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// 索引如果越界,则抛出异常,下同
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if (index < 0 || index >= size())
throw out_of_range("索引越界");
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return arr[index];
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}
/* 更新元素 */
void set(int index, int num) {
if (index < 0 || index >= size())
throw out_of_range("索引越界");
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arr[index] = num;
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}
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/* 在尾部添加元素 */
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void add(int num) {
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
if (size() == capacity())
extendCapacity();
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arr[size()] = num;
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// 更新元素数量
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arrSize++;
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}
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/* 在中间插入元素 */
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void insert(int index, int num) {
if (index < 0 || index >= size())
throw out_of_range("索引越界");
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
if (size() == capacity())
extendCapacity();
// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
for (int j = size() - 1; j >= index; j--) {
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arr[j + 1] = arr[j];
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}
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arr[index] = num;
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// 更新元素数量
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arrSize++;
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}
/* 删除元素 */
int remove(int index) {
if (index < 0 || index >= size())
throw out_of_range("索引越界");
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int num = arr[index];
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// 将索引 index 之后的元素都向前移动一位
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for (int j = index; j < size() - 1; j++) {
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arr[j] = arr[j + 1];
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}
// 更新元素数量
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arrSize--;
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// 返回被删除的元素
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return num;
}
/* 列表扩容 */
void extendCapacity() {
// 新建一个长度为原数组 extendRatio 倍的新数组
int newCapacity = capacity() * extendRatio;
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int *tmp = arr;
arr = new int[newCapacity];
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// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
for (int i = 0; i < size(); i++) {
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arr[i] = tmp[i];
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}
// 释放内存
delete[] tmp;
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arrCapacity = newCapacity;
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}
/* 将列表转换为 Vector 用于打印 */
vector<int> toVector() {
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
vector<int> vec(size());
for (int i = 0; i < size(); i++) {
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vec[i] = arr[i];
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}
return vec;
}
};
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```
=== "Java"
```java title="my_list.java"
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/* 列表类 */
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class MyList {
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private int[] arr; // 数组(存储列表元素)
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private int capacity = 10; // 列表容量
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private int size = 0; // 列表长度(当前元素数量)
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private int extendRatio = 2; // 每次列表扩容的倍数
/* 构造方法 */
public MyList() {
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arr = new int[capacity];
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}
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/* 获取列表长度(当前元素数量) */
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public int size() {
return size;
}
/* 获取列表容量 */
public int capacity() {
return capacity;
}
/* 访问元素 */
public int get(int index) {
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// 索引如果越界,则抛出异常,下同
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if (index < 0 || index >= size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("索引越界");
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return arr[index];
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}
/* 更新元素 */
public void set(int index, int num) {
if (index < 0 || index >= size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("索引越界");
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arr[index] = num;
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}
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/* 在尾部添加元素 */
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public void add(int num) {
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
if (size == capacity())
extendCapacity();
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arr[size] = num;
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// 更新元素数量
size++;
}
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/* 在中间插入元素 */
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public void insert(int index, int num) {
if (index < 0 || index >= size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("索引越界");
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
if (size == capacity())
extendCapacity();
// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
for (int j = size - 1; j >= index; j--) {
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arr[j + 1] = arr[j];
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}
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arr[index] = num;
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// 更新元素数量
size++;
}
/* 删除元素 */
public int remove(int index) {
if (index < 0 || index >= size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("索引越界");
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int num = arr[index];
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// 将将索引 index 之后的元素都向前移动一位
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for (int j = index; j < size - 1; j++) {
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arr[j] = arr[j + 1];
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}
