mirror of
https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo.git
synced 2024-12-28 05:46:29 +08:00
1282 lines
34 KiB
Markdown
Executable file
1282 lines
34 KiB
Markdown
Executable file
---
|
||
comments: true
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
# 7.1. 哈希表
|
||
|
||
哈希表通过建立「键 key」与「值 value」之间的映射,实现高效的元素查询。具体而言,我们向哈希表输入一个 key,则可以在 $O(1)$ 时间内获取对应的 value 。
|
||
|
||
以一个包含 $n$ 个学生的数据库为例,每个学生都有“姓名 `name`”和“学号 `id`”两项数据。假如我们希望实现查询功能,例如“输入一个学号,返回对应的姓名”,则可以采用哈希表来实现。
|
||
|
||
![哈希表的抽象表示](hash_map.assets/hash_map.png)
|
||
|
||
<p align="center"> Fig. 哈希表的抽象表示 </p>
|
||
|
||
除哈希表外,我们还可以使用数组或链表实现查询功能,各项操作的时间复杂度如下表所示。
|
||
|
||
在哈希表中增删查改的时间复杂度都是 $O(1)$ ,全面胜出!因此,哈希表常用于对查找效率要求较高的场景。
|
||
|
||
<div class="center-table" markdown>
|
||
|
||
| | 数组 | 链表 | 哈希表 |
|
||
| -------- | ------ | ------ | ------ |
|
||
| 查找元素 | $O(n)$ | $O(n)$ | $O(1)$ |
|
||
| 插入元素 | $O(1)$ | $O(1)$ | $O(1)$ |
|
||
| 删除元素 | $O(n)$ | $O(n)$ | $O(1)$ |
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
## 7.1.1. 哈希表常用操作
|
||
|
||
哈希表的基本操作包括 **初始化、查询操作、添加与删除键值对**。
|
||
|
||
=== "Java"
|
||
|
||
```java title="hash_map.java"
|
||
/* 初始化哈希表 */
|
||
Map<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<>();
|
||
|
||
/* 添加操作 */
|
||
// 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
|
||
map.put(12836, "小哈");
|
||
map.put(15937, "小啰");
|
||
map.put(16750, "小算");
|
||
map.put(13276, "小法");
|
||
map.put(10583, "小鸭");
|
||
|
||
/* 查询操作 */
|
||
// 向哈希表输入键 key ,得到值 value
|
||
String name = map.get(15937);
|
||
|
||
/* 删除操作 */
|
||
// 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
|
||
map.remove(10583);
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C++"
|
||
|
||
```cpp title="hash_map.cpp"
|
||
/* 初始化哈希表 */
|
||
unordered_map<int, string> map;
|
||
|
||
/* 添加操作 */
|
||
// 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
|
||
map[12836] = "小哈";
|
||
map[15937] = "小啰";
|
||
map[16750] = "小算";
|
||
map[13276] = "小法";
|
||
map[10583] = "小鸭";
|
||
|
||
/* 查询操作 */
|
||
// 向哈希表输入键 key ,得到值 value
|
||
string name = map[15937];
|
||
|
||
/* 删除操作 */
|
||
// 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
|
||
map.erase(10583);
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Python"
|
||
|
||
```python title="hash_map.py"
|
||
# 初始化哈希表
|
||
mapp: Dict = {}
|
||
|
||
# 添加操作
|
||
# 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
|
||
mapp[12836] = "小哈"
|
||
mapp[15937] = "小啰"
|
||
mapp[16750] = "小算"
|
||
mapp[13276] = "小法"
|
||
mapp[10583] = "小鸭"
|
||
|
||
# 查询操作
|
||
# 向哈希表输入键 key ,得到值 value
|
||
name: str = mapp[15937]
|
||
|
||
# 删除操作
|
||
# 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
|
||
mapp.pop(10583)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Go"
|
||
|
||
```go title="hash_map.go"
|
||
/* 初始化哈希表 */
|
||
mapp := make(map[int]string)
|
||
|
||
/* 添加操作 */
|
||
// 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
|
||
mapp[12836] = "小哈"
|
||
mapp[15937] = "小啰"
|
||
mapp[16750] = "小算"
|
||
mapp[13276] = "小法"
|
||
mapp[10583] = "小鸭"
|
||
|
||
/* 查询操作 */
|
||
// 向哈希表输入键 key ,得到值 value
|
||
name := mapp[15937]
|
||
|
||
/* 删除操作 */
|
||
// 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
|
||
delete(mapp, 10583)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "JavaScript"
|
||
|
||
```javascript title="hash_map.js"
|
||
/* 初始化哈希表 */
|
||
const map = new ArrayHashMap();
|
||
/* 添加操作 */
|
||
// 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
|
||
map.set(12836, '小哈');
|
||
map.set(15937, '小啰');
|
||
map.set(16750, '小算');
|
||
map.set(13276, '小法');
|
||
map.set(10583, '小鸭');
|
||
|
||
/* 查询操作 */
|
||
// 向哈希表输入键 key ,得到值 value
|
||
let name = map.get(15937);
|
||
|
||
/* 删除操作 */
|
||
// 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
|
||
map.delete(10583);
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "TypeScript"
|
||
|
||
```typescript title="hash_map.ts"
|
||
/* 初始化哈希表 */
|
||
const map = new Map<number, string>();
|
||
/* 添加操作 */
|
||
// 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
|
||
