2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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---
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comments: true
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---
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2024-01-12 21:13:51 +08:00
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# 13.4 n 皇后问题
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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!!! question
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2023-12-02 06:24:05 +08:00
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根据国际象棋的规则,皇后可以攻击与同处一行、一列或一条斜线上的棋子。给定 $n$ 个皇后和一个 $n \times n$ 大小的棋盘,寻找使得所有皇后之间无法相互攻击的摆放方案。
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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如图 13-15 所示,当 $n = 4$ 时,共可以找到两个解。从回溯算法的角度看,$n \times n$ 大小的棋盘共有 $n^2$ 个格子,给出了所有的选择 `choices` 。在逐个放置皇后的过程中,棋盘状态在不断地变化,每个时刻的棋盘就是状态 `state` 。
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2023-11-09 05:13:48 +08:00
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![4 皇后问题的解](n_queens_problem.assets/solution_4_queens.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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<p align="center"> 图 13-15 4 皇后问题的解 </p>
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2023-12-28 17:18:37 +08:00
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图 13-16 展示了本题的三个约束条件:**多个皇后不能在同一行、同一列、同一条对角线上**。值得注意的是,对角线分为主对角线 `\` 和次对角线 `/` 两种。
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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2023-11-09 05:13:48 +08:00
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![n 皇后问题的约束条件](n_queens_problem.assets/n_queens_constraints.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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<p align="center"> 图 13-16 n 皇后问题的约束条件 </p>
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### 1. 逐行放置策略
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皇后的数量和棋盘的行数都为 $n$ ,因此我们容易得到一个推论:**棋盘每行都允许且只允许放置一个皇后**。
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也就是说,我们可以采取逐行放置策略:从第一行开始,在每行放置一个皇后,直至最后一行结束。
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2023-12-02 06:24:05 +08:00
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图 13-17 所示为 $4$ 皇后问题的逐行放置过程。受画幅限制,图 13-17 仅展开了第一行的其中一个搜索分支,并且将不满足列约束和对角线约束的方案都进行了剪枝。
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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2023-11-09 05:13:48 +08:00
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![逐行放置策略](n_queens_problem.assets/n_queens_placing.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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<p align="center"> 图 13-17 逐行放置策略 </p>
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2023-12-02 06:24:05 +08:00
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从本质上看,**逐行放置策略起到了剪枝的作用**,它避免了同一行出现多个皇后的所有搜索分支。
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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### 2. 列与对角线剪枝
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为了满足列约束,我们可以利用一个长度为 $n$ 的布尔型数组 `cols` 记录每一列是否有皇后。在每次决定放置前,我们通过 `cols` 将已有皇后的列进行剪枝,并在回溯中动态更新 `cols` 的状态。
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那么,如何处理对角线约束呢?设棋盘中某个格子的行列索引为 $(row, col)$ ,选定矩阵中的某条主对角线,我们发现该对角线上所有格子的行索引减列索引都相等,**即对角线上所有格子的 $row - col$ 为恒定值**。
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2023-12-02 06:24:05 +08:00
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也就是说,如果两个格子满足 $row_1 - col_1 = row_2 - col_2$ ,则它们一定处在同一条主对角线上。利用该规律,我们可以借助图 13-18 所示的数组 `diags1` 记录每条主对角线上是否有皇后。
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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2023-11-03 22:49:42 +08:00
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同理,**次对角线上的所有格子的 $row + col$ 是恒定值**。我们同样也可以借助数组 `diags2` 来处理次对角线约束。
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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2023-11-09 05:13:48 +08:00
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![处理列约束和对角线约束](n_queens_problem.assets/n_queens_cols_diagonals.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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<p align="center"> 图 13-18 处理列约束和对角线约束 </p>
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### 3. 代码实现
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2023-11-03 22:49:42 +08:00
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请注意,$n$ 维方阵中 $row - col$ 的范围是 $[-n + 1, n - 1]$ ,$row + col$ 的范围是 $[0, 2n - 2]$ ,所以主对角线和次对角线的数量都为 $2n - 1$ ,即数组 `diags1` 和 `diags2` 的长度都为 $2n - 1$ 。
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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=== "Python"
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```python title="n_queens.py"
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2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
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def backtrack(
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row: int,
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n: int,
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state: list[list[str]],
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res: list[list[list[str]]],
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cols: list[bool],
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diags1: list[bool],
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diags2: list[bool],
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):