// 更新元素数量
size--;
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// 返回被删除的元素
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return num;
}
/* 列表扩容 */
public void extendCapacity() {
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// 新建一个长度为原数组 extendRatio 倍的新数组,并将原数组复制到新数组
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arr = Arrays.copyOf(arr, capacity() * extendRatio);
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// 更新列表容量
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capacity = arr.length;
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}
/* 将列表转换为数组 */
public int[] toArray() {
int size = size();
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
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int[] arr = new int[size];
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for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
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arr[i] = get(i);
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}
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return arr;
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}
}
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="my_list.cs"
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/* 列表类 */
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class MyList {
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private int[] arr; // 数组(存储列表元素)
private int arrCapacity = 10; // 列表容量
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private int arrSize = 0; // 列表长度(当前元素数量)
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private readonly int extendRatio = 2; // 每次列表扩容的倍数
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/* 构造方法 */
public MyList() {
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arr = new int[arrCapacity];
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}
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/* 获取列表长度(当前元素数量)*/
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public int Size() {
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return arrSize;
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}
/* 获取列表容量 */
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public int Capacity() {
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return arrCapacity;
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}
/* 访问元素 */
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public int Get(int index) {
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// 索引如果越界,则抛出异常,下同
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if (index < 0 || index >= arrSize)
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throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("索引越界");
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return arr[index];
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}
/* 更新元素 */
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public void Set(int index, int num) {
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if (index < 0 || index >= arrSize)
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throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("索引越界");
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arr[index] = num;
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}
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/* 在尾部添加元素 */
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public void Add(int num) {
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// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
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if (arrSize == arrCapacity)
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ExtendCapacity();
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arr[arrSize] = num;
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// 更新元素数量
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arrSize++;
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}
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/* 在中间插入元素 */
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public void Insert(int index, int num) {
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if (index < 0 || index >= arrSize)
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throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("索引越界");
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
2023-10-09 18:19:22 +08:00
if (arrSize == arrCapacity)
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ExtendCapacity();
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// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
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for (int j = arrSize - 1; j >= index; j--) {
arr[j + 1] = arr[j];
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}
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arr[index] = num;
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// 更新元素数量
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arrSize++;
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}
/* 删除元素 */
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public int Remove(int index) {
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if (index < 0 || index >= arrSize)
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throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("索引越界");
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int num = arr[index];
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// 将将索引 index 之后的元素都向前移动一位
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for (int j = index; j < arrSize - 1; j++) {
arr[j] = arr[j + 1];
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}
// 更新元素数量
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arrSize--;
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// 返回被删除的元素
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return num;
}
/* 列表扩容 */
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public void ExtendCapacity() {
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// 新建一个长度为 arrCapacity * extendRatio 的数组,并将原数组复制到新数组
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Array.Resize(ref arr, arrCapacity * extendRatio);
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// 更新列表容量
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arrCapacity = arr.Length;
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}
/* 将列表转换为数组 */
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public int[] ToArray() {
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// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
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int[] arr = new int[arrSize];
for (int i = 0; i < arrSize; i++) {