map.set(12836, '小哈');
|
||
map.set(15937, '小啰');
|
||
map.set(16750, '小算');
|
||
map.set(13276, '小法');
|
||
map.set(10583, '小鸭');
|
||
console.info('\n添加完成后,哈希表为\nKey -> Value');
|
||
console.info(map);
|
||
|
||
/* 查询操作 */
|
||
// 向哈希表输入键 key ,得到值 value
|
||
let name = map.get(15937);
|
||
console.info('\n输入学号 15937 ,查询到姓名 ' + name);
|
||
|
||
/* 删除操作 */
|
||
// 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
|
||
map.delete(10583);
|
||
console.info('\n删除 10583 后,哈希表为\nKey -> Value');
|
||
console.info(map);
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C"
|
||
|
||
```c title="hash_map.c"
|
||
// C 未提供内置哈希表
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C#"
|
||
|
||
```csharp title="hash_map.cs"
|
||
/* 初始化哈希表 */
|
||
Dictionary<int, String> map = new ();
|
||
|
||
/* 添加操作 */
|
||
// 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
|
||
map.Add(12836, "小哈");
|
||
map.Add(15937, "小啰");
|
||
map.Add(16750, "小算");
|
||
map.Add(13276, "小法");
|
||
map.Add(10583, "小鸭");
|
||
|
||
/* 查询操作 */
|
||
// 向哈希表输入键 key ,得到值 value
|
||
String name = map[15937];
|
||
|
||
/* 删除操作 */
|
||
// 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
|
||
map.Remove(10583);
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Swift"
|
||
|
||
```swift title="hash_map.swift"
|
||
/* 初始化哈希表 */
|
||
var map: [Int: String] = [:]
|
||
|
||
/* 添加操作 */
|
||
// 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
|
||
map[12836] = "小哈"
|
||
map[15937] = "小啰"
|
||
map[16750] = "小算"
|
||
map[13276] = "小法"
|
||
map[10583] = "小鸭"
|
||
|
||
/* 查询操作 */
|
||
// 向哈希表输入键 key ,得到值 value
|
||
let name = map[15937]!
|
||
|
||
/* 删除操作 */
|
||
// 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
|
||
map.removeValue(forKey: 10583)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Zig"
|
||
|
||
```zig title="hash_map.zig"
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
遍历哈希表有三种方式,即 **遍历键值对、遍历键、遍历值**。
|
||
|
||
=== "Java"
|
||
|
||
```java title="hash_map.java"
|
||
/* 遍历哈希表 */
|
||
// 遍历键值对 key->value
|
||
for (Map.Entry <Integer, String> kv: map.entrySet()) {
|
||
System.out.println(kv.getKey() + " -> " + kv.getValue());
|
||
}
|
||
// 单独遍历键 key
|
||
for (int key: map.keySet()) {
|
||
System.out.println(key);
|
||
}
|
||
// 单独遍历值 value
|
||
for (String val: map.values()) {
|
||
System.out.println(val);
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C++"
|
||
|
||
```cpp title="hash_map.cpp"
|
||
/* 遍历哈希表 */
|
||
// 遍历键值对 key->value
|
||
for (auto kv: map) {
|
||
cout << kv.first << " -> " << kv.second << endl;
|
||
}
|
||
// 单独遍历键 key
|
||
for (auto key: map) {
|
||
cout << key.first << endl;
|
||
}
|
||
// 单独遍历值 value
|
||
for (auto val: map) {
|
||
cout << val.second << endl;
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Python"
|
||
|
||
```python title="hash_map.py"
|
||
# 遍历哈希表
|
||
# 遍历键值对 key->value
|
||
for key, value in mapp.items():
|
||
print(key, "->", value)
|
||
# 单独遍历键 key
|
||
for key in mapp.keys():
|
||
print(key)
|
||
# 单独遍历值 value
|
||
for value in mapp.values():
|
||
print(value)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Go"
|
||
|
||
```go title="hash_map_test.go"
|
||
/* 遍历哈希表 */
|
||
// 遍历键值对 key->value
|
||
for key, value := range mapp {
|
||
fmt.Println(key, "->", value)
|
||
}
|
||
// 单独遍历键 key
|
||
for key := range mapp {
|
||
fmt.Println(key)
|
||
}
|
||
// 单独遍历值 value
|
||
for _, value := range mapp {
|
||
fmt.Println(value)
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "JavaScript"
|
||
|
||
```javascript title="hash_map.js"
|
||
/* 遍历哈希表 */
|
||
console.info('\n遍历键值对 Key->Value');
|
||
for (const [k, v] of map.entries()) {
|
||
console.info(k + ' -> ' + v);
|
||
}
|
||
console.info('\n单独遍历键 Key');
|
||
for (const k of map.keys()) {
|
||
console.info(k);
|
||
}
|
||
console.info('\n单独遍历值 Value');
|
||
for (const v of map.values()) {
|
||
console.info(v);
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "TypeScript"
|
||
|
||
```typescript title="hash_map.ts"
|
||
/* 遍历哈希表 */
|
||
console.info('\n遍历键值对 Key->Value');