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"""回溯算法:n 皇后"""
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2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
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# 当放置完所有行时,记录解
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if row == n:
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res.append([list(row) for row in state])
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return
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# 遍历所有列
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for col in range(n):
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# 计算该格子对应的主对角线和次对角线
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diag1 = row - col + n - 1
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diag2 = row + col
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2023-12-28 17:18:37 +08:00
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# 剪枝:不允许该格子所在列、主对角线、次对角线上存在皇后
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2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
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if not cols[col] and not diags1[diag1] and not diags2[diag2]:
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# 尝试:将皇后放置在该格子
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state[row][col] = "Q"
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cols[col] = diags1[diag1] = diags2[diag2] = True
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# 放置下一行
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backtrack(row + 1, n, state, res, cols, diags1, diags2)
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# 回退:将该格子恢复为空位
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state[row][col] = "#"
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cols[col] = diags1[diag1] = diags2[diag2] = False
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def n_queens(n: int) -> list[list[list[str]]]:
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"""求解 n 皇后"""
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2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
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# 初始化 n*n 大小的棋盘,其中 'Q' 代表皇后,'#' 代表空位
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state = [["#" for _ in range(n)] for _ in range(n)]
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cols = [False] * n # 记录列是否有皇后
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2023-12-02 06:24:05 +08:00
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diags1 = [False] * (2 * n - 1) # 记录主对角线上是否有皇后
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diags2 = [False] * (2 * n - 1) # 记录次对角线上是否有皇后
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res = []
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backtrack(0, n, state, res, cols, diags1, diags2)
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return res
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="n_queens.cpp"
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/* 回溯算法:n 皇后 */
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void backtrack(int row, int n, vector<vector<string>> &state, vector<vector<vector<string>>> &res, vector<bool> &cols,
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vector<bool> &diags1, vector<bool> &diags2) {
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// 当放置完所有行时,记录解
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if (row == n) {
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res.push_back(state);
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return;
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}
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// 遍历所有列
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for (int col = 0; col < n; col++) {
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// 计算该格子对应的主对角线和次对角线
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2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
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int diag1 = row - col + n - 1;
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int diag2 = row + col;
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2023-12-28 17:18:37 +08:00
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// 剪枝:不允许该格子所在列、主对角线、次对角线上存在皇后
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2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
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if (!cols[col] && !diags1[diag1] && !diags2[diag2]) {
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// 尝试:将皇后放置在该格子
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state[row][col] = "Q";
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cols[col] = diags1[diag1] = diags2[diag2] = true;
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// 放置下一行
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backtrack(row + 1, n, state, res, cols, diags1, diags2);
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// 回退:将该格子恢复为空位
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state[row][col] = "#";
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cols[col] = diags1[diag1] = diags2[diag2] = false;
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}
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}
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}
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2024-01-12 21:13:51 +08:00
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/* 求解 n 皇后 */
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2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
