2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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---
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comments: true
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---
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2023-05-21 19:29:43 +08:00
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# 10.3. 哈希优化策略
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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2023-05-09 00:26:55 +08:00
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在算法题中,**我们常通过将线性查找替换为哈希查找来降低算法的时间复杂度**。我们借助一个算法题来加深理解。
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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2023-05-21 19:58:35 +08:00
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!!! question
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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2023-05-21 19:58:35 +08:00
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给定一个整数数组 `nums` 和一个目标元素 `target` ,请在数组中搜索“和”为 `target` 的两个元素,并返回它们的数组索引。返回任意一个解即可。
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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2023-05-21 19:29:43 +08:00
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## 10.3.1. 线性查找:以时间换空间
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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2023-04-17 18:24:20 +08:00
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考虑直接遍历所有可能的组合。开启一个两层循环,在每轮中判断两个整数的和是否为 `target` ,若是,则返回它们的索引。
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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2023-05-09 00:26:55 +08:00
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![线性查找求解两数之和](replace_linear_by_hashing.assets/two_sum_brute_force.png)
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<p align="center"> Fig. 线性查找求解两数之和 </p>
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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=== "Java"
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2023-05-09 00:35:56 +08:00
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```java title="two_sum.java"
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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/* 方法一:暴力枚举 */
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2023-02-08 16:47:52 +08:00
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int[] twoSumBruteForce(int[] nums, int target) {
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int size = nums.length;
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// 两层循环,时间复杂度 O(n^2)
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for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++) {
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for (int j = i + 1; j < size; j++) {
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if (nums[i] + nums[j] == target)
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return new int[] { i, j };
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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}
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}
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2023-02-08 16:47:52 +08:00
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return new int[0];
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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}
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```
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=== "C++"
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2023-05-09 00:35:56 +08:00
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```cpp title="two_sum.cpp"
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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/* 方法一:暴力枚举 */
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2023-04-14 04:01:38 +08:00
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vector<int> twoSumBruteForce(vector<int> &nums, int target) {
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2023-02-08 16:47:52 +08:00
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int size = nums.size();
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// 两层循环,时间复杂度 O(n^2)
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for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++) {
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for (int j = i + 1; j < size; j++) {
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if (nums[i] + nums[j] == target)
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2023-04-14 04:01:38 +08:00
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return {i, j};
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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}
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}
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2023-02-08 16:47:52 +08:00
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return {};
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}
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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```
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=== "Python"
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2023-05-09 00:35:56 +08:00
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```python title="two_sum.py"
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2023-03-23 18:56:56 +08:00
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def two_sum_brute_force(nums: list[int], target: int) -> list[int]:
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2023-04-09 05:12:22 +08:00
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"""方法一:暴力枚举"""
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2023-02-08 16:47:52 +08:00
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# 两层循环,时间复杂度 O(n^2)
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for i in range(len(nums) - 1):
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for j in range(i + 1, len(nums)):
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if nums[i] + nums[j] == target:
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2023-03-12 18:46:03 +08:00
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return [i, j]
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2023-02-08 16:47:52 +08:00
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return []
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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```
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=== "Go"
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2023-05-09 00:35:56 +08:00
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```go title="two_sum.go"
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2023-02-09 04:43:12 +08:00
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/* 方法一:暴力枚举 */
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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func twoSumBruteForce(nums []int, target int) []int {
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size := len(nums)
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// 两层循环,时间复杂度 O(n^2)
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for i := 0; i < size-1; i++ {
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for j := i + 1; i < size; j++ {
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if nums[i]+nums[j] == target {
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return []int{i, j}
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}
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}
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}
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return nil
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}
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```
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=== "JavaScript"
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2023-05-09 00:35:56 +08:00
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```javascript title="two_sum.js"
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2023-02-08 16:47:52 +08:00
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/* 方法一:暴力枚举 */
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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function twoSumBruteForce(nums, target) {
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const n = nums.length;
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// 两层循环,时间复杂度 O(n^2)
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for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
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for (let j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