|
||
for (const [k, v] of map.entries()) {
|
||
console.info(k + ' -> ' + v);
|
||
}
|
||
console.info('\n单独遍历键 Key');
|
||
for (const k of map.keys()) {
|
||
console.info(k);
|
||
}
|
||
console.info('\n单独遍历值 Value');
|
||
for (const v of map.values()) {
|
||
console.info(v);
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C"
|
||
|
||
```c title="hash_map.c"
|
||
// C 未提供内置哈希表
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C#"
|
||
|
||
```csharp title="hash_map.cs"
|
||
/* 遍历哈希表 */
|
||
// 遍历键值对 Key->Value
|
||
foreach (var kv in map)
|
||
{
|
||
Console.WriteLine(kv.Key + " -> " + kv.Value);
|
||
}
|
||
// 单独遍历键 key
|
||
foreach (int key in map.Keys)
|
||
{
|
||
Console.WriteLine(key);
|
||
}
|
||
// 单独遍历值 value
|
||
foreach (String val in map.Values)
|
||
{
|
||
Console.WriteLine(val);
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Swift"
|
||
|
||
```swift title="hash_map.swift"
|
||
/* 遍历哈希表 */
|
||
// 遍历键值对 Key->Value
|
||
for (key, value) in map {
|
||
print("\(key) -> \(value)")
|
||
}
|
||
// 单独遍历键 Key
|
||
for key in map.keys {
|
||
print(key)
|
||
}
|
||
// 单独遍历值 Value
|
||
for value in map.values {
|
||
print(value)
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Zig"
|
||
|
||
```zig title="hash_map.zig"
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## 7.1.2. 哈希函数
|
||
|
||
哈希表的底层实现为数组,同时可能包含链表、二叉树(红黑树)等数据结构,以提高查询性能(将在下节讨论)。
|
||
|
||
首先考虑最简单的情况,**仅使用一个数组来实现哈希表**。通常,我们将数组中的每个空位称为「桶 Bucket」,用于存储键值对。
|
||
|
||
我们将键值对 key, value 封装成一个类 `Entry` ,并将所有 `Entry` 放入数组中。这样,数组中的每个 `Entry` 都具有唯一的索引。为了建立 key 和索引之间的映射关系,我们需要使用「哈希函数 Hash Function」。
|
||
|
||
设哈希表的数组为 `buckets` ,哈希函数为 `f(x)` ,那么查询操作的步骤如下:
|
||
|
||
1. 输入 `key` ,通过哈希函数计算出索引 `index` ,即 `index = f(key)` ;
|
||
2. 通过索引在数组中访问到键值对 `entry` ,即 `entry = buckets[index]` ,然后从 `entry` 中获取对应的 `value` ;
|
||
|
||
以学生数据 `key 学号 -> value 姓名` 为例,我们可以设计如下哈希函数:
|
||
|
||
$$
|
||
f(x) = x \% 100
|
||
$$
|
||
|
||
![哈希函数工作原理](hash_map.assets/hash_function.png)
|
||
|
||
<p align="center"> Fig. 哈希函数工作原理 </p>
|
||
|
||
=== "Java"
|
||
|
||
```java title="array_hash_map.java"
|
||
/* 键值对 int->String */
|
||
class Entry {
|
||
public int key;
|
||
public String val;
|
||
|
||
public Entry(int key, String val) {
|
||
this.key = key;
|
||
this.val = val;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 基于数组简易实现的哈希表 */
|
||
class ArrayHashMap {
|
||
private List<Entry> buckets;
|
||
|
||
public ArrayHashMap() {
|
||
// 初始化数组,包含 100 个桶
|
||
buckets = new ArrayList<>();
|
||
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
|
||
buckets.add(null);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 哈希函数 */
|
||
private int hashFunc(int key) {
|
||
int index = key % 100;
|
||
return index;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 查询操作 */
|
||
public String get(int key) {
|
||
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
||
Entry pair = buckets.get(index);
|
||
if (pair == null)
|
||
return null;
|
||
return pair.val;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 添加操作 */
|
||
public void put(int key, String val) {
|
||
Entry pair = new Entry(key, val);
|
||
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
||
buckets.set(index, pair);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 删除操作 */
|
||
public void remove(int key) {
|
||
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
||
// 置为 null ,代表删除
|
||
buckets.set(index, null);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 获取所有键值对 */
|
||
public List<Entry> entrySet() {
|
||
List<Entry> entrySet = new ArrayList<>();
|
||
for (Entry pair : buckets) {
|
||
if (pair != null)
|
||
entrySet.add(pair);
|
||
}
|
||
return entrySet;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 获取所有键 */
|
||
public List<Integer> keySet() {
|
||
List<Integer> keySet = new ArrayList<>();
|
||
for (Entry pair : buckets) {
|
||
if (pair != null)
|
||
keySet.add(pair.key);
|
||
}
|
||
return keySet;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 获取所有值 */
|
||
public List<String> valueSet() {
|
||
