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1188 lines
33 KiB
Markdown
1188 lines
33 KiB
Markdown
---
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comments: true
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---
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# 队列
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「队列 Queue」是一种遵循「先入先出 first in, first out」数据操作规则的线性数据结构。顾名思义,队列模拟的是排队现象,即外面的人不断加入队列尾部,而处于队列头部的人不断地离开。
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我们将队列头部称为「队首」,队列尾部称为「队尾」,将把元素加入队尾的操作称为「入队」,删除队首元素的操作称为「出队」。
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![queue_operations](queue.assets/queue_operations.png)
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<p align="center"> Fig. 队列的先入先出特性 </p>
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## 队列常用操作
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队列的常用操作见下表(方法命名以 Java 为例)。
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<p align="center"> Table. 队列的常用操作 </p>
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<div class="center-table" markdown>
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| 方法 | 描述 | 时间复杂度 |
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| --------- | ---------------------------- | ---------- |
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| offer() | 元素入队,即将元素添加至队尾 | $O(1)$ |
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| poll() | 队首元素出队 | $O(1)$ |
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| front() | 访问队首元素 | $O(1)$ |
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| size() | 获取队列的长度 | $O(1)$ |
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| isEmpty() | 判断队列是否为空 | $O(1)$ |
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</div>
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我们可以直接使用编程语言实现好的队列类。
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=== "Java"
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```java title="queue.java"
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/* 初始化队列 */
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Queue<Integer> queue = new LinkedList<>();
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/* 元素入队 */
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queue.offer(1);
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queue.offer(3);
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queue.offer(2);
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queue.offer(5);
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queue.offer(4);
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/* 访问队首元素 */
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int peek = queue.peek();
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/* 元素出队 */
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int poll = queue.poll();
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
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int size = queue.size();
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/* 判断队列是否为空 */
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boolean isEmpty = queue.isEmpty();
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="queue.cpp"
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/* 初始化队列 */
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queue<int> queue;
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/* 元素入队 */
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queue.push(1);
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queue.push(3);
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queue.push(2);
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queue.push(5);
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queue.push(4);
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/* 访问队首元素 */
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int front = queue.front();
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/* 元素出队 */
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queue.pop();
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
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int size = queue.size();
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/* 判断队列是否为空 */
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bool empty = queue.empty();
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title="queue.py"
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""" 初始化队列 """
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# 在 Python 中,我们一般将双向队列类 deque 看作队列使用
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# 虽然 queue.Queue() 是纯正的队列类,但不太好用,因此不建议
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que = collections.deque()
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""" 元素入队 """
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que.append(1)
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que.append(3)
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que.append(2)
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que.append(5)
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que.append(4)
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""" 访问队首元素 """
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front = que[0];
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""" 元素出队 """
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pop = que.popleft()
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""" 获取队列的长度 """
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size = len(que)
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""" 判断队列是否为空 """
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is_empty = len(que) == 0
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="queue_test.go"
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/* 初始化队列 */
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// 在 Go 中,将 list 作为队列来使用
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queue := list.New()
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/* 元素入队 */
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queue.PushBack(1)
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queue.PushBack(3)
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queue.PushBack(2)
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queue.PushBack(5)
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queue.PushBack(4)
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/* 访问队首元素 */
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peek := queue.Front()
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/* 元素出队 */
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poll := queue.Front()
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queue.Remove(poll)
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
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size := queue.Len()
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/* 判断队列是否为空 */
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isEmpty := queue.Len() == 0
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```
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=== "JavaScript"
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```js title="queue.js"
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/* 初始化队列 */
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// JavaScript 没有内置的队列,可以把 Array 当作队列来使用
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const queue = [];
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/* 元素入队 */
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queue.push(1);
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queue.push(3);
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queue.push(2);
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queue.push(5);
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queue.push(4);
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/* 访问队首元素 */
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const peek = queue[0];
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/* 元素出队 */
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// 底层是数组,因此 shift() 方法的时间复杂度为 O(n)
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const poll = queue.shift();
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
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const size = queue.length;
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/* 判断队列是否为空 */
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const empty = queue.length === 0;
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```
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=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title="queue.ts"
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/* 初始化队列 */
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// TypeScript 没有内置的队列,可以把 Array 当作队列来使用
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const queue: number[] = [];
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/* 元素入队 */
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queue.push(1);
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queue.push(3);
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queue.push(2);
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queue.push(5);
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queue.push(4);
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/* 访问队首元素 */
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const peek = queue[0];
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/* 元素出队 */
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// 底层是数组,因此 shift() 方法的时间复杂度为 O(n)
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const poll = queue.shift();
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
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const size = queue.length;
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/* 判断队列是否为空 */
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const empty = queue.length === 0;
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="queue.c"
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="queue.cs"
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/* 初始化队列 */
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Queue<int> queue = new();
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/* 元素入队 */
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queue.Enqueue(1);
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queue.Enqueue(3);
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queue.Enqueue(2);
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queue.Enqueue(5);
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queue.Enqueue(4);
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/* 访问队首元素 */
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int peek = queue.Peek();
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/* 元素出队 */
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int poll = queue.Dequeue();
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
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int size = queue.Count();
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/* 判断队列是否为空 */
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bool isEmpty = queue.Count() == 0;
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="queue.swift"
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/* 初始化队列 */
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// Swift 没有内置的队列类,可以把 Array 当作队列来使用
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var queue: [Int] = []
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/* 元素入队 */
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queue.append(1)
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queue.append(3)
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queue.append(2)
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queue.append(5)
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queue.append(4)
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/* 访问队首元素 */
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let peek = queue.first!