arr[i] = Get(i);
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}
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return arr;
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}
}
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```
=== "Go"
```go title="my_list.go"
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/* 列表类 */
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type myList struct {
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arrCapacity int
arr []int
arrSize int
extendRatio int
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}
/* 构造函数 */
func newMyList() *myList {
return &myList{
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arrCapacity: 10, // 列表容量
arr: make([]int, 10), // 数组(存储列表元素)
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arrSize: 0, // 列表长度(当前元素数量)
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extendRatio: 2, // 每次列表扩容的倍数
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}
}
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/* 获取列表长度(当前元素数量) */
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func (l *myList) size() int {
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return l.arrSize
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}
/* 获取列表容量 */
func (l *myList) capacity() int {
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return l.arrCapacity
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}
/* 访问元素 */
func (l *myList) get(index int) int {
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// 索引如果越界,则抛出异常,下同
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if index < 0 || index >= l.arrSize {
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panic("索引越界")
}
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return l.arr[index]
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}
/* 更新元素 */
func (l *myList) set(num, index int) {
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if index < 0 || index >= l.arrSize {
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panic("索引越界")
}
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l.arr[index] = num
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}
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/* 在尾部添加元素 */
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func (l *myList) add(num int) {
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
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if l.arrSize == l.arrCapacity {
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l.extendCapacity()
}
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l.arr[l.arrSize] = num
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// 更新元素数量
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l.arrSize++
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}
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/* 在中间插入元素 */
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func (l *myList) insert(num, index int) {
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if index < 0 || index >= l.arrSize {
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panic("索引越界")
}
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
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if l.arrSize == l.arrCapacity {
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l.extendCapacity()
}
// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
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for j := l.arrSize - 1; j >= index; j-- {
l.arr[j+1] = l.arr[j]
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}
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l.arr[index] = num
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// 更新元素数量
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l.arrSize++
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}
/* 删除元素 */
func (l *myList) remove(index int) int {
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if index < 0 || index >= l.arrSize {
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panic("索引越界")
}
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num := l.arr[index]
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// 将索引 index 之后的元素都向前移动一位
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for j := index; j < l.arrSize-1; j++ {
l.arr[j] = l.arr[j+1]
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}
// 更新元素数量
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l.arrSize--
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// 返回被删除的元素
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return num
}
/* 列表扩容 */
func (l *myList) extendCapacity() {
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// 新建一个长度为原数组 extendRatio 倍的新数组,并将原数组复制到新数组
2023-10-09 18:19:22 +08:00
l.arr = append(l.arr, make([]int, l.arrCapacity*(l.extendRatio-1))...)
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// 更新列表容量
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l.arrCapacity = len(l.arr)
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}
/* 返回有效长度的列表 */
func (l *myList) toArray() []int {
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
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return l.arr[:l.arrSize]
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}
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```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="my_list.swift"
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/* 列表类 */
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class MyList {
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private var arr: [Int] // 数组(存储列表元素)
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private var _capacity: Int // 列表容量
private var _size: Int // 列表长度(当前元素数量)
private let extendRatio: Int // 每次列表扩容的倍数
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/* 构造方法 */
init() {
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_capacity = 10
_size = 0
extendRatio = 2
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arr = Array(repeating: 0, count: _capacity)
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}
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/* 获取列表长度(当前元素数量)*/
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
func size() -> Int {
_size
}
/* 获取列表容量 */
func capacity() -> Int {
_capacity
}
/* 访问元素 */
func get(index: Int) -> Int {
// 索引如果越界则抛出错误,下同
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if index < 0 || index >= size() {
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fatalError("索引越界")
}
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return arr[index]
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}
/* 更新元素 */
func set(index: Int, num: Int) {