List<String> valueSet = new ArrayList<>();
|
||
for (Entry pair : buckets) {
|
||
if (pair != null)
|
||
valueSet.add(pair.val);
|
||
}
|
||
return valueSet;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
||
public void print() {
|
||
for (Entry kv : entrySet()) {
|
||
System.out.println(kv.key + " -> " + kv.val);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C++"
|
||
|
||
```cpp title="array_hash_map.cpp"
|
||
/* 键值对 int->String */
|
||
struct Entry {
|
||
public:
|
||
int key;
|
||
string val;
|
||
Entry(int key, string val) {
|
||
this->key = key;
|
||
this->val = val;
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
/* 基于数组简易实现的哈希表 */
|
||
class ArrayHashMap {
|
||
private:
|
||
vector<Entry *> buckets;
|
||
|
||
public:
|
||
ArrayHashMap() {
|
||
// 初始化数组,包含 100 个桶
|
||
buckets = vector<Entry *>(100);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
~ArrayHashMap() {
|
||
// 释放内存
|
||
for (const auto &bucket : buckets) {
|
||
delete bucket;
|
||
}
|
||
buckets.clear();
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 哈希函数 */
|
||
int hashFunc(int key) {
|
||
int index = key % 100;
|
||
return index;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 查询操作 */
|
||
string get(int key) {
|
||
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
||
Entry *pair = buckets[index];
|
||
if (pair == nullptr)
|
||
return nullptr;
|
||
return pair->val;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 添加操作 */
|
||
void put(int key, string val) {
|
||
Entry *pair = new Entry(key, val);
|
||
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
||
buckets[index] = pair;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 删除操作 */
|
||
void remove(int key) {
|
||
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
||
// 释放内存并置为 nullptr
|
||
delete buckets[index];
|
||
buckets[index] = nullptr;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 获取所有键值对 */
|
||
vector<Entry *> entrySet() {
|
||
vector<Entry *> entrySet;
|
||
for (Entry *pair : buckets) {
|
||
if (pair != nullptr) {
|
||
entrySet.push_back(pair);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
return entrySet;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 获取所有键 */
|
||
vector<int> keySet() {
|
||
vector<int> keySet;
|
||
for (Entry *pair : buckets) {
|
||
if (pair != nullptr) {
|
||
keySet.push_back(pair->key);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
return keySet;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 获取所有值 */
|
||
vector<string> valueSet() {
|
||
vector<string> valueSet;
|
||
for (Entry *pair : buckets) {
|
||
if (pair != nullptr) {
|
||
valueSet.push_back(pair->val);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
return valueSet;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
||
void print() {
|
||
for (Entry *kv : entrySet()) {
|
||
cout << kv->key << " -> " << kv->val << endl;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Python"
|
||
|
||
```python title="array_hash_map.py"
|
||
class Entry:
|
||
"""键值对 int->String"""
|
||
|
||
def __init__(self, key: int, val: str):
|
||
self.key = key
|
||
self.val = val
|
||
|
||
class ArrayHashMap:
|
||
"""基于数组简易实现的哈希表"""
|
||
|
||
def __init__(self):
|
||
"""构造方法"""
|
||
# 初始化数组,包含 100 个桶
|
||
self.buckets: list[Entry | None] = [None] * 100
|
||
|
||
def hash_func(self, key: int) -> int:
|
||
"""哈希函数"""
|
||
index: int = key % 100
|
||
return index
|
||
|
||
def get(self, key: int) -> str:
|
||
"""查询操作"""
|
||
index: int = self.hash_func(key)
|
||
pair: Entry = self.buckets[index]
|
||
if pair is None:
|
||
return None
|
||
return pair.val
|
||
|
||
def put(self, key: int, val: str) -> None:
|
||
"""添加操作"""
|
||
pair = Entry(key, val)
|
||
index: int = self.hash_func(key)
|
||
self.buckets[index] = pair
|
||
|
||
def remove(self, key: int) -> None:
|
||
"""删除操作"""
|
||
index: int = self.hash_func(key)
|
||
# 置为 None ,代表删除
|
||
self.buckets[index] = None
|
||
|
||
def entry_set(self) -> list[Entry]:
|
||
"""获取所有键值对"""
|
||
result: list[Entry] = []
|
||
for pair in self.buckets:
|
||