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/* 元素出队 */
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// 使用 Array 模拟时 poll 的复杂度为 O(n)
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let pool = queue.removeFirst()
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
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let size = queue.count
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/* 判断队列是否为空 */
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let isEmpty = queue.isEmpty
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```
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## 队列实现
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队列需要一种可以在一端添加,并在另一端删除的数据结构,也可以使用链表或数组来实现。
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### 基于链表的实现
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我们将链表的「头结点」和「尾结点」分别看作是队首和队尾,并规定队尾只可添加结点,队首只可删除结点。
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=== "Java"
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```java title="linkedlist_queue.java"
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/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
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class LinkedListQueue {
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private ListNode front, rear; // 头结点 front ,尾结点 rear
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private int queSize = 0;
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public LinkedListQueue() {
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front = null;
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rear = null;
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}
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
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public int size() {
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return queSize;
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}
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/* 判断队列是否为空 */
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public boolean isEmpty() {
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return size() == 0;
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}
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/* 入队 */
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public void offer(int num) {
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// 尾结点后添加 num
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ListNode node = new ListNode(num);
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// 如果队列为空,则令头、尾结点都指向该结点
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if (front == null) {
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front = node;
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rear = node;
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// 如果队列不为空,则将该结点添加到尾结点后
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} else {
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rear.next = node;
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rear = node;
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}
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queSize++;
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}
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/* 出队 */
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public int poll() {
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int num = peek();
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// 删除头结点
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front = front.next;
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queSize--;
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return num;
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}
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/* 访问队首元素 */
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public int peek() {
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if (size() == 0)
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throw new EmptyStackException();
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return front.val;
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}
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}
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="linkedlist_queue.cpp"
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/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
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class LinkedListQueue {
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private:
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ListNode *front, *rear; // 头结点 front ,尾结点 rear
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int queSize;
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public:
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LinkedListQueue() {
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front = nullptr;
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rear = nullptr;
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queSize = 0;
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}
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~LinkedListQueue() {
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delete front;
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delete rear;
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}
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
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int size() {
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return queSize;
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}