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vector<vector<vector<string>>> nQueens(int n) {
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// 初始化 n*n 大小的棋盘,其中 'Q' 代表皇后,'#' 代表空位
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vector<vector<string>> state(n, vector<string>(n, "#"));
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vector<bool> cols(n, false); // 记录列是否有皇后
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2023-12-02 06:24:05 +08:00
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vector<bool> diags1(2 * n - 1, false); // 记录主对角线上是否有皇后
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vector<bool> diags2(2 * n - 1, false); // 记录次对角线上是否有皇后
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vector<vector<vector<string>>> res;
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backtrack(0, n, state, res, cols, diags1, diags2);
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return res;
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}
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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```
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=== "Java"
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```java title="n_queens.java"
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/* 回溯算法:n 皇后 */
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void backtrack(int row, int n, List<List<String>> state, List<List<List<String>>> res,
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boolean[] cols, boolean[] diags1, boolean[] diags2) {
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// 当放置完所有行时,记录解
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if (row == n) {
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List<List<String>> copyState = new ArrayList<>();
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for (List<String> sRow : state) {
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copyState.add(new ArrayList<>(sRow));
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}
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res.add(copyState);
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return;
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}
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// 遍历所有列
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for (int col = 0; col < n; col++) {
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// 计算该格子对应的主对角线和次对角线
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int diag1 = row - col + n - 1;
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int diag2 = row + col;
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2023-12-28 17:18:37 +08:00
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// 剪枝:不允许该格子所在列、主对角线、次对角线上存在皇后
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2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
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if (!cols[col] && !diags1[diag1] && !diags2[diag2]) {
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// 尝试:将皇后放置在该格子
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state.get(row).set(col, "Q");
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cols[col] = diags1[diag1] = diags2[diag2] = true;
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// 放置下一行
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backtrack(row + 1, n, state, res, cols, diags1, diags2);
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// 回退:将该格子恢复为空位
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state.get(row).set(col, "#");
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cols[col] = diags1[diag1] = diags2[diag2] = false;
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}
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}
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}
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2024-01-12 21:13:51 +08:00
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/* 求解 n 皇后 */
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List<List<List<String>>> nQueens(int n) {
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// 初始化 n*n 大小的棋盘,其中 'Q' 代表皇后,'#' 代表空位
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List<List<String>> state = new ArrayList<>();
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for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
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List<String> row = new ArrayList<>();
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for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
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row.add("#");
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}
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state.add(row);
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}
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boolean[] cols = new boolean[n]; // 记录列是否有皇后
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boolean[] diags1 = new boolean[2 * n - 1]; // 记录主对角线上是否有皇后
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boolean[] diags2 = new boolean[2 * n - 1]; // 记录次对角线上是否有皇后
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List<List<List<String>>> res = new ArrayList<>();
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backtrack(0, n, state, res, cols, diags1, diags2);
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return res;
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}
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="n_queens.cs"