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if index < 0 || index >= size() {
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fatalError("索引越界")
}
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arr[index] = num
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}
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/* 在尾部添加元素 */
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func add(num: Int) {
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
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if size() == capacity() {
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extendCapacity()
}
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arr[size()] = num
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// 更新元素数量
_size += 1
}
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/* 在中间插入元素 */
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func insert(index: Int, num: Int) {
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if index < 0 || index >= size() {
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fatalError("索引越界")
}
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
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if size() == capacity() {
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extendCapacity()
}
// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
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for j in (index ..< size()).reversed() {
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arr[j + 1] = arr[j]
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}
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arr[index] = num
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// 更新元素数量
_size += 1
}
/* 删除元素 */
@discardableResult
func remove(index: Int) -> Int {
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if index < 0 || index >= size() {
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fatalError("索引越界")
}
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let num = arr[index]
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// 将将索引 index 之后的元素都向前移动一位
2024-03-21 04:22:07 +08:00
for j in index ..< (size() - 1) {
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arr[j] = arr[j + 1]
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}
// 更新元素数量
_size -= 1
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// 返回被删除的元素
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
return num
}
/* 列表扩容 */
func extendCapacity() {
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// 新建一个长度为原数组 extendRatio 倍的新数组,并将原数组复制到新数组
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arr = arr + Array(repeating: 0, count: capacity() * (extendRatio - 1))
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// 更新列表容量
2023-10-09 18:19:22 +08:00
_capacity = arr.count
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}
/* 将列表转换为数组 */
func toArray() -> [Int] {
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Array(arr.prefix(size()))
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}
}
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```
=== "JS"
```javascript title="my_list.js"
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/* 列表类 */
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class MyList {
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#arr = new Array(); // 数组(存储列表元素)
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#capacity = 10; // 列表容量
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#size = 0; // 列表长度(当前元素数量)
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#extendRatio = 2; // 每次列表扩容的倍数
/* 构造方法 */
constructor() {
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this.#arr = new Array(this.#capacity);
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}
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/* 获取列表长度(当前元素数量)*/
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size() {
return this.#size;
}
/* 获取列表容量 */
capacity() {
return this.#capacity;
}
/* 访问元素 */
get(index) {
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// 索引如果越界,则抛出异常,下同
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if (index < 0 || index >= this.#size) throw new Error('索引越界');
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return this.#arr[index];
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}
/* 更新元素 */
set(index, num) {
if (index < 0 || index >= this.#size) throw new Error('索引越界');
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this.#arr[index] = num;
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}
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/* 在尾部添加元素 */
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add(num) {
// 如果长度等于容量,则需要扩容
if (this.#size === this.#capacity) {
this.extendCapacity();
}
// 将新元素添加到列表尾部
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this.#arr[this.#size] = num;
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this.#size++;
}
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/* 在中间插入元素 */
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insert(index, num) {
if (index < 0 || index >= this.#size) throw new Error('索引越界');
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
if (this.#size === this.#capacity) {
this.extendCapacity();
}
// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
for (let j = this.#size - 1; j >= index; j--) {
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this.#arr[j + 1] = this.#arr[j];
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}
// 更新元素数量
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this.#arr[index] = num;
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this.#size++;
}
/* 删除元素 */
remove(index) {
if (index < 0 || index >= this.#size) throw new Error('索引越界');
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let num = this.#arr[index];
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// 将将索引 index 之后的元素都向前移动一位
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for (let j = index; j < this.#size - 1; j++) {
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this.#arr[j] = this.#arr[j + 1];
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}
// 更新元素数量
this.#size--;
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// 返回被删除的元素
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return num;
}
/* 列表扩容 */
extendCapacity() {
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// 新建一个长度为原数组 extendRatio 倍的新数组,并将原数组复制到新数组
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this.#arr = this.#arr.concat(
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new Array(this.capacity() * (this.#extendRatio - 1))
);
// 更新列表容量
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this.#capacity = this.#arr.length;