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/* 判断队列是否为空 */
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bool empty() {
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return queSize == 0;
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}
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/* 入队 */
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void offer(int num) {
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// 尾结点后添加 num
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ListNode* node = new ListNode(num);
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// 如果队列为空,则令头、尾结点都指向该结点
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if (front == nullptr) {
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front = node;
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rear = node;
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}
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// 如果队列不为空,则将该结点添加到尾结点后
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else {
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rear->next = node;
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rear = node;
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}
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queSize++;
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}
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/* 出队 */
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void poll() {
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int num = peek();
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// 删除头结点
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ListNode *tmp = front;
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front = front->next;
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// 释放内存
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delete tmp;
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queSize--;
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}
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/* 访问队首元素 */
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int peek() {
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if (size() == 0)
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throw out_of_range("队列为空");
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return front->val;
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}
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};
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title="linkedlist_queue.py"
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""" 基于链表实现的队列 """
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class LinkedListQueue:
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def __init__(self):
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self.__front = None # 头结点 front
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self.__rear = None # 尾结点 rear
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self.__size = 0
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""" 获取队列的长度 """
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def size(self):
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return self.__size
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""" 判断队列是否为空 """
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def is_empty(self):
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return not self.__front
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""" 入队 """
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def push(self, num):
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# 尾结点后添加 num
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node = ListNode(num)
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# 如果队列为空,则令头、尾结点都指向该结点
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if self.__front == 0:
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self.__front = node
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self.__rear = node
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# 如果队列不为空,则将该结点添加到尾结点后
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else:
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self.__rear.next = node
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self.__rear = node
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self.__size += 1
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""" 出队 """
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def poll(self):
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num = self.peek()
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# 删除头结点
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self.__front = self.__front.next
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self.__size -= 1
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return num
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""" 访问队首元素 """
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def peek(self):
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if self.size() == 0:
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print("队列为空")
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return False
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return self.__front.val
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="linkedlist_queue.go"
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/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
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type linkedListQueue struct {
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// 使用内置包 list 来实现队列
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data *list.List
