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963 lines
21 KiB
Markdown
Executable file
963 lines
21 KiB
Markdown
Executable file
# 空间复杂度
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「空间复杂度 Space Complexity」统计 **算法使用内存空间随着数据量变大时的增长趋势**。这个概念与时间复杂度很类似。
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## 算法相关空间
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算法运行中,使用的内存空间主要有以下几种:
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- 「输入空间」用于存储算法的输入数据;
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- 「暂存空间」用于存储算法运行中的变量、对象、函数上下文等数据;
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- 「输出空间」用于存储算法的输出数据;
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!!! tip
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通常情况下,空间复杂度统计范围是「暂存空间」+「输出空间」。
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暂存空间可分为三个部分:
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- 「暂存数据」用于保存算法运行中的各种 **常量、变量、对象** 等。
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- 「栈帧空间」用于保存调用函数的上下文数据。系统每次调用函数都会在栈的顶部创建一个栈帧,函数返回时,栈帧空间会被释放。
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- 「指令空间」用于保存编译后的程序指令,**在实际统计中一般忽略不计**。
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![算法使用的相关空间](space_complexity.assets/space_types.png)
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=== "Java"
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```java title=""
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/* 类 */
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class Node {
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int val;
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Node next;
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Node(int x) { val = x; }
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}
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/* 函数 */
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int function() {
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// do something...
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return 0;
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}
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int algorithm(int n) { // 输入数据
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final int a = 0; // 暂存数据(常量)
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int b = 0; // 暂存数据(变量)
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Node node = new Node(0); // 暂存数据(对象)
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int c = function(); // 栈帧空间(调用函数)
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return a + b + c; // 输出数据
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}
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title=""
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/* 结构体 */
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struct Node {
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int val;
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Node *next;
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Node(int x) : val(x), next(nullptr) {}
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};
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/* 函数 */
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int func() {
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// do something...
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return 0;
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}
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int algorithm(int n) { // 输入数据
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const int a = 0; // 暂存数据(常量)
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int b = 0; // 暂存数据(变量)
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Node* node = new Node(0); // 暂存数据(对象)
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int c = func(); // 栈帧空间(调用函数)
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return a + b + c; // 输出数据
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}
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title=""
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""" 类 """
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class Node:
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def __init__(self, x: int):
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self.val: int = x # 结点值
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self.next: Optional[Node] = None # 指向下一结点的指针(引用)
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""" 函数 """
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def function() -> int:
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# do something...
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return 0
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def algorithm(n) -> int: # 输入数据
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A: int = 0 # 暂存数据(常量,一般用大写字母表示)
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b: int = 0 # 暂存数据(变量)
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node = Node(0) # 暂存数据(对象)
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c: int = function() # 栈帧空间(调用函数)
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return A + b + c # 输出数据
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title=""
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/* 结构体 */
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type node struct {
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val int
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next *node
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}
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/* 创建 node 结构体 */
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func newNode(val int) *node {
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return &node{val: val}
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}
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/* 函数 */
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func function() int {
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// do something...
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return 0
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}
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func algorithm(n int) int { // 输入数据
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const a = 0 // 暂存数据(常量)
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b := 0 // 暂存数据(变量)
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newNode(0) // 暂存数据(对象)
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c := function() // 栈帧空间(调用函数)
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return a + b + c // 输出数据
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}
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```
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=== "JavaScript"
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```javascript title=""
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/* 类 */
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class Node {
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val;
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next;
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constructor(val) {
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this.val = val === undefined ? 0 : val; // 结点值
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this.next = null; // 指向下一结点的引用
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}
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}
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/* 函数 */
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function constFunc() {
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// do something
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return 0;
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}
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function algorithm(n) { // 输入数据
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const a = 0; // 暂存数据(常量)
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let b = 0; // 暂存数据(变量)
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const node = new Node(0); // 暂存数据(对象)
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const c = constFunc(); // 栈帧空间(调用函数)
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return a + b + c; // 输出数据
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}
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```
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=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title=""
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/* 类 */
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class Node {
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val: number;
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next: Node | null;
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constructor(val?: number) {
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this.val = val === undefined ? 0 : val; // 结点值
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this.next = null; // 指向下一结点的引用
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}
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}
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/* 函数 */
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function constFunc(): number {
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// do something
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return 0;
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}
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function algorithm(n: number): number { // 输入数据
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const a = 0; // 暂存数据(常量)
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let b = 0; // 暂存数据(变量)
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const node = new Node(0); // 暂存数据(对象)
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const c = constFunc(); // 栈帧空间(调用函数)
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return a + b + c; // 输出数据
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}
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title=""
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title=""
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/* 类 */
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class Node
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{
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int val;
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Node next;
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Node(int x) { val = x; }
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}
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/* 函数 */
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int function()
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{
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// do something...