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}
/* 将列表转换为数组 */
toArray() {
let size = this.size();
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
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const arr = new Array(size);
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for (let i = 0; i < size; i++) {
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arr[i] = this.get(i);
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}
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return arr;
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}
}
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```
=== "TS"
```typescript title="my_list.ts"
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/* 列表类 */
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class MyList {
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private arr: Array<number>; // 数组(存储列表元素)
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private _capacity: number = 10; // 列表容量
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private _size: number = 0; // 列表长度(当前元素数量)
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private extendRatio: number = 2; // 每次列表扩容的倍数
/* 构造方法 */
constructor() {
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this.arr = new Array(this._capacity);
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}
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/* 获取列表长度(当前元素数量)*/
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public size(): number {
return this._size;
}
/* 获取列表容量 */
public capacity(): number {
return this._capacity;
}
/* 访问元素 */
public get(index: number): number {
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// 索引如果越界,则抛出异常,下同
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if (index < 0 || index >= this._size) throw new Error('索引越界');
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return this.arr[index];
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}
/* 更新元素 */
public set(index: number, num: number): void {
if (index < 0 || index >= this._size) throw new Error('索引越界');
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this.arr[index] = num;
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}
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/* 在尾部添加元素 */
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public add(num: number): void {
// 如果长度等于容量,则需要扩容
if (this._size === this._capacity) this.extendCapacity();
// 将新元素添加到列表尾部
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this.arr[this._size] = num;
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this._size++;
}
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/* 在中间插入元素 */
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public insert(index: number, num: number): void {
if (index < 0 || index >= this._size) throw new Error('索引越界');
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
if (this._size === this._capacity) {
this.extendCapacity();
}
// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
for (let j = this._size - 1; j >= index; j--) {
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this.arr[j + 1] = this.arr[j];
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}
// 更新元素数量
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this.arr[index] = num;
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this._size++;
}
/* 删除元素 */
public remove(index: number): number {
if (index < 0 || index >= this._size) throw new Error('索引越界');
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let num = this.arr[index];
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// 将将索引 index 之后的元素都向前移动一位
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for (let j = index; j < this._size - 1; j++) {
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this.arr[j] = this.arr[j + 1];
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}
// 更新元素数量
this._size--;
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// 返回被删除的元素
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return num;
}
/* 列表扩容 */
public extendCapacity(): void {
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// 新建一个长度为 size 的数组,并将原数组复制到新数组
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this.arr = this.arr.concat(
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new Array(this.capacity() * (this.extendRatio - 1))
);
// 更新列表容量
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this._capacity = this.arr.length;
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}
/* 将列表转换为数组 */
public toArray(): number[] {
let size = this.size();
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
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const arr = new Array(size);
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for (let i = 0; i < size; i++) {
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arr[i] = this.get(i);
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}
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return arr;
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}
}
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```
=== "Dart"
```dart title="my_list.dart"
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/* 列表类 */
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class MyList {
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late List<int> _arr; // 数组(存储列表元素)
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int _capacity = 10; // 列表容量
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int _size = 0; // 列表长度(当前元素数量)
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int _extendRatio = 2; // 每次列表扩容的倍数
/* 构造方法 */
MyList() {
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_arr = List.filled(_capacity, 0);
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}
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/* 获取列表长度(当前元素数量)*/
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int size() => _size;
/* 获取列表容量 */
int capacity() => _capacity;
/* 访问元素 */
int get(int index) {
if (index >= _size) throw RangeError('索引越界');
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return _arr[index];
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}
/* 更新元素 */
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void set(int index, int _num) {
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if (index >= _size) throw RangeError('索引越界');
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_arr[index] = _num;
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}
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/* 在尾部添加元素 */
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void add(int _num) {
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// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