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}
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// newLinkedListQueue 初始化链表
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func newLinkedListQueue() *linkedListQueue {
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return &linkedListQueue{
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data: list.New(),
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}
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}
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// offer 入队
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func (s *linkedListQueue) offer(value any) {
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s.data.PushBack(value)
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}
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// poll 出队
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func (s *linkedListQueue) poll() any {
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if s.isEmpty() {
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return nil
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}
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e := s.data.Front()
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s.data.Remove(e)
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return e.Value
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}
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// peek 访问队首元素
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func (s *linkedListQueue) peek() any {
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if s.isEmpty() {
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return nil
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}
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e := s.data.Front()
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return e.Value
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}
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// size 获取队列的长度
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func (s *linkedListQueue) size() int {
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return s.data.Len()
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}
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// isEmpty 判断队列是否为空
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func (s *linkedListQueue) isEmpty() bool {
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return s.data.Len() == 0
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}
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```
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|
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=== "JavaScript"
|
||
|
||
```js title="linkedlist_queue.js"
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/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
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class LinkedListQueue {
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#front; // 头结点 #front
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#rear; // 尾结点 #rear
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#queSize = 0;
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constructor() {
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this.#front = null;
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this.#rear = null;
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}
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
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get size() {
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return this.#queSize;
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}
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/* 判断队列是否为空 */
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isEmpty() {
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return this.size === 0;
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}
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/* 入队 */
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offer(num) {
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// 尾结点后添加 num
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const node = new ListNode(num);
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// 如果队列为空,则令头、尾结点都指向该结点
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if (!this.#front) {
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this.#front = node;
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this.#rear = node;
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// 如果队列不为空,则将该结点添加到尾结点后
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} else {
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this.#rear.next = node;
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this.#rear = node;
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}
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this.#queSize++;
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}
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/* 出队 */
|
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poll() {
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const num = this.peek();
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// 删除头结点
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this.#front = this.#front.next;
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this.#queSize--;
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return num;
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}
|
||
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
||
peek() {
|
||
if (this.size === 0)