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/* 回溯算法:n 皇后 */
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2023-10-08 01:43:28 +08:00
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void Backtrack(int row, int n, List<List<string>> state, List<List<List<string>>> res,
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bool[] cols, bool[] diags1, bool[] diags2) {
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// 当放置完所有行时,记录解
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if (row == n) {
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2023-11-27 02:32:06 +08:00
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List<List<string>> copyState = [];
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foreach (List<string> sRow in state) {
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copyState.Add(new List<string>(sRow));
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}
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res.Add(copyState);
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return;
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}
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// 遍历所有列
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for (int col = 0; col < n; col++) {
|
2023-12-28 17:18:37 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 计算该格子对应的主对角线和次对角线
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
int diag1 = row - col + n - 1;
|
|
|
|
|
int diag2 = row + col;
|
2023-12-28 17:18:37 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 剪枝:不允许该格子所在列、主对角线、次对角线上存在皇后
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
if (!cols[col] && !diags1[diag1] && !diags2[diag2]) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 尝试:将皇后放置在该格子
|
|
|
|
|
state[row][col] = "Q";
|
|
|
|
|
cols[col] = diags1[diag1] = diags2[diag2] = true;
|
|
|
|
|
// 放置下一行
|
2023-10-08 01:43:28 +08:00
|
|
|
|
Backtrack(row + 1, n, state, res, cols, diags1, diags2);
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 回退:将该格子恢复为空位
|
|
|
|
|
state[row][col] = "#";
|
|
|
|
|
cols[col] = diags1[diag1] = diags2[diag2] = false;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-01-12 21:13:51 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 求解 n 皇后 */
|
2023-10-08 01:43:28 +08:00
|
|
|
|
List<List<List<string>>> NQueens(int n) {
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 初始化 n*n 大小的棋盘,其中 'Q' 代表皇后,'#' 代表空位
|
2023-11-27 02:32:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
List<List<string>> state = [];
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
2023-11-27 02:32:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
List<string> row = [];
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
|
|
|
|
|
row.Add("#");
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
state.Add(row);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
bool[] cols = new bool[n]; // 记录列是否有皇后
|
2023-12-02 06:24:05 +08:00
|
|
|
|
bool[] diags1 = new bool[2 * n - 1]; // 记录主对角线上是否有皇后
|
2023-12-28 17:18:37 +08:00
|
|
|
|
bool[] diags2 = new bool[2 * n - 1]; // 记录次对角线上是否有皇后
|
2023-11-27 02:32:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
List<List<List<string>>> res = [];
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2023-10-08 01:43:28 +08:00
|
|
|
|
Backtrack(0, n, state, res, cols, diags1, diags2);
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
return res;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="n_queens.go"
|
2024-01-12 21:13:51 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 回溯算法:n 皇后 */
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
func backtrack(row, n int, state *[][]string, res *[][][]string, cols, diags1, diags2 *[]bool) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 当放置完所有行时,记录解
|
|
|
|
|
if row == n {
|
|
|
|
|
newState := make([][]string, len(*state))
|
|
|
|
|
for i, _ := range newState {
|
|
|
|
|
newState[i] = make([]string, len((*state)[0]))
|
|
|
|
|
copy(newState[i], (*state)[i])
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
*res = append(*res, newState)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历所有列
|
|
|
|
|
for col := 0; col < n; col++ {
|
2023-12-28 17:18:37 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 计算该格子对应的主对角线和次对角线
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
diag1 := row - col + n - 1
|
|
|
|
|
diag2 := row + col
|
2023-12-28 17:18:37 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 剪枝:不允许该格子所在列、主对角线、次对角线上存在皇后
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
if !(*cols)[col] && !(*diags1)[diag1] && !(*diags2)[diag2] {
|
|
|
|
|
// 尝试:将皇后放置在该格子
|
|
|
|
|
(*state)[row][col] = "Q"
|
|
|
|
|
(*cols)[col], (*diags1)[diag1], (*diags2)[diag2] = true, true, true
|
|
|
|
|
// 放置下一行
|
|
|
|
|
backtrack(row+1, n, state, res, cols, diags1, diags2)
|
|
|
|
|
// 回退:将该格子恢复为空位
|
|
|
|
|
(*state)[row][col] = "#"
|
|
|
|
|
(*cols)[col], (*diags1)[diag1], (*diags2)[diag2] = false, false, false
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-01-12 21:13:51 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 求解 n 皇后 */
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
func nQueens(n int) [][][]string {
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化 n*n 大小的棋盘,其中 'Q' 代表皇后,'#' 代表空位
|
|
|
|
|
state := make([][]string, n)
|
|
|
|
|
for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
|
|
|
|
|
row := make([]string, n)
|
|
|
|
|
for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
|
|
|
|
|
row[i] = "#"
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
state[i] = row