if (_size == _capacity) extendCapacity();
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_arr[_size] = _num;
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// 更新元素数量
_size++;
}
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/* 在中间插入元素 */
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void insert(int index, int _num) {
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if (index >= _size) throw RangeError('索引越界');
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
if (_size == _capacity) extendCapacity();
// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
for (var j = _size - 1; j >= index; j--) {
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_arr[j + 1] = _arr[j];
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}
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_arr[index] = _num;
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// 更新元素数量
_size++;
}
/* 删除元素 */
int remove(int index) {
if (index >= _size) throw RangeError('索引越界');
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int _num = _arr[index];
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// 将将索引 index 之后的元素都向前移动一位
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for (var j = index; j < _size - 1; j++) {
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_arr[j] = _arr[j + 1];
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}
// 更新元素数量
_size--;
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// 返回被删除的元素
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return _num;
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}
/* 列表扩容 */
void extendCapacity() {
// 新建一个长度为原数组 _extendRatio 倍的新数组
final _newNums = List.filled(_capacity * _extendRatio, 0);
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// 将原数组复制到新数组
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List.copyRange(_newNums, 0, _arr);
// 更新 _arr 的引用
_arr = _newNums;
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// 更新列表容量
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_capacity = _arr.length;
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}
/* 将列表转换为数组 */
List<int> toArray() {
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List<int> arr = [];
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for (var i = 0; i < _size; i++) {
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arr.add(get(i));
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}
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return arr;
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}
}
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```
=== "Rust"
```rust title="my_list.rs"
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/* 列表类 */
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#[allow(dead_code)]
struct MyList {
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arr: Vec<i32>, // 数组(存储列表元素)
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capacity: usize, // 列表容量
size: usize, // 列表长度(当前元素数量)
extend_ratio: usize, // 每次列表扩容的倍数
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}
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#[allow(unused, unused_comparisons)]
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impl MyList {
/* 构造方法 */
pub fn new(capacity: usize) -> Self {
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let mut vec = Vec::new();
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vec.resize(capacity, 0);
Self {
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arr: vec,
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capacity,
size: 0,
extend_ratio: 2,
}
}
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/* 获取列表长度(当前元素数量)*/
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pub fn size(&self) -> usize {
return self.size;
}
/* 获取列表容量 */
pub fn capacity(&self) -> usize {
return self.capacity;
}
/* 访问元素 */
pub fn get(&self, index: usize) -> i32 {
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// 索引如果越界,则抛出异常,下同
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if index >= self.size {
panic!("索引越界")
};
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return self.arr[index];
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}
/* 更新元素 */
pub fn set(&mut self, index: usize, num: i32) {
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if index >= self.size {
panic!("索引越界")
};
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self.arr[index] = num;
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}
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/* 在尾部添加元素 */
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pub fn add(&mut self, num: i32) {
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
if self.size == self.capacity() {
self.extend_capacity();
}
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self.arr[self.size] = num;
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// 更新元素数量
self.size += 1;
}
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/* 在中间插入元素 */
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pub fn insert(&mut self, index: usize, num: i32) {
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if index >= self.size() {
panic!("索引越界")
};
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// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
if self.size == self.capacity() {
self.extend_capacity();
}
// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
for j in (index..self.size).rev() {
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self.arr[j + 1] = self.arr[j];
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}
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self.arr[index] = num;
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// 更新元素数量
self.size += 1;
}
/* 删除元素 */
pub fn remove(&mut self, index: usize) -> i32 {
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if index >= self.size() {
panic!("索引越界")
};
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let num = self.arr[index];
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// 将将索引 index 之后的元素都向前移动一位
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for j in (index..self.size - 1) {
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self.arr[j] = self.arr[j + 1];
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}
// 更新元素数量
self.size -= 1;
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// 返回被删除的元素
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return num;
}
/* 列表扩容 */
pub fn extend_capacity(&mut self) {
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// 新建一个长度为原数组 extend_ratio 倍的新数组,并将原数组复制到新数组
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let new_capacity = self.capacity * self.extend_ratio;