|
||
throw new Error("队列为空");
|
||
return this.#front.val;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "TypeScript"
|
||
|
||
```typescript title="linkedlist_queue.ts"
|
||
/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
|
||
class LinkedListQueue {
|
||
private front: ListNode | null; // 头结点 front
|
||
private rear: ListNode | null; // 尾结点 rear
|
||
private queSize: number = 0;
|
||
constructor() {
|
||
this.front = null;
|
||
this.rear = null;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
||
get size(): number {
|
||
return this.queSize;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
||
isEmpty(): boolean {
|
||
return this.size === 0;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 入队 */
|
||
offer(num: number): void {
|
||
// 尾结点后添加 num
|
||
const node = new ListNode(num);
|
||
// 如果队列为空,则令头、尾结点都指向该结点
|
||
if (!this.front) {
|
||
this.front = node;
|
||
this.rear = node;
|
||
// 如果队列不为空,则将该结点添加到尾结点后
|
||
} else {
|
||
this.rear!.next = node;
|
||
this.rear = node;
|
||
}
|
||
this.queSize++;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 出队 */
|
||
poll(): number {
|
||
const num = this.peek();
|
||
if (!this.front)
|
||
throw new Error("队列为空")
|
||
// 删除头结点
|
||
this.front = this.front.next;
|
||
this.queSize--;
|
||
return num;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
||
peek(): number {
|
||
if (this.size === 0)
|
||
throw new Error("队列为空");
|
||
return this.front!.val;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C"
|
||
|
||
```c title="linkedlist_queue.c"
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C#"
|
||
|
||
```csharp title="linkedlist_queue.cs"
|
||
/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
|
||
class LinkedListQueue
|
||
{
|
||
private ListNode? front, rear; // 头结点 front ,尾结点 rear
|
||
private int queSize = 0;
|
||
public LinkedListQueue()
|
||
{
|
||
front = null;
|
||
rear = null;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
||
public int size()
|
||
{
|
||
return queSize;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
||
public bool isEmpty()
|
||
{
|
||
return size() == 0;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 入队 */
|
||
public void offer(int num)
|
||
{
|
||
// 尾结点后添加 num
|
||
ListNode node = new ListNode(num);
|
||
// 如果队列为空,则令头、尾结点都指向该结点
|
||
if (front == null)
|
||
{
|
||
front = node;
|
||
rear = node;
|
||
// 如果队列不为空,则将该结点添加到尾结点后
|
||
}
|
||
else if (rear != null)
|
||
{
|
||
rear.next = node;
|
||
rear = node;
|
||
}
|
||
queSize++;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 出队 */
|
||
public int poll()
|
||
{
|
||
int num = peek();
|
||
// 删除头结点
|
||
front = front?.next;
|
||
queSize--;
|
||
return num;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
||
public int peek()
|
||
{
|
||
if (size() == 0 || front == null)
|
||
throw new Exception();
|
||
return front.val;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Swift"
|
||
|
||
```swift title="linkedlist_queue.swift"
|
||
/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
|
||
class LinkedListQueue {
|
||
private var front: ListNode? // 头结点
|
||
private var rear: ListNode? // 尾结点
|
||
private var _size = 0
|
||
|
||
init() {}
|
||
|
||
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
||
func size() -> Int {
|
||
_size
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
||
func isEmpty() -> Bool {
|
||
size() == 0
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 入队 */
|
||
func offer(num: Int) {
|
||
// 尾结点后添加 num
|
||
let node = ListNode(x: num)
|
||
// 如果队列为空,则令头、尾结点都指向该结点
|
||
if front == nil {
|
||
front = node
|
||
rear = node
|
||
}
|
||
// 如果队列不为空,则将该结点添加到尾结点后
|
||
else {
|
||
rear?.next = node
|
||
rear = node
|
||
}
|
||
_size += 1
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 出队 */
|
||
@discardableResult
|
||
func poll() -> Int {
|
||
let num = peek()
|
||
// 删除头结点
|
||
front = front?.next
|
||
_size -= 1
|
||
return num
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
||
func peek() -> Int {
|
||
if isEmpty() {
|
||
fatalError("队列为空")
|
||
}
|
||
return front!.val
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 基于数组的实现
|
||
|
||
数组的删除首元素的时间复杂度为 $O(n)$ ,因此不适合直接用来实现队列。然而,我们可以借助两个指针 `front` , `rear` 来分别记录队首和队尾的索引位置,在入队 / 出队时分别将 `front` / `rear` 向后移动一位即可,这样每次仅需操作一个元素,时间复杂度降至 $O(1)$ 。
|
||
|
||
还有一个问题,在入队与出队的过程中,两个指针都在向后移动,而到达尾部后则无法继续移动了。为了解决此问题,我们可以采取一个取巧方案,即将数组看作是“环形”的。具体做法是规定指针越过数组尾部后,再次回到头部接续遍历,这样相当于使数组“首尾相连”了。
|
||
|
||
为了适应环形数组的设定,获取长度 `size()` 、入队 `offer()` 、出队 `poll()` 方法都需要做相应的取余操作处理,使得当尾指针绕回数组头部时,仍然可以正确处理操作。
|
||
|
||
基于数组实现的队列有一个缺点,即长度不可变。但这点我们可以通过动态数组来解决,有兴趣的同学可以自行实现。
|
||
|
||
=== "Java"
|
||
|
||
```java title="array_queue.java"
|
||
/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
|
||
class ArrayQueue {
|
||
private int[] nums; // 用于存储队列元素的数组
|
||
private int front = 0; // 头指针,指向队首
|
||
private int rear = 0; // 尾指针,指向队尾 + 1
|
||
|
||
public ArrayQueue(int capacity) {
|
||
// 初始化数组
|
||
nums = new int[capacity];
|
||
}
|
||
/* 获取队列的容量 */
|
||
public int capacity() {
|
||
return nums.length;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
||
public int size() {
|
||
int capacity = capacity();
|
||
// 由于将数组看作为环形,可能 rear < front ,因此需要取余数
|
||
return (capacity + rear - front) % capacity;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
||
public boolean isEmpty() {
|
||
return rear - front == 0;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 入队 */
|
||
public void offer(int num) {
|
||
if (size() == capacity()) {
|
||
System.out.println("队列已满");
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
// 尾结点后添加 num
|
||
nums[rear] = num;
|
||
// 尾指针向后移动一位,越过尾部后返回到数组头部