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 记录列是否有皇后
|
|
|
|
|
cols := make([]bool, n)
|
|
|
|
|
diags1 := make([]bool, 2*n-1)
|
|
|
|
|
diags2 := make([]bool, 2*n-1)
|
|
|
|
|
res := make([][][]string, 0)
|
|
|
|
|
backtrack(0, n, &state, &res, &cols, &diags1, &diags2)
|
|
|
|
|
return res
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="n_queens.swift"
|
2024-01-12 21:13:51 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 回溯算法:n 皇后 */
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
func backtrack(row: Int, n: Int, state: inout [[String]], res: inout [[[String]]], cols: inout [Bool], diags1: inout [Bool], diags2: inout [Bool]) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 当放置完所有行时,记录解
|
|
|
|
|
if row == n {
|
|
|
|
|
res.append(state)
|
|
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历所有列
|
|
|
|
|
for col in 0 ..< n {
|
2023-12-28 17:18:37 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 计算该格子对应的主对角线和次对角线
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
let diag1 = row - col + n - 1
|
|
|
|
|
let diag2 = row + col
|
2023-12-28 17:18:37 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 剪枝:不允许该格子所在列、主对角线、次对角线上存在皇后
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
if !cols[col] && !diags1[diag1] && !diags2[diag2] {
|
|
|
|
|
// 尝试:将皇后放置在该格子
|
|
|
|
|
state[row][col] = "Q"
|
|
|
|
|
cols[col] = true
|
|
|
|
|
diags1[diag1] = true
|
|
|
|
|
diags2[diag2] = true
|
|
|
|
|
// 放置下一行
|
|
|
|
|
backtrack(row: row + 1, n: n, state: &state, res: &res, cols: &cols, diags1: &diags1, diags2: &diags2)
|
|
|
|
|
// 回退:将该格子恢复为空位
|
|
|
|
|
state[row][col] = "#"
|
|
|
|
|
cols[col] = false
|
|
|
|
|
diags1[diag1] = false
|
|
|
|
|
diags2[diag2] = false
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-01-12 21:13:51 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 求解 n 皇后 */
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
func nQueens(n: Int) -> [[[String]]] {
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化 n*n 大小的棋盘,其中 'Q' 代表皇后,'#' 代表空位
|
|
|
|
|
var state = Array(repeating: Array(repeating: "#", count: n), count: n)
|
|
|
|
|
var cols = Array(repeating: false, count: n) // 记录列是否有皇后
|
2023-12-02 06:24:05 +08:00
|
|
|
|
var diags1 = Array(repeating: false, count: 2 * n - 1) // 记录主对角线上是否有皇后
|
2023-12-28 17:18:37 +08:00
|
|
|
|
var diags2 = Array(repeating: false, count: 2 * n - 1) // 记录次对角线上是否有皇后
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
var res: [[[String]]] = []
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
backtrack(row: 0, n: n, state: &state, res: &res, cols: &cols, diags1: &diags1, diags2: &diags2)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
return res
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="n_queens.js"
|
2024-01-12 21:13:51 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 回溯算法:n 皇后 */
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
function backtrack(row, n, state, res, cols, diags1, diags2) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 当放置完所有行时,记录解
|
|
|
|
|
if (row === n) {
|
|
|
|
|
res.push(state.map((row) => row.slice()));
|
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历所有列
|
|
|
|
|
for (let col = 0; col < n; col++) {
|
2023-12-28 17:18:37 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 计算该格子对应的主对角线和次对角线
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
const diag1 = row - col + n - 1;
|
|
|
|
|
const diag2 = row + col;
|
2023-12-28 17:18:37 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 剪枝:不允许该格子所在列、主对角线、次对角线上存在皇后
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
if (!cols[col] && !diags1[diag1] && !diags2[diag2]) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 尝试:将皇后放置在该格子
|
|
|
|
|
state[row][col] = 'Q';
|
|
|
|
|
cols[col] = diags1[diag1] = diags2[diag2] = true;
|
|
|
|
|
// 放置下一行
|
|
|
|
|
backtrack(row + 1, n, state, res, cols, diags1, diags2);
|
|
|
|
|
// 回退:将该格子恢复为空位
|
|
|
|
|
state[row][col] = '#';
|
|
|
|
|
cols[col] = diags1[diag1] = diags2[diag2] = false;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-01-12 21:13:51 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 求解 n 皇后 */
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
function nQueens(n) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化 n*n 大小的棋盘,其中 'Q' 代表皇后,'#' 代表空位
|
|
|
|
|
const state = Array.from({ length: n }, () => Array(n).fill('#'));
|
|
|
|
|
const cols = Array(n).fill(false); // 记录列是否有皇后
|
2023-12-02 06:24:05 +08:00
|
|
|
|
const diags1 = Array(2 * n - 1).fill(false); // 记录主对角线上是否有皇后
|
2023-12-28 17:18:37 +08:00
|
|
|
|
const diags2 = Array(2 * n - 1).fill(false); // 记录次对角线上是否有皇后
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
const res = [];
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
backtrack(0, n, state, res, cols, diags1, diags2);
|
|
|
|
|
return res;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="n_queens.ts"
|
2024-01-12 21:13:51 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 回溯算法:n 皇后 */
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
function backtrack(
|
|
|
|
|
row: number,
|
|
|
|
|
n: number,
|
|
|
|
|
state: string[][],
|
|
|
|
|
res: string[][][],
|
|
|
|
|
cols: boolean[],
|
|
|
|
|
diags1: boolean[],
|
|
|
|
|
diags2: boolean[]
|
|
|
|
|
): void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 当放置完所有行时,记录解
|
|
|
|
|
if (row === n) {
|
|
|
|
|
res.push(state.map((row) => row.slice()));
|
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历所有列
|
|
|
|
|
for (let col = 0; col < n; col++) {
|
2023-12-28 17:18:37 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 计算该格子对应的主对角线和次对角线