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self.arr.resize(new_capacity, 0);
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// 更新列表容量
self.capacity = new_capacity;
}
/* 将列表转换为数组 */
pub fn to_array(&mut self) -> Vec<i32> {
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
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let mut arr = Vec::new();
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for i in 0..self.size {
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arr.push(self.get(i));
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}
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arr
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}
}
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```
=== "C"
```c title="my_list.c"
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/* 列表类 */
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typedef struct {
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int *arr; // 数组(存储列表元素)
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int capacity; // 列表容量
int size; // 列表大小
int extendRatio; // 列表每次扩容的倍数
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} MyList;
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/* 构造函数 */
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MyList *newMyList() {
MyList *nums = malloc(sizeof(MyList));
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nums->capacity = 10;
nums->arr = malloc(sizeof(int) * nums->capacity);
nums->size = 0;
nums->extendRatio = 2;
return nums;
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}
/* 析构函数 */
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void delMyList(MyList *nums) {
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free(nums->arr);
free(nums);
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}
/* 获取列表长度 */
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int size(MyList *nums) {
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return nums->size;
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}
/* 获取列表容量 */
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int capacity(MyList *nums) {
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return nums->capacity;
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}
/* 访问元素 */
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int get(MyList *nums, int index) {
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assert(index >= 0 && index < nums->size);
return nums->arr[index];
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}
/* 更新元素 */
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void set(MyList *nums, int index, int num) {
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assert(index >= 0 && index < nums->size);
nums->arr[index] = num;
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}
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/* 在尾部添加元素 */
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void add(MyList *nums, int num) {
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if (size(nums) == capacity(nums)) {
extendCapacity(nums); // 扩容
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}
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nums->arr[size(nums)] = num;
nums->size++;
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}
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/* 在中间插入元素 */
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void insert(MyList *nums, int index, int num) {
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assert(index >= 0 && index < size(nums));
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// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
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if (size(nums) == capacity(nums)) {
extendCapacity(nums); // 扩容
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}
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for (int i = size(nums); i > index; --i) {
nums->arr[i] = nums->arr[i - 1];
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}
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nums->arr[index] = num;
nums->size++;
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}
/* 删除元素 */
// 注意stdio.h 占用了 remove 关键词
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int removeItem(MyList *nums, int index) {
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assert(index >= 0 && index < size(nums));
int num = nums->arr[index];
for (int i = index; i < size(nums) - 1; i++) {
nums->arr[i] = nums->arr[i + 1];
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}
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nums->size--;
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return num;
}
/* 列表扩容 */
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void extendCapacity(MyList *nums) {
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// 先分配空间
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int newCapacity = capacity(nums) * nums->extendRatio;
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int *extend = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * newCapacity);
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int *temp = nums->arr;
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// 拷贝旧数据到新数据
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for (int i = 0; i < size(nums); i++)
extend[i] = nums->arr[i];
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// 释放旧数据
free(temp);
// 更新新数据
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nums->arr = extend;
nums->capacity = newCapacity;
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}
/* 将列表转换为 Array 用于打印 */
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int *toArray(MyList *nums) {
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return nums->arr;
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}
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```
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=== "Kotlin"
```kotlin title="my_list.kt"
/* 列表类 */
class MyList {
private var arr: IntArray = intArrayOf() // 数组(存储列表元素)
private var capacity = 10 // 列表容量
private var size = 0 // 列表长度(当前元素数量)
private var extendRatio = 2 // 每次列表扩容的倍数
/* 构造函数 */
init {
arr = IntArray(capacity)
}
/* 获取列表长度(当前元素数量) */
fun size(): Int {
return size
}
/* 获取列表容量 */
fun capacity(): Int {
return capacity
}
/* 访问元素 */
fun get(index: Int): Int {
// 索引如果越界,则抛出异常,下同
if (index < 0 || index >= size)
throw IndexOutOfBoundsException()
return arr[index]
}
/* 更新元素 */
fun set(index: Int, num: Int) {
if (index < 0 || index >= size)
throw IndexOutOfBoundsException("索引越界")
arr[index] = num
}
/* 在尾部添加元素 */
fun add(num: Int) {
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