if pair is not None:
|
||
result.append(pair)
|
||
return result
|
||
|
||
def key_set(self) -> list[int]:
|
||
"""获取所有键"""
|
||
result: list[int] = []
|
||
for pair in self.buckets:
|
||
if pair is not None:
|
||
result.append(pair.key)
|
||
return result
|
||
|
||
def value_set(self) -> list[str]:
|
||
"""获取所有值"""
|
||
result: list[str] = []
|
||
for pair in self.buckets:
|
||
if pair is not None:
|
||
result.append(pair.val)
|
||
return result
|
||
|
||
def print(self) -> None:
|
||
"""打印哈希表"""
|
||
for pair in self.buckets:
|
||
if pair is not None:
|
||
print(pair.key, "->", pair.val)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Go"
|
||
|
||
```go title="array_hash_map.go"
|
||
/* 键值对 int->String */
|
||
type entry struct {
|
||
key int
|
||
val string
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 基于数组简易实现的哈希表 */
|
||
type arrayHashMap struct {
|
||
buckets []*entry
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 初始化哈希表 */
|
||
func newArrayHashMap() *arrayHashMap {
|
||
// 初始化数组,包含 100 个桶
|
||
buckets := make([]*entry, 100)
|
||
return &arrayHashMap{buckets: buckets}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 哈希函数 */
|
||
func (a *arrayHashMap) hashFunc(key int) int {
|
||
index := key % 100
|
||
return index
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 查询操作 */
|
||
func (a *arrayHashMap) get(key int) string {
|
||
index := a.hashFunc(key)
|
||
pair := a.buckets[index]
|
||
if pair == nil {
|
||
return "Not Found"
|
||
}
|
||
return pair.val
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 添加操作 */
|
||
func (a *arrayHashMap) put(key int, val string) {
|
||
pair := &entry{key: key, val: val}
|
||
index := a.hashFunc(key)
|
||
a.buckets[index] = pair
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 删除操作 */
|
||
func (a *arrayHashMap) remove(key int) {
|
||
index := a.hashFunc(key)
|
||
// 置为 nil ,代表删除
|
||
a.buckets[index] = nil
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 获取所有键对 */
|
||
func (a *arrayHashMap) entrySet() []*entry {
|
||
var pairs []*entry
|
||
for _, pair := range a.buckets {
|
||
if pair != nil {
|
||
pairs = append(pairs, pair)
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
return pairs
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 获取所有键 */
|
||
func (a *arrayHashMap) keySet() []int {
|
||
var keys []int
|
||
for _, pair := range a.buckets {
|
||
if pair != nil {
|
||
keys = append(keys, pair.key)
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
return keys
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 获取所有值 */
|
||
func (a *arrayHashMap) valueSet() []string {
|
||
var values []string
|
||
for _, pair := range a.buckets {
|
||
if pair != nil {
|
||
values = append(values, pair.val)
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
return values
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
||
func (a *arrayHashMap) print() {
|
||
for _, pair := range a.buckets {
|
||
if pair != nil {
|
||
fmt.Println(pair.key, "->", pair.val)
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "JavaScript"
|
||
|
||
```javascript title="array_hash_map.js"
|
||
/* 键值对 Number -> String */
|
||
class Entry {
|
||
constructor(key, val) {
|
||
this.key = key;
|
||
this.val = val;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 基于数组简易实现的哈希表 */
|
||
class ArrayHashMap {
|
||
#buckets;
|
||
constructor() {
|
||
// 初始化数组,包含 100 个桶
|
||
this.#buckets = new Array(100).fill(null);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 哈希函数 */
|
||
#hashFunc(key) {
|
||
return key % 100;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 查询操作 */
|
||
get(key) {
|
||
let index = this.#hashFunc(key);
|
||
let entry = this.#buckets[index];
|
||
if (entry === null) return null;
|
||
return entry.val;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 添加操作 */
|
||
set(key, val) {
|
||
let index = this.#hashFunc(key);
|
||
this.#buckets[index] = new Entry(key, val);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 删除操作 */
|
||
delete(key) {
|
||
let index = this.#hashFunc(key);