|
||
rear = (rear + 1) % capacity();
|
||
}
|
||
/* 出队 */
|
||
public int poll() {
|
||
int num = peek();
|
||
// 队头指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
|
||
front = (front + 1) % capacity();
|
||
return num;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
||
public int peek() {
|
||
if (isEmpty())
|
||
throw new EmptyStackException();
|
||
return nums[front];
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C++"
|
||
|
||
```cpp title="array_queue.cpp"
|
||
/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
|
||
class ArrayQueue {
|
||
private:
|
||
int *nums; // 用于存储队列元素的数组
|
||
int cap; // 队列容量
|
||
int front = 0; // 头指针,指向队首
|
||
int rear = 0; // 尾指针,指向队尾 + 1
|
||
|
||
public:
|
||
ArrayQueue(int capacity) {
|
||
// 初始化数组
|
||
cap = capacity;
|
||
nums = new int[capacity];
|
||
}
|
||
~ArrayQueue() {
|
||
delete[] nums;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 获取队列的容量 */
|
||
int capacity() {
|
||
return cap;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
||
int size() {
|
||
// 由于将数组看作为环形,可能 rear < front ,因此需要取余数
|
||
return (capacity() + rear - front) % capacity();
|
||
}
|
||
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
||
bool empty() {
|
||
return rear - front == 0;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 入队 */
|
||
void offer(int num) {
|
||
if (size() == capacity()) {
|
||
cout << "队列已满" << endl;
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
// 尾结点后添加 num
|
||
nums[rear] = num;
|
||
// 尾指针向后移动一位,越过尾部后返回到数组头部
|
||
rear = (rear + 1) % capacity();
|
||
}
|
||
/* 出队 */
|
||
void poll() {
|
||
int num = peek();
|
||
// 队头指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
|
||
front = (front + 1) % capacity();
|
||
}
|
||
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
||
int peek() {
|
||
if (empty())
|
||
throw out_of_range("队列为空");
|
||
return nums[front];
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Python"
|
||
|
||
```python title="array_queue.py"
|
||
""" 基于环形数组实现的队列 """
|
||
class ArrayQueue:
|
||
def __init__(self, size):
|
||
self.__nums = [0] * size # 用于存储队列元素的数组
|
||
self.__front = 0 # 头指针,指向队首
|
||
self.__rear = 0 # 尾指针,指向队尾 + 1
|
||
|
||
""" 获取队列的容量 """
|
||
def capacity(self):
|
||
return len(self.__nums)
|
||
|
||
""" 获取队列的长度 """
|
||
def size(self):
|
||
# 由于将数组看作为环形,可能 rear < front ,因此需要取余数
|
||
return (self.capacity() + self.__rear - self.__front) % self.capacity()
|
||
|
||
""" 判断队列是否为空 """
|
||
def is_empty(self):
|
||
return (self.__rear - self.__front) == 0
|
||
|
||
""" 入队 """
|
||
def push(self, val):
|
||
if self.size() == self.capacity():
|
||
print("队列已满")
|
||
return False
|
||
# 尾结点后添加 num
|
||
self.__nums[self.__rear] = val
|
||
# 尾指针向后移动一位,越过尾部后返回到数组头部
|
||
self.__rear = (self.__rear + 1) % self.capacity()
|
||
|
||
""" 出队 """
|
||
def poll(self):
|
||
num = self.peek()
|
||
# 队头指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
|
||
self.__front = (self.__front + 1) % self.capacity()
|
||
return num
|
||
|
||
""" 访问队首元素 """
|
||
def peek(self):
|
||
if self.is_empty():
|
||
print("队列为空")
|
||
return False
|
||
return self.__nums[self.__front]
|
||
|
||
""" 返回列表用于打印 """
|
||
def to_list(self):
|
||
res = [0] * self.size()
|
||
j = self.__front
|
||
for i in range(self.size()):
|
||
res[i] = self.__nums[(j % self.capacity())]
|
||
j += 1
|
||
return res
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Go"
|
||
|
||
```go title="array_queue.go"
|
||
/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
|
||
type arrayQueue struct {
|
||
data []int // 用于存储队列元素的数组
|
||
capacity int // 队列容量(即最多容量的元素个数)
|
||
front int // 头指针,指向队首
|
||
rear int // 尾指针,指向队尾 + 1
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// newArrayQueue 基于环形数组实现的队列
|
||
func newArrayQueue(capacity int) *arrayQueue {
|
||
return &arrayQueue{
|
||
data: make([]int, capacity),
|
||
capacity: capacity,
|
||
front: 0,
|
||
rear: 0,
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// size 获取队列的长度
|
||
func (q *arrayQueue) size() int {
|
||
size := (q.capacity + q.rear - q.front) % q.capacity
|
||
return size
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// isEmpty 判断队列是否为空
|
||
func (q *arrayQueue) isEmpty() bool {
|
||
return q.rear-q.front == 0
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// offer 入队
|
||
func (q *arrayQueue) offer(v int) {
|
||
// 当 rear == capacity 表示队列已满
|
||
if q.size() == q.capacity {
|
||
return
|
||
}
|
||
// 尾结点后添加
|
||
q.data[q.rear] = v
|
||
// 尾指针向后移动一位,越过尾部后返回到数组头部
|
||
q.rear = (q.rear + 1) % q.capacity
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// poll 出队
|
||
func (q *arrayQueue) poll() any {
|
||
if q.isEmpty() {
|
||
return nil
|
||
}
|
||
v := q.data[q.front]
|
||
// 队头指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
|
||
q.front = (q.front + 1) % q.capacity
|
||
return v
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// peek 访问队首元素
|
||
func (q *arrayQueue) peek() any {
|
||
if q.isEmpty() {
|
||
return nil
|
||
}
|
||
v := q.data[q.front]
|
||
return v
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "JavaScript"
|
||
|
||
```js title="array_queue.js"
|
||
/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
|
||
class ArrayQueue {
|
||
#queue; // 用于存储队列元素的数组
|
||
#front = 0; // 头指针,指向队首
|
||
#rear = 0; // 尾指针,指向队尾 + 1
|
||
constructor(capacity) {
|
||
this.#queue = new Array(capacity);
|
||
}
|
||
/* 获取队列的容量 */
|
||
get capacity() {
|
||
return this.#queue.length;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
||
get size() {
|
||
// 由于将数组看作为环形,可能 rear < front ,因此需要取余数
|
||
return (this.capacity + this.#rear - this.#front) % this.capacity;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