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
const diag1 = row - col + n - 1;
|
|
|
|
|
const diag2 = row + col;
|
2023-12-28 17:18:37 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 剪枝:不允许该格子所在列、主对角线、次对角线上存在皇后
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
if (!cols[col] && !diags1[diag1] && !diags2[diag2]) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 尝试:将皇后放置在该格子
|
|
|
|
|
state[row][col] = 'Q';
|
|
|
|
|
cols[col] = diags1[diag1] = diags2[diag2] = true;
|
|
|
|
|
// 放置下一行
|
|
|
|
|
backtrack(row + 1, n, state, res, cols, diags1, diags2);
|
|
|
|
|
// 回退:将该格子恢复为空位
|
|
|
|
|
state[row][col] = '#';
|
|
|
|
|
cols[col] = diags1[diag1] = diags2[diag2] = false;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-01-12 21:13:51 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 求解 n 皇后 */
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
function nQueens(n: number): string[][][] {
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化 n*n 大小的棋盘,其中 'Q' 代表皇后,'#' 代表空位
|
|
|
|
|
const state = Array.from({ length: n }, () => Array(n).fill('#'));
|
|
|
|
|
const cols = Array(n).fill(false); // 记录列是否有皇后
|
2023-12-02 06:24:05 +08:00
|
|
|
|
const diags1 = Array(2 * n - 1).fill(false); // 记录主对角线上是否有皇后
|
2023-12-28 17:18:37 +08:00
|
|
|
|
const diags2 = Array(2 * n - 1).fill(false); // 记录次对角线上是否有皇后
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
const res: string[][][] = [];
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
backtrack(0, n, state, res, cols, diags1, diags2);
|
|
|
|
|
return res;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="n_queens.dart"
|
2024-01-12 21:13:51 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 回溯算法:n 皇后 */
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
void backtrack(
|
|
|
|
|
int row,
|
|
|
|
|
int n,
|
|
|
|
|
List<List<String>> state,
|
|
|
|
|
List<List<List<String>>> res,
|
|
|
|
|
List<bool> cols,
|
|
|
|
|
List<bool> diags1,
|
|
|
|
|
List<bool> diags2,
|
|
|
|
|
) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 当放置完所有行时,记录解
|
|
|
|
|
if (row == n) {
|
|
|
|
|
List<List<String>> copyState = [];
|
|
|
|
|
for (List<String> sRow in state) {
|
|
|
|
|
copyState.add(List.from(sRow));
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
res.add(copyState);
|
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历所有列
|
|
|
|
|
for (int col = 0; col < n; col++) {
|
2023-12-28 17:18:37 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 计算该格子对应的主对角线和次对角线
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
int diag1 = row - col + n - 1;
|
|
|
|
|
int diag2 = row + col;
|
2023-12-28 17:18:37 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 剪枝:不允许该格子所在列、主对角线、次对角线上存在皇后
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
if (!cols[col] && !diags1[diag1] && !diags2[diag2]) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 尝试:将皇后放置在该格子
|
|
|
|
|
state[row][col] = "Q";
|
|
|
|
|
cols[col] = true;
|
|
|
|
|
diags1[diag1] = true;
|
|
|
|
|
diags2[diag2] = true;
|
|
|
|
|
// 放置下一行
|
|
|
|
|
backtrack(row + 1, n, state, res, cols, diags1, diags2);
|
|
|
|
|
// 回退:将该格子恢复为空位
|
|
|
|
|
state[row][col] = "#";
|
|
|
|
|
cols[col] = false;
|
|
|
|
|
diags1[diag1] = false;
|
|
|
|
|
diags2[diag2] = false;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-01-12 21:13:51 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 求解 n 皇后 */
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
List<List<List<String>>> nQueens(int n) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化 n*n 大小的棋盘,其中 'Q' 代表皇后,'#' 代表空位
|
|
|
|
|
List<List<String>> state = List.generate(n, (index) => List.filled(n, "#"));
|
|
|
|
|
List<bool> cols = List.filled(n, false); // 记录列是否有皇后
|
2023-12-02 06:24:05 +08:00
|
|
|
|
List<bool> diags1 = List.filled(2 * n - 1, false); // 记录主对角线上是否有皇后
|
2023-12-28 17:18:37 +08:00
|
|
|
|
List<bool> diags2 = List.filled(2 * n - 1, false); // 记录次对角线上是否有皇后
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
List<List<List<String>>> res = [];
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
backtrack(0, n, state, res, cols, diags1, diags2);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
return res;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="n_queens.rs"
|
2024-01-12 21:13:51 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 回溯算法:n 皇后 */
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
fn backtrack(row: usize, n: usize, state: &mut Vec<Vec<String>>, res: &mut Vec<Vec<Vec<String>>>,
|
|
|
|
|
cols: &mut [bool], diags1: &mut [bool], diags2: &mut [bool]) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 当放置完所有行时,记录解
|
|
|
|
|
if row == n {
|
|
|
|
|
let mut copy_state: Vec<Vec<String>> = Vec::new();
|
|
|
|
|
for s_row in state.clone() {
|
|
|
|
|
copy_state.push(s_row);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
res.push(copy_state);
|
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历所有列
|
|
|
|
|
for col in 0..n {
|
2023-12-28 17:18:37 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 计算该格子对应的主对角线和次对角线
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
let diag1 = row + n - 1 - col;
|
|
|
|
|
let diag2 = row + col;
|
2023-12-28 17:18:37 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 剪枝:不允许该格子所在列、主对角线、次对角线上存在皇后
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
if !cols[col] && !diags1[diag1] && !diags2[diag2] {
|
|
|
|
|
// 尝试:将皇后放置在该格子
|
|
|
|
|
state.get_mut(row).unwrap()[col] = "Q".into();
|
|
|
|
|
(cols[col], diags1[diag1], diags2[diag2]) = (true, true, true);
|
|
|
|
|
// 放置下一行
|
|
|
|
|
backtrack(row + 1, n, state, res, cols, diags1, diags2);