|
||
// 置为 null ,代表删除
|
||
this.#buckets[index] = null;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 获取所有键值对 */
|
||
entries() {
|
||
let arr = [];
|
||
for (let i = 0; i < this.#buckets.length; i++) {
|
||
if (this.#buckets[i]) {
|
||
arr.push(this.#buckets[i]);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
return arr;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 获取所有键 */
|
||
keys() {
|
||
let arr = [];
|
||
for (let i = 0; i < this.#buckets.length; i++) {
|
||
if (this.#buckets[i]) {
|
||
arr.push(this.#buckets[i]?.key);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
return arr;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 获取所有值 */
|
||
values() {
|
||
let arr = [];
|
||
for (let i = 0; i < this.#buckets.length; i++) {
|
||
if (this.#buckets[i]) {
|
||
arr.push(this.#buckets[i]?.val);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
return arr;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
||
print() {
|
||
let entrySet = this.entries();
|
||
for (const entry of entrySet) {
|
||
if (!entry) continue;
|
||
console.info(`${entry.key} -> ${entry.val}`);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "TypeScript"
|
||
|
||
```typescript title="array_hash_map.ts"
|
||
/* 键值对 Number -> String */
|
||
class Entry {
|
||
public key: number;
|
||
public val: string;
|
||
|
||
constructor(key: number, val: string) {
|
||
this.key = key;
|
||
this.val = val;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 基于数组简易实现的哈希表 */
|
||
class ArrayHashMap {
|
||
private readonly buckets: (Entry | null)[];
|
||
|
||
constructor() {
|
||
// 初始化数组,包含 100 个桶
|
||
this.buckets = new Array(100).fill(null);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 哈希函数 */
|
||
private hashFunc(key: number): number {
|
||
return key % 100;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 查询操作 */
|
||
public get(key: number): string | null {
|
||
let index = this.hashFunc(key);
|
||
let entry = this.buckets[index];
|
||
if (entry === null) return null;
|
||
return entry.val;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 添加操作 */
|
||
public set(key: number, val: string) {
|
||
let index = this.hashFunc(key);
|
||
this.buckets[index] = new Entry(key, val);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 删除操作 */
|
||
public delete(key: number) {
|
||
let index = this.hashFunc(key);
|
||
// 置为 null ,代表删除
|
||
this.buckets[index] = null;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 获取所有键值对 */
|
||
public entries(): (Entry | null)[] {
|
||
let arr: (Entry | null)[] = [];
|
||
for (let i = 0; i < this.buckets.length; i++) {
|
||
if (this.buckets[i]) {
|
||
arr.push(this.buckets[i]);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
return arr;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 获取所有键 */
|
||
public keys(): (number | undefined)[] {
|
||
let arr: (number | undefined)[] = [];
|
||
for (let i = 0; i < this.buckets.length; i++) {
|
||
if (this.buckets[i]) {
|
||
arr.push(this.buckets[i]?.key);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
return arr;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 获取所有值 */
|
||
public values(): (string | undefined)[] {
|
||
let arr: (string | undefined)[] = [];
|
||
for (let i = 0; i < this.buckets.length; i++) {
|
||
if (this.buckets[i]) {
|
||
arr.push(this.buckets[i]?.val);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
return arr;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
||
public print() {
|
||
let entrySet = this.entries();
|
||
for (const entry of entrySet) {
|
||
if (!entry) continue;
|
||
console.info(`${entry.key} -> ${entry.val}`);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C"
|
||
|
||
```c title="array_hash_map.c"
|
||
[class]{entry}-[func]{}
|
||
|
||
[class]{arrayHashMap}-[func]{}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "C#"
|
||
|
||
```csharp title="array_hash_map.cs"
|
||
/* 键值对 int->string */
|
||
class Entry {
|
||
public int key;
|
||
public string val;
|
||
public Entry(int key, string val) {
|
||