if (size == capacity())
extendCapacity()
arr[size] = num
// 更新元素数量
size++
}
/* 在中间插入元素 */
fun insert(index: Int, num: Int) {
if (index < 0 || index >= size)
throw IndexOutOfBoundsException("索引越界")
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
if (size == capacity())
extendCapacity()
// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
for (j in size - 1 downTo index)
arr[j + 1] = arr[j]
arr[index] = num
// 更新元素数量
size++
}
/* 删除元素 */
fun remove(index: Int): Int {
if (index < 0 || index >= size)
throw IndexOutOfBoundsException("索引越界")
val num: Int = arr[index]
// 将将索引 index 之后的元素都向前移动一位
for (j in index..<size - 1)
arr[j] = arr[j + 1]
// 更新元素数量
size--
// 返回被删除的元素
return num
}
/* 列表扩容 */
fun extendCapacity() {
// 新建一个长度为原数组 extendRatio 倍的新数组,并将原数组复制到新数组
arr = arr.copyOf(capacity() * extendRatio)
// 更新列表容量
capacity = arr.size
}
/* 将列表转换为数组 */
fun toArray(): IntArray {
val size = size()
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
val arr = IntArray(size)
for (i in 0..<size) {
arr[i] = get(i)
}
return arr
}
}
```
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=== "Zig"
```zig title="my_list.zig"
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// 列表类
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fn MyList(comptime T: type) type {
return struct {
const Self = @This();
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arr: []T = undefined, // 数组(存储列表元素)
arrCapacity: usize = 10, // 列表容量
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numSize: usize = 0, // 列表长度(当前元素数量)
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extendRatio: usize = 2, // 每次列表扩容的倍数
mem_arena: ?std.heap.ArenaAllocator = null,
mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator = undefined, // 内存分配器
// 构造函数(分配内存+初始化列表)
pub fn init(self: *Self, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) !void {
if (self.mem_arena == null) {
self.mem_arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(allocator);
self.mem_allocator = self.mem_arena.?.allocator();
}
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self.arr = try self.mem_allocator.alloc(T, self.arrCapacity);
@memset(self.arr, @as(T, 0));
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}
// 析构函数(释放内存)
pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
if (self.mem_arena == null) return;
self.mem_arena.?.deinit();
}
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// 获取列表长度(当前元素数量)
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pub fn size(self: *Self) usize {
return self.numSize;
}
// 获取列表容量
pub fn capacity(self: *Self) usize {
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return self.arrCapacity;
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}
// 访问元素
pub fn get(self: *Self, index: usize) T {
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// 索引如果越界,则抛出异常,下同
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if (index < 0 or index >= self.size()) @panic("索引越界");
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return self.arr[index];
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}
// 更新元素
pub fn set(self: *Self, index: usize, num: T) void {
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// 索引如果越界,则抛出异常,下同
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if (index < 0 or index >= self.size()) @panic("索引越界");
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self.arr[index] = num;
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}
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// 在尾部添加元素
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pub fn add(self: *Self, num: T) !void {
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
if (self.size() == self.capacity()) try self.extendCapacity();
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self.arr[self.size()] = num;
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// 更新元素数量
self.numSize += 1;
}
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// 在中间插入元素
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pub fn insert(self: *Self, index: usize, num: T) !void {
if (index < 0 or index >= self.size()) @panic("索引越界");
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
if (self.size() == self.capacity()) try self.extendCapacity();
// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
var j = self.size() - 1;
while (j >= index) : (j -= 1) {
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self.arr[j + 1] = self.arr[j];
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}
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self.arr[index] = num;
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// 更新元素数量
self.numSize += 1;
}
// 删除元素
pub fn remove(self: *Self, index: usize) T {
if (index < 0 or index >= self.size()) @panic("索引越界");
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var num = self.arr[index];
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// 将索引 index 之后的元素都向前移动一位
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var j = index;
while (j < self.size() - 1) : (j += 1) {
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self.arr[j] = self.arr[j + 1];
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}
// 更新元素数量
self.numSize -= 1;
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// 返回被删除的元素
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return num;
}
// 列表扩容
pub fn extendCapacity(self: *Self) !void {
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// 新建一个长度为 size * extendRatio 的数组,并将原数组复制到新数组
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var newCapacity = self.capacity() * self.extendRatio;
var extend = try self.mem_allocator.alloc(T, newCapacity);
@memset(extend, @as(T, 0));
// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
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std.mem.copy(T, extend, self.arr);
self.arr = extend;
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// 更新列表容量
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self.arrCapacity = newCapacity;
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}
// 将列表转换为数组
pub fn toArray(self: *Self) ![]T {
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
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var arr = try self.mem_allocator.alloc(T, self.size());
@memset(arr, @as(T, 0));
for (arr, 0..) |*num, i| {
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num.* = self.get(i);
}
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return arr;
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}
};
}
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```
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??? pythontutor "可视化运行"
2024-01-09 16:00:24 +08:00
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