|
|
|
|
|
// 回退:将该格子恢复为空位
|
|
|
|
|
state.get_mut(row).unwrap()[col] = "#".into();
|
|
|
|
|
(cols[col], diags1[diag1], diags2[diag2]) = (false, false, false);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-01-12 21:13:51 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 求解 n 皇后 */
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
fn n_queens(n: usize) -> Vec<Vec<Vec<String>>> {
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化 n*n 大小的棋盘,其中 'Q' 代表皇后,'#' 代表空位
|
|
|
|
|
let mut state: Vec<Vec<String>> = Vec::new();
|
|
|
|
|
for _ in 0..n {
|
|
|
|
|
let mut row: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
|
|
|
|
|
for _ in 0..n {
|
|
|
|
|
row.push("#".into());
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
state.push(row);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
let mut cols = vec![false; n]; // 记录列是否有皇后
|
2023-12-02 06:24:05 +08:00
|
|
|
|
let mut diags1 = vec![false; 2 * n - 1]; // 记录主对角线上是否有皇后
|
2023-12-28 17:18:37 +08:00
|
|
|
|
let mut diags2 = vec![false; 2 * n - 1]; // 记录次对角线上是否有皇后
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
let mut res: Vec<Vec<Vec<String>>> = Vec::new();
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
backtrack(0, n, &mut state, &mut res, &mut cols, &mut diags1, &mut diags2);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
res
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="n_queens.c"
|
2024-01-12 21:13:51 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 回溯算法:n 皇后 */
|
2023-10-27 20:41:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
void backtrack(int row, int n, char state[MAX_SIZE][MAX_SIZE], char ***res, int *resSize, bool cols[MAX_SIZE],
|
|
|
|
|
bool diags1[2 * MAX_SIZE - 1], bool diags2[2 * MAX_SIZE - 1]) {
|
2023-10-09 05:05:19 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 当放置完所有行时,记录解
|
|
|
|
|
if (row == n) {
|
2023-10-18 02:16:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
res[*resSize] = (char **)malloc(sizeof(char *) * n);
|
2023-10-09 05:05:19 +08:00
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
|
2023-10-18 02:16:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
res[*resSize][i] = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char) * (n + 1));
|
|
|
|
|
strcpy(res[*resSize][i], state[i]);
|
2023-10-09 05:05:19 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-18 02:16:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
(*resSize)++;
|
2023-10-09 05:05:19 +08:00
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历所有列
|
|
|
|
|
for (int col = 0; col < n; col++) {
|
2023-12-28 17:18:37 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 计算该格子对应的主对角线和次对角线
|
2023-10-09 05:05:19 +08:00
|
|
|
|
int diag1 = row - col + n - 1;
|
|
|
|
|
int diag2 = row + col;
|
2023-12-28 17:18:37 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 剪枝:不允许该格子所在列、主对角线、次对角线上存在皇后
|
2023-10-09 05:05:19 +08:00
|
|
|
|
if (!cols[col] && !diags1[diag1] && !diags2[diag2]) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 尝试:将皇后放置在该格子
|
|
|
|
|
state[row][col] = 'Q';
|
|
|
|
|
cols[col] = diags1[diag1] = diags2[diag2] = true;
|
|
|
|
|
// 放置下一行
|
2023-10-18 02:16:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
backtrack(row + 1, n, state, res, resSize, cols, diags1, diags2);
|
2023-10-09 05:05:19 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 回退:将该格子恢复为空位
|
|
|
|
|
state[row][col] = '#';
|
|
|
|
|
cols[col] = diags1[diag1] = diags2[diag2] = false;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-01-12 21:13:51 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 求解 n 皇后 */
|
2023-10-18 02:16:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
char ***nQueens(int n, int *returnSize) {
|
2023-10-27 20:41:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
char state[MAX_SIZE][MAX_SIZE];
|
2023-10-09 05:05:19 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 初始化 n*n 大小的棋盘,其中 'Q' 代表皇后,'#' 代表空位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
|
|
|
|
|
for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j) {
|
|
|
|
|
state[i][j] = '#';
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
state[i][n] = '\0';
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-27 20:41:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
bool cols[MAX_SIZE] = {false}; // 记录列是否有皇后
|
2023-12-02 06:24:05 +08:00
|
|
|
|
bool diags1[2 * MAX_SIZE - 1] = {false}; // 记录主对角线上是否有皇后
|
2023-12-28 17:18:37 +08:00
|
|
|
|
bool diags2[2 * MAX_SIZE - 1] = {false}; // 记录次对角线上是否有皇后
|
2023-10-09 05:05:19 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2023-10-27 20:41:59 +08:00
|
|
|
|
char ***res = (char ***)malloc(sizeof(char **) * MAX_SIZE);
|
2023-10-18 02:16:55 +08:00
|
|
|
|
*returnSize = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
backtrack(0, n, state, res, returnSize, cols, diags1, diags2);
|
2023-10-09 05:05:19 +08:00
|
|
|
|
return res;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="n_queens.zig"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{backtrack}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{nQueens}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-01-07 03:26:23 +08:00
|
|
|
|
??? pythontutor "可视化运行"
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-01-09 16:00:24 +08:00
|
|