this.key = key;
|
||
this.val = val;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 基于数组简易实现的哈希表 */
|
||
class ArrayHashMap {
|
||
private List<Entry?> buckets;
|
||
public ArrayHashMap() {
|
||
// 初始化数组,包含 100 个桶
|
||
buckets = new();
|
||
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
|
||
buckets.Add(null);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 哈希函数 */
|
||
private int hashFunc(int key) {
|
||
int index = key % 100;
|
||
return index;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 查询操作 */
|
||
public string? get(int key) {
|
||
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
||
Entry? pair = buckets[index];
|
||
if (pair == null) return null;
|
||
return pair.val;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 添加操作 */
|
||
public void put(int key, string val) {
|
||
Entry pair = new Entry(key, val);
|
||
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
||
buckets[index] = pair;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 删除操作 */
|
||
public void remove(int key) {
|
||
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
||
// 置为 null ,代表删除
|
||
buckets[index] = null;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 获取所有键值对 */
|
||
public List<Entry> entrySet() {
|
||
List<Entry> entrySet = new();
|
||
foreach (Entry? pair in buckets) {
|
||
if (pair != null)
|
||
entrySet.Add(pair);
|
||
}
|
||
return entrySet;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 获取所有键 */
|
||
public List<int> keySet() {
|
||
List<int> keySet = new();
|
||
foreach (Entry? pair in buckets) {
|
||
if (pair != null)
|
||
keySet.Add(pair.key);
|
||
}
|
||
return keySet;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 获取所有值 */
|
||
public List<string> valueSet() {
|
||
List<string> valueSet = new();
|
||
foreach (Entry? pair in buckets) {
|
||
if (pair != null)
|
||
valueSet.Add(pair.val);
|
||
}
|
||
return valueSet;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
||
public void print() {
|
||
foreach (Entry kv in entrySet()) {
|
||
Console.WriteLine(kv.key + " -> " + kv.val);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Swift"
|
||
|
||
```swift title="array_hash_map.swift"
|
||
/* 键值对 int->String */
|
||
class Entry {
|
||
var key: Int
|
||
var val: String
|
||
|
||
init(key: Int, val: String) {
|
||
self.key = key
|
||
self.val = val
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 基于数组简易实现的哈希表 */
|
||
class ArrayHashMap {
|
||
private var buckets: [Entry?] = []
|
||
|
||
init() {
|
||
// 初始化数组,包含 100 个桶
|
||
for _ in 0 ..< 100 {
|
||
buckets.append(nil)
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 哈希函数 */
|
||
private func hashFunc(key: Int) -> Int {
|
||
let index = key % 100
|
||
return index
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 查询操作 */
|
||
func get(key: Int) -> String? {
|
||
let index = hashFunc(key: key)
|
||
let pair = buckets[index]
|
||
return pair?.val
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 添加操作 */
|
||
func put(key: Int, val: String) {
|
||
let pair = Entry(key: key, val: val)
|
||
let index = hashFunc(key: key)
|
||
buckets[index] = pair
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 删除操作 */
|
||
func remove(key: Int) {
|
||
let index = hashFunc(key: key)
|
||
// 置为 nil ,代表删除
|
||
buckets[index] = nil
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 获取所有键值对 */
|
||
func entrySet() -> [Entry] {
|
||
var entrySet: [Entry] = []
|
||
for pair in buckets {
|
||
if let pair = pair {
|
||
entrySet.append(pair)
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
return entrySet
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 获取所有键 */
|
||
func keySet() -> [Int] {
|
||
var keySet: [Int] = []
|
||
for pair in buckets {
|
||
if let pair = pair {
|
||
keySet.append(pair.key)
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
return keySet
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 获取所有值 */
|
||
func valueSet() -> [String] {
|
||
var valueSet: [String] = []
|
||
for pair in buckets {
|
||
if let pair = pair {
|
||
valueSet.append(pair.val)