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return 0;
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}
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int algorithm(int n) // 输入数据
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{
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const int a = 0; // 暂存数据(常量)
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int b = 0; // 暂存数据(变量)
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Node node = new Node(0); // 暂存数据(对象)
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int c = function(); // 栈帧空间(调用函数)
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return a + b + c; // 输出数据
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}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title=""
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/* 类 */
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class Node {
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var val: Int
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var next: Node?
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init(x: Int) {
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val = x
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}
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}
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/* 函数 */
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func function() -> Int {
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// do something...
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return 0
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}
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func algorithm(n: Int) -> Int { // 输入数据
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let a = 0 // 暂存数据(常量)
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var b = 0 // 暂存数据(变量)
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let node = Node(x: 0) // 暂存数据(对象)
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let c = function() // 栈帧空间(调用函数)
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return a + b + c // 输出数据
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}
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```
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title=""
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```
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## 推算方法
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空间复杂度的推算方法和时间复杂度总体类似,只是从统计“计算操作数量”变为统计“使用空间大小”。与时间复杂度不同的是,**我们一般只关注「最差空间复杂度」**。这是因为内存空间是一个硬性要求,我们必须保证在所有输入数据下都有足够的内存空间预留。
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**最差空间复杂度中的“最差”有两层含义**,分别为输入数据的最差分布、算法运行中的最差时间点。
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- **以最差输入数据为准**。当 $n < 10$ 时,空间复杂度为 $O(1)$ ;但是当 $n > 10$ 时,初始化的数组 `nums` 使用 $O(n)$ 空间;因此最差空间复杂度为 $O(n)$ ;
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- **以算法运行过程中的峰值内存为准**。程序在执行最后一行之前,使用 $O(1)$ 空间;当初始化数组 `nums` 时,程序使用 $O(n)$ 空间;因此最差空间复杂度为 $O(n)$ ;
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=== "Java"
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```java title=""
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void algorithm(int n) {
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int a = 0; // O(1)
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int[] b = new int[10000]; // O(1)
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if (n > 10)
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int[] nums = new int[n]; // O(n)
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}
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title=""
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void algorithm(int n) {
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int a = 0; // O(1)
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vector<int> b(10000); // O(1)
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if (n > 10)
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vector<int> nums(n); // O(n)
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}
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title=""
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def algorithm(n: int) -> None:
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a: int = 0 # O(1)
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b: List[int] = [0] * 10000 # O(1)
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if n > 10:
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nums: List[int] = [0] * n # O(n)
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title=""
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func algorithm(n int) {
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a := 0 // O(1)
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b := make([]int, 10000) // O(1)
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var nums []int
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if n > 10 {
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nums := make([]int, n) // O(n)
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}
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fmt.Println(a, b, nums)
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}
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```
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=== "JavaScript"
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```javascript title=""
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function algorithm(n) {
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const a = 0; // O(1)
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const b = new Array(10000); // O(1)
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if (n > 10) {
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const nums = new Array(n); // O(n)
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}
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}
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```
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=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title=""
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function algorithm(n: number): void {
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const a = 0; // O(1)
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const b = new Array(10000); // O(1)
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if (n > 10) {
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const nums = new Array(n); // O(n)
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}
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}
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title=""
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title=""
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void algorithm(int n)
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{
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int a = 0; // O(1)
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int[] b = new int[10000]; // O(1)
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if (n > 10)
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{
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int[] nums = new int[n]; // O(n)
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}
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}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title=""
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func algorithm(n: Int) {
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let a = 0 // O(1)
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let b = Array(repeating: 0, count: 10000) // O(1)
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if n > 10 {
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let nums = Array(repeating: 0, count: n) // O(n)
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}
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}
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```
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title=""
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```
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**在递归函数中,需要注意统计栈帧空间**。例如函数 `loop()`,在循环中调用了 $n$ 次 `function()` ,每轮中的 `function()` 都返回并释放了栈帧空间,因此空间复杂度仍为 $O(1)$ 。而递归函数 `recur()` 在运行中会同时存在 $n$ 个未返回的 `recur()` ,从而使用 $O(n)$ 的栈帧空间。
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=== "Java"
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```java title=""
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int function() {
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// do something
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return 0;
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}
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/* 循环 O(1) */
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void loop(int n) {
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for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
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function();
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}
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}
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/* 递归 O(n) */
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void recur(int n) {
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if (n == 1) return;
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return recur(n - 1);
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}
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title=""
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int func() {
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// do something
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return 0;
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}
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/* 循环 O(1) */
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void loop(int n) {
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for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
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func();
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}
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}
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/* 递归 O(n) */
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void recur(int n) {
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if (n == 1) return;
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return recur(n - 1);
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}
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title=""
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def function() -> int:
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# do something
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return 0
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""" 循环 O(1) """
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def loop(n: int) -> None:
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for _ in range(n):
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function()
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""" 递归 O(n) """
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def recur(n: int) -> int:
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if n == 1: return
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return recur(n - 1)
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title=""
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func function() int {
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// do something
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return 0
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}
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/* 循环 O(1) */
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func loop(n int) {
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for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
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function()
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}
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}
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/* 递归 O(n) */
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func recur(n int) {
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if n == 1 {
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return
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}
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recur(n - 1)
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}
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```
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=== "JavaScript"
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```javascript title=""
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function constFunc() {
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// do something
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return 0;
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}
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/* 循环 O(1) */
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function loop(n) {
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for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
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constFunc();
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}
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}
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/* 递归 O(n) */
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function recur(n) {
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if (n === 1) return;
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return recur(n - 1);
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}
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```
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=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title=""
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function constFunc(): number {
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// do something
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return 0;
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}
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/* 循环 O(1) */
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function loop(n: number): void {
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for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
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constFunc();
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}
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}
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/* 递归 O(n) */
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function recur(n: number): void {
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if (n === 1) return;
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return recur(n - 1);
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}
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title=""
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title=""
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int function()
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{
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// do something
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return 0;
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}
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/* 循环 O(1) */
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void loop(int n)
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{
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for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
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{
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function();
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}
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}
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/* 递归 O(n) */
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int recur(int n)
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{
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if (n == 1) return 1;
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return recur(n - 1);
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}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title=""
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@discardableResult
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func function() -> Int {
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// do something
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return 0
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}
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/* 循环 O(1) */
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func loop(n: Int) {
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for _ in 0 ..< n {
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function()
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}
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}
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/* 递归 O(n) */
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func recur(n: Int) {
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if n == 1 {
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return
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}
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recur(n: n - 1)
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}
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```
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=== "Zig"
|
||
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```zig title=""
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```
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## 常见类型
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||
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设输入数据大小为 $n$ ,常见的空间复杂度类型有(从低到高排列)
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$$
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\begin{aligned}
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O(1) < O(\log n) < O(n) < O(n^2) < O(2^n) \newline
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\text{常数阶} < \text{对数阶} < \text{线性阶} < \text{平方阶} < \text{指数阶}
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\end{aligned}
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$$
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|
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![空间复杂度的常见类型](space_complexity.assets/space_complexity_common_types.png)
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||
|
||
!!! tip
|
||
|
||
部分示例代码需要一些前置知识,包括数组、链表、二叉树、递归算法等。如果遇到看不懂的地方无需担心,可以在学习完后面章节后再来复习,现阶段先聚焦在理解空间复杂度含义和推算方法上。
|
||
|
||
### 常数阶 $O(1)$
|
||
|
||
常数阶常见于数量与输入数据大小 $n$ 无关的常量、变量、对象。
|
||
|
||
需要注意的是,在循环中初始化变量或调用函数而占用的内存,在进入下一循环后就会被释放,即不会累积占用空间,空间复杂度仍为 $O(1)$ 。
|
||
|
||
=== "Java"
|
||
|
||
```java title="space_complexity.java"
|
||
[class]{space_complexity}-[func]{constant}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C++"
|
||
|
||
```cpp title="space_complexity.cpp"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{constant}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Python"
|
||
|
||
```python title="space_complexity.py"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{constant}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Go"
|
||
|
||
```go title="space_complexity.go"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{spaceConstant}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "JavaScript"
|
||
|
||
```javascript title="space_complexity.js"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{constant}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "TypeScript"
|
||
|
||
```typescript title="space_complexity.ts"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{constant}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C"
|
||
|
||
```c title="space_complexity.c"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{spaceConstant}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C#"
|
||
|
||
```csharp title="space_complexity.cs"
|
||
[class]{space_complexity}-[func]{constant}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Swift"
|
||
|
||
```swift title="space_complexity.swift"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{constant}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Zig"
|
||
|
||
```zig title="space_complexity.zig"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{constant}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 线性阶 $O(n)$
|
||
|
||
线性阶常见于元素数量与 $n$ 成正比的数组、链表、栈、队列等。
|
||
|
||
=== "Java"
|
||
|
||
```java title="space_complexity.java"
|
||
[class]{space_complexity}-[func]{linear}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C++"
|
||
|
||
```cpp title="space_complexity.cpp"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{linear}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Python"
|
||
|
||
```python title="space_complexity.py"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{linear}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Go"
|
||
|
||
```go title="space_complexity.go"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{spaceLinear}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "JavaScript"
|
||
|
||
```javascript title="space_complexity.js"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{linear}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "TypeScript"
|
||
|
||
```typescript title="space_complexity.ts"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{linear}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C"
|
||
|
||
```c title="space_complexity.c"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{spaceLinear}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C#"
|
||
|
||
```csharp title="space_complexity.cs"
|
||
[class]{space_complexity}-[func]{linear}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Swift"
|
||
|
||
```swift title="space_complexity.swift"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{linear}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Zig"
|
||
|
||
```zig title="space_complexity.zig"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{linear}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
以下递归函数会同时存在 $n$ 个未返回的 `algorithm()` 函数,使用 $O(n)$ 大小的栈帧空间。
|
||
|
||
=== "Java"
|
||
|
||
```java title="space_complexity.java"
|
||
[class]{space_complexity}-[func]{linearRecur}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C++"
|
||
|
||
```cpp title="space_complexity.cpp"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{linearRecur}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Python"
|
||
|
||
```python title="space_complexity.py"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{linear_recur}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Go"
|
||
|
||
```go title="space_complexity.go"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{spaceLinearRecur}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "JavaScript"
|
||
|
||
```javascript title="space_complexity.js"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{linearRecur}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "TypeScript"
|
||
|
||
```typescript title="space_complexity.ts"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{linearRecur}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C"
|
||
|
||
```c title="space_complexity.c"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{spaceLinearRecur}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C#"
|
||
|
||
```csharp title="space_complexity.cs"
|
||
[class]{space_complexity}-[func]{linearRecur}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Swift"
|
||
|
||
```swift title="space_complexity.swift"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{linearRecur}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Zig"
|
||
|
||
```zig title="space_complexity.zig"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{linearRecur}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
![递归函数产生的线性阶空间复杂度](space_complexity.assets/space_complexity_recursive_linear.png)
|
||
|
||
### 平方阶 $O(n^2)$
|
||
|
||
平方阶常见于元素数量与 $n$ 成平方关系的矩阵、图。
|
||
|
||
=== "Java"
|
||
|
||
```java title="space_complexity.java"
|
||
[class]{space_complexity}-[func]{quadratic}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C++"
|
||
|
||
```cpp title="space_complexity.cpp"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{quadratic}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Python"
|
||
|
||
```python title="space_complexity.py"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{quadratic}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Go"
|
||
|
||
```go title="space_complexity.go"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{spaceQuadratic}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "JavaScript"
|
||
|
||
```javascript title="space_complexity.js"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{quadratic}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "TypeScript"
|
||
|
||
```typescript title="space_complexity.ts"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{quadratic}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C"
|
||
|
||
```c title="space_complexity.c"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{spaceQuadratic}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C#"
|
||
|
||
```csharp title="space_complexity.cs"
|
||
[class]{space_complexity}-[func]{quadratic}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Swift"
|
||
|
||
```swift title="space_complexity.swift"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{quadratic}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Zig"
|
||
|
||
```zig title="space_complexity.zig"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{quadratic}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
在以下递归函数中,同时存在 $n$ 个未返回的 `algorithm()` ,并且每个函数中都初始化了一个数组,长度分别为 $n, n-1, n-2, ..., 2, 1$ ,平均长度为 $\frac{n}{2}$ ,因此总体使用 $O(n^2)$ 空间。
|
||
|
||
=== "Java"
|
||
|
||
```java title="space_complexity.java"
|
||
[class]{space_complexity}-[func]{quadraticRecur}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C++"
|
||
|
||
```cpp title="space_complexity.cpp"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{quadraticRecur}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Python"
|
||
|
||
```python title="space_complexity.py"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{quadratic_recur}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Go"
|
||
|
||
```go title="space_complexity.go"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{spaceQuadraticRecur}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "JavaScript"
|
||
|
||
```javascript title="space_complexity.js"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{quadraticRecur}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "TypeScript"
|
||
|
||
```typescript title="space_complexity.ts"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{quadraticRecur}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C"
|
||
|
||
```c title="space_complexity.c"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{spaceQuadraticRecur}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C#"
|
||
|
||
```csharp title="space_complexity.cs"
|
||
[class]{space_complexity}-[func]{quadraticRecur}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Swift"
|
||
|
||
```swift title="space_complexity.swift"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{quadraticRecur}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Zig"
|
||
|
||
```zig title="space_complexity.zig"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{quadraticRecur}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
![递归函数产生的平方阶空间复杂度](space_complexity.assets/space_complexity_recursive_quadratic.png)
|
||
|
||
### 指数阶 $O(2^n)$
|
||
|
||
指数阶常见于二叉树。高度为 $n$ 的「满二叉树」的结点数量为 $2^n - 1$ ,使用 $O(2^n)$ 空间。
|
||
|
||
=== "Java"
|
||
|
||
```java title="space_complexity.java"
|
||
[class]{space_complexity}-[func]{buildTree}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C++"
|
||
|
||
```cpp title="space_complexity.cpp"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{buildTree}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Python"
|
||
|
||
```python title="space_complexity.py"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{build_tree}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Go"
|
||
|
||
```go title="space_complexity.go"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{buildTree}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "JavaScript"
|
||
|
||
```javascript title="space_complexity.js"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{buildTree}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "TypeScript"
|
||
|
||
```typescript title="space_complexity.ts"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{buildTree}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C"
|
||
|
||
```c title="space_complexity.c"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{buildTree}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C#"
|
||
|
||
```csharp title="space_complexity.cs"
|
||
[class]{space_complexity}-[func]{buildTree}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Swift"
|
||
|
||
```swift title="space_complexity.swift"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{buildTree}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Zig"
|
||
|
||
```zig title="space_complexity.zig"
|
||
[class]{}-[func]{buildTree}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
![满二叉树产生的指数阶空间复杂度](space_complexity.assets/space_complexity_exponential.png)
|
||
|
||
### 对数阶 $O(\log n)$
|
||
|
||
对数阶常见于分治算法、数据类型转换等。
|
||
|
||
例如「归并排序」,长度为 $n$ 的数组可以形成高度为 $\log n$ 的递归树,因此空间复杂度为 $O(\log n)$ 。
|
||
|
||
再例如「数字转化为字符串」,输入任意正整数 $n$ ,它的位数为 $\log_{10} n$ ,即对应字符串长度为 $\log_{10} n$ ,因此空间复杂度为 $O(\log_{10} n) = O(\log n)$ 。
|