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<div style="margin-top: 5px;"><a href="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20backtrack%28%0A%20%20%20%20row%3A%20int,%0A%20%20%20%20n%3A%20int,%0A%20%20%20%20state%3A%20list%5Blist%5Bstr%5D%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20res%3A%20list%5Blist%5Blist%5Bstr%5D%5D%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20cols%3A%20list%5Bbool%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20diags1%3A%20list%5Bbool%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20diags2%3A%20list%5Bbool%5D,%0A%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%9B%9E%E6%BA%AF%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%9AN%20%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%BD%93%E6%94%BE%E7%BD%AE%E5%AE%8C%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E8%A1%8C%E6%97%B6%EF%BC%8C%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95%E8%A7%A3%0A%20%20%20%20if%20row%20%3D%3D%20n%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20res.append%28%5Blist%28row%29%20for%20row%20in%20state%5D%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20for%20col%20in%20range%28n%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E8%AF%A5%E6%A0%BC%E5%AD%90%E5%AF%B9%E5%BA%94%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%BB%E5%AF%B9%E8%A7%92%E7%BA%BF%E5%92%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%AF%B9%E8%A7%92%E7%BA%BF%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20diag1%20%3D%20row%20-%20col%20%2B%20n%20-%201%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20diag2%20%3D%20row%20%2B%20col%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%89%AA%E6%9E%9D%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%8D%E5%85%81%E8%AE%B8%E8%AF%A5%E6%A0%BC%E5%AD%90%E6%89%80%E5%9C%A8%E5%88%97%E3%80%81%E4%B8%BB%E5%AF%B9%E8%A7%92%E7%BA%BF%E3%80%81%E6%AC%A1%E5%AF%B9%E8%A7%92%E7%BA%BF%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20not%20cols%5Bcol%5D%20and%20not%20diags1%5Bdiag1%5D%20and%20not%20diags2%5Bdiag2%5D%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%B0%9D%E8%AF%95%EF%BC%9A%E5%B0%86%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E%E6%94%BE%E7%BD%AE%E5%9C%A8%E8%AF%A5%E6%A0%BC%E5%AD%90%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20state%5Brow%5D%5Bcol%5D%20%3D%20%22Q%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20cols%5Bcol%5D%20%3D%20diags1%5Bdiag1%5D%20%3D%20diags2%5Bdiag2%5D%20%3D%20True%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%94%BE%E7%BD%AE%E4%B8%8B%E4%B8%80%E8%A1%8C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20backtrack%28row%20%2B%201,%20n,%20state,%20res,%20cols,%20diags1,%20diags2%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%9B%9E%E9%80%80%EF%BC%9A%E5%B0%86%E8%AF%A5%E6%A0%BC%E5%AD%90%E6%81%A2%E5%A4%8D%E4%B8%BA%E7%A9%BA%E4%BD%8D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20state%5Brow%5D%5Bcol%5D%20%3D%20%22%23%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20cols%5Bcol%5D%20%3D%20diags1%5Bdiag1%5D%20%3D%20diags2%5Bdiag2%5D%20%3D%20False%0A%0A%0Adef%20n_queens%28n%3A%20int%29%20-%3E%20list%5Blist%5Blist%5Bstr%5D%5D%5D%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%B1%82%E8%A7%A3%20N%20%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%20n*n%20%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%E7%9A%84%E6%A3%8B%E7%9B%98%EF%BC%8C%E5%85%B6%E4%B8%AD%20'Q'%20%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E%EF%BC%8C'%23'%20%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E7%A9%BA%E4%BD%8D%0A%20%20%20%20state%20%3D%20%5B%5B%22%23%22%20for%20_%20in%20range%28n%29%5D%20for%20_%20in%20range%28n%29%5D%0A%20%20%20%20cols%20%3D%20%5BFalse%5D%20*%20n%20%20%23%20%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95%E5%88%97%E6%98%AF%E5%90%A6%E6%9C%89%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E%0A%20%20%20%20diags1%20%3D%20%5BFalse%5D%20*%20%282%20*%20n%20-%201%29%20%20%23%20%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95%E4%B8%BB%E5%AF%B9%E8%A7%92%E7%BA%BF%E4%B8%8A%E6%98%AF%E5%90%A6%E6%9C%89%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E%0A%20%20%20%20diags2%20%3D%20%5BFalse%5D%20*%20%282%20*%20n%20-%201%29%20%20%23%20%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95%E6%AC%A1%E5%AF%B9%E8%A7%92%E7%BA%BF%E4%B8%8A%E6%98%AF%E5%90%A6%E6%9C%89%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E%0A%20%20%20%20res%20%3D%20%5B%5D%0A%20%20%20%20backtrack%280,%20n,%20state,%20res,%20cols,%20diags1,%20diags2%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20return%20res%0A%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20n%20%3D%204%0A%20%20%20%20res%20%3D%20n_queens%28n%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20print%28f%22%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E6%A3%8B%E7%9B%98%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%BD%E4%B8%BA%20%7Bn%7D%22%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28f%22%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E%E6%94%BE%E7%BD%AE%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88%E5%85%B1%E6%9C%89%20%7Blen%28res%29%7D%20%E7%A7%8D%22%29%0A%20%20%20%20for%20sta
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2024-01-07 03:26:23 +08:00
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2024-02-17 06:16:00 +08:00
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逐行放置 $n$ 次,考虑列约束,则从第一行到最后一行分别有 $n$、$n-1$、$\dots$、$2$、$1$ 个选择,使用 $O(n!)$ 时间。当记录解时,需要复制矩阵 `state` 并添加进 `res` ,复制操作使用 $O(n^2)$ 时间。因此,**总体时间复杂度为 $O(n! \cdot n^2)$** 。实际上,根据对角线约束的剪枝也能够大幅缩小搜索空间,因而搜索效率往往优于以上时间复杂度。
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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数组 `state` 使用 $O(n^2)$ 空间,数组 `cols`、`diags1` 和 `diags2` 皆使用 $O(n)$ 空间。最大递归深度为 $n$ ,使用 $O(n)$ 栈帧空间。因此,**空间复杂度为 $O(n^2)$** 。
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