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
return valueSet
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
||
func print() {
|
||
for entry in entrySet() {
|
||
Swift.print("\(entry.key) -> \(entry.val)")
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
=== "Zig"
|
||
|
||
```zig title="array_hash_map.zig"
|
||
// 键值对 int->String
|
||
const Entry = struct {
|
||
key: usize = undefined,
|
||
val: []const u8 = undefined,
|
||
|
||
pub fn init(key: usize, val: []const u8) Entry {
|
||
return Entry {
|
||
.key = key,
|
||
.val = val,
|
||
};
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
// 基于数组简易实现的哈希表
|
||
fn ArrayHashMap(comptime T: type) type {
|
||
return struct {
|
||
buckets: ?std.ArrayList(?T) = null,
|
||
mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator = undefined,
|
||
|
||
const Self = @This();
|
||
|
||
// 构造方法
|
||
pub fn init(self: *Self, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) !void {
|
||
self.mem_allocator = allocator;
|
||
// 初始化数组,包含 100 个桶
|
||
self.buckets = std.ArrayList(?T).init(self.mem_allocator);
|
||
var i: i32 = 0;
|
||
while (i < 100) : (i += 1) {
|
||
try self.buckets.?.append(null);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// 析构方法
|
||
pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
|
||
if (self.buckets != null) self.buckets.?.deinit();
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// 哈希函数
|
||
fn hashFunc(key: usize) usize {
|
||
var index = key % 100;
|
||
return index;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// 查询操作
|
||
pub fn get(self: *Self, key: usize) []const u8 {
|
||
var index = hashFunc(key);
|
||
var pair = self.buckets.?.items[index];
|
||
return pair.?.val;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// 添加操作
|
||
pub fn put(self: *Self, key: usize, val: []const u8) !void {
|
||
var pair = Entry.init(key, val);
|
||
var index = hashFunc(key);
|
||
self.buckets.?.items[index] = pair;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// 删除操作
|
||
pub fn remove(self: *Self, key: usize) !void {
|
||
var index = hashFunc(key);
|
||
// 置为 null ,代表删除
|
||
self.buckets.?.items[index] = null;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// 获取所有键值对
|
||
pub fn entrySet(self: *Self) !*std.ArrayList(T) {
|
||
var entry_set = std.ArrayList(T).init(self.mem_allocator);
|
||
for (self.buckets.?.items) |item| {
|
||
if (item == null) continue;
|
||
try entry_set.append(item.?);
|
||
}
|
||
return &entry_set;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// 获取所有键
|
||
pub fn keySet(self: *Self) !*std.ArrayList(usize) {
|
||
var key_set = std.ArrayList(usize).init(self.mem_allocator);
|
||
for (self.buckets.?.items) |item| {
|
||
if (item == null) continue;
|
||
try key_set.append(item.?.key);
|
||
}
|
||
return &key_set;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// 获取所有值
|
||
pub fn valueSet(self: *Self) !*std.ArrayList([]const u8) {
|
||
var value_set = std.ArrayList([]const u8).init(self.mem_allocator);
|
||
for (self.buckets.?.items) |item| {
|
||
if (item == null) continue;
|
||
try value_set.append(item.?.val);
|
||
}
|
||
return &value_set;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// 打印哈希表
|
||
pub fn print(self: *Self) !void {
|
||
var entry_set = try self.entrySet();
|
||
defer entry_set.deinit();
|
||
for (entry_set.items) |item| {
|
||
std.debug.print("{} -> {s}\n", .{item.key, item.val});
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## 7.1.3. 哈希冲突
|
||
|
||
细心的你可能已经注意到,**在某些情况下,哈希函数 $f(x) = x % 100$ 可能无法正常工作**。具体来说,当输入的 key 后两位相同时,哈希函数的计算结果也会相同,从而指向同一个 value 。例如,查询学号为 $12836$ 和 $20336$ 的两个学生时,我们得到:
|
||
|
||
$$
|
||
f(12836) = f(20336) = 36
|
||
$$
|
||
|
||
这两个学号指向了同一个姓名,这显然是错误的。我们把这种情况称为「哈希冲突 Hash Collision」。在后续章节中,我们将讨论如何解决哈希冲突的问题。
|
||
|
||
![哈希冲突示例](hash_map.assets/hash_collision.png)
|
||
|
||
<p align="center"> Fig. 哈希冲突示例 </p>
|
||
|
||
综上所述,一个优秀的哈希函数应具备以下特性:
|
||
|
||
- 尽可能减少哈希冲突的发生;
|
||
- 查询效率高且稳定,能够在绝大多数情况下达到 $O(1)$ 时间复杂度;
|
||
- 较高的空间利用率,即使“键值对占用空间 / 哈希表总占用空间”比例最大化;
|