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if (nums[i] + nums[j] === target) {
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return [i, j];
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}
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}
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}
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return [];
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}
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```
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=== "TypeScript"
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2023-05-09 00:35:56 +08:00
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```typescript title="two_sum.ts"
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2023-02-08 16:47:52 +08:00
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/* 方法一:暴力枚举 */
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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function twoSumBruteForce(nums: number[], target: number): number[] {
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const n = nums.length;
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// 两层循环,时间复杂度 O(n^2)
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for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
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for (let j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
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if (nums[i] + nums[j] === target) {
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return [i, j];
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}
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}
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}
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return [];
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2023-04-17 21:57:42 +08:00
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}
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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```
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=== "C"
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2023-05-09 00:35:56 +08:00
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```c title="two_sum.c"
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2023-04-18 20:19:07 +08:00
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/* 方法一:暴力枚举 */
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int *twoSumBruteForce(int *nums, int numsSize, int target, int *returnSize) {
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for (int i = 0; i < numsSize; ++i) {
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for (int j = i + 1; j < numsSize; ++j) {
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if (nums[i] + nums[j] == target) {
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int *res = malloc(sizeof(int) * 2);
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res[0] = i, res[1] = j;
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*returnSize = 2;
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return res;
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}
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}
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}
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*returnSize = 0;
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return NULL;
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}
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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```
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=== "C#"
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2023-05-09 00:35:56 +08:00
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```csharp title="two_sum.cs"
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2023-02-08 22:16:25 +08:00
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/* 方法一:暴力枚举 */
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2023-04-23 14:58:03 +08:00
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int[] twoSumBruteForce(int[] nums, int target) {
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2023-02-08 22:16:25 +08:00
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int size = nums.Length;
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// 两层循环,时间复杂度 O(n^2)
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2023-04-23 14:58:03 +08:00
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for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++) {
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for (int j = i + 1; j < size; j++) {
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2023-02-08 22:16:25 +08:00
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if (nums[i] + nums[j] == target)
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return new int[] { i, j };
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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}
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}
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2023-02-08 22:16:25 +08:00
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return new int[0];
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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2023-05-09 00:35:56 +08:00
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```swift title="two_sum.swift"
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2023-02-08 20:30:14 +08:00
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/* 方法一:暴力枚举 */
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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func twoSumBruteForce(nums: [Int], target: Int) -> [Int] {
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// 两层循环,时间复杂度 O(n^2)
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for i in nums.indices.dropLast() {
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for j in nums.indices.dropFirst(i + 1) {
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if nums[i] + nums[j] == target {
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return [i, j]
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}
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}
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}
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return [0]
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}
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```
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=== "Zig"
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2023-05-09 00:35:56 +08:00
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```zig title="two_sum.zig"
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2023-02-09 22:55:29 +08:00
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// 方法一:暴力枚举
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2023-02-09 23:12:58 +08:00
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fn twoSumBruteForce(nums: []i32, target: i32) ?[2]i32 {
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2023-02-09 22:55:29 +08:00
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var size: usize = nums.len;
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var i: usize = 0;
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// 两层循环,时间复杂度 O(n^2)
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while (i < size - 1) : (i += 1) {
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var j = i + 1;
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while (j < size) : (j += 1) {
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if (nums[i] + nums[j] == target) {
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return [_]i32{@intCast(i32, i), @intCast(i32, j)};
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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}
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}
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}
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2023-02-09 23:12:58 +08:00
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return null;
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2023-02-09 22:55:29 +08:00
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}
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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```
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2023-06-02 02:38:24 +08:00
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=== "Dart"
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```dart title="two_sum.dart"
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/* 方法一: 暴力枚举 */
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List<int> twoSumBruteForce(List<int> nums, int target) {