||
empty() {
|
||
return this.#rear - this.#front == 0;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 入队 */
|
||
offer(num) {
|
||
if (this.size == this.capacity)
|
||
throw new Error("队列已满");
|
||
// 尾结点后添加 num
|
||
this.#queue[this.#rear] = num;
|
||
// 尾指针向后移动一位,越过尾部后返回到数组头部
|
||
this.#rear = (this.#rear + 1) % this.capacity;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 出队 */
|
||
poll() {
|
||
const num = this.peek();
|
||
// 队头指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
|
||
this.#front = (this.#front + 1) % this.capacity;
|
||
return num;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
||
peek() {
|
||
if (this.empty())
|
||
throw new Error("队列为空");
|
||
return this.#queue[this.#front];
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "TypeScript"
|
||
|
||
```typescript title="array_queue.ts"
|
||
/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
|
||
class ArrayQueue {
|
||
private queue: number[]; // 用于存储队列元素的数组
|
||
private front: number = 0; // 头指针,指向队首
|
||
private rear: number = 0; // 尾指针,指向队尾 + 1
|
||
private CAPACITY: number = 1e5;
|
||
constructor(capacity?: number) {
|
||
this.queue = new Array<number>(capacity ?? this.CAPACITY);
|
||
}
|
||
/* 获取队列的容量 */
|
||
get capacity(): number {
|
||
return this.queue.length;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
||
get size(): number {
|
||
// 由于将数组看作为环形,可能 rear < front ,因此需要取余数
|
||
return (this.capacity + this.rear - this.front) % this.capacity;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
||
empty(): boolean {
|
||
return this.rear - this.front == 0;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 入队 */
|
||
offer(num: number): void {
|
||
if (this.size == this.capacity)
|
||
throw new Error("队列已满");
|
||
// 尾结点后添加 num
|
||
this.queue[this.rear] = num;
|
||
// 尾指针向后移动一位,越过尾部后返回到数组头部
|
||
this.rear = (this.rear + 1) % this.capacity;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 出队 */
|
||
poll(): number {
|
||
const num = this.peek();
|
||
// 队头指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
|
||
this.front = (this.front + 1) % this.capacity;
|
||
return num;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
||
peek(): number {
|
||
if (this.empty())
|
||
throw new Error("队列为空");
|
||
return this.queue[this.front];
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C"
|
||
|
||
```c title="array_queue.c"
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C#"
|
||
|
||
```csharp title="array_queue.cs"
|
||
/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
|
||
class ArrayQueue
|
||
{
|
||
private int[] nums; // 用于存储队列元素的数组
|
||
private int front = 0; // 头指针,指向队首
|
||
private int rear = 0; // 尾指针,指向队尾 + 1
|
||
public ArrayQueue(int capacity)
|
||
{
|
||
// 初始化数组
|
||
nums = new int[capacity];
|
||
}
|
||
/* 获取队列的容量 */
|
||
public int capacity()
|
||
{
|
||
return nums.Length;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
||
public int size()
|
||
{
|
||
int capacity = this.capacity();
|
||
// 由于将数组看作为环形,可能 rear < front ,因此需要取余数
|
||
return (capacity + rear - front) % capacity;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
||
public bool isEmpty()
|
||
{
|
||
return rear - front == 0;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 入队 */
|
||
public void offer(int num)
|
||
{
|
||
if (size() == capacity())
|
||
{
|
||
Console.WriteLine("队列已满");
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
// 尾结点后添加 num
|
||
nums[rear] = num;
|
||
// 尾指针向后移动一位,越过尾部后返回到数组头部
|
||
rear = (rear + 1) % capacity();
|
||
}
|
||
/* 出队 */
|
||
public int poll()
|
||
{
|
||
int num = peek();
|
||
// 队头指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
|
||
front = (front + 1) % capacity();
|
||
return num;
|
||
}
|
||
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
||
public int peek()
|
||
{
|
||
if (isEmpty())
|
||
throw new Exception();
|
||
return nums[front];
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Swift"
|
||
|
||
```swift title="array_queue.swift"
|
||
/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
|
||
class ArrayQueue {
|
||
private var nums: [Int] // 用于存储队列元素的数组
|
||
private var front = 0 // 头指针,指向队首
|
||
private var rear = 0 // 尾指针,指向队尾 + 1
|
||
|
||
init(capacity: Int) {
|
||
// 初始化数组
|
||
nums = Array(repeating: 0, count: capacity)
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 获取队列的容量 */
|
||
func capacity() -> Int {
|
||
nums.count
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
||
func size() -> Int {
|
||
let capacity = capacity()
|
||
// 由于将数组看作为环形,可能 rear < front ,因此需要取余数
|
||
return (capacity + rear - front) % capacity
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
||
func isEmpty() -> Bool {
|
||
rear - front == 0
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 入队 */
|
||
func offer(num: Int) {
|
||
if size() == capacity() {
|
||
print("队列已满")
|
||
return
|
||
}
|
||
// 尾结点后添加 num
|
||
nums[rear] = num
|
||
// 尾指针向后移动一位,越过尾部后返回到数组头部
|
||
rear = (rear + 1) % capacity()
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 出队 */
|
||
@discardableResult
|
||
func poll() -> Int {
|
||
let num = peek()
|
||
// 队头指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
|
||
front = (front + 1) % capacity()
|
||
return num
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
||
func peek() -> Int {
|
||
if isEmpty() {
|
||
fatalError("队列为空")
|
||
}
|
||
return nums[front]
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## 队列典型应用
|
||
|
||
- **淘宝订单**。购物者下单后,订单就被加入到队列之中,随后系统再根据顺序依次处理队列中的订单。在双十一时,在短时间内会产生海量的订单,如何处理「高并发」则是工程师们需要重点思考的问题。
|
||
- **各种待办事项**。例如打印机的任务队列、餐厅的出餐队列等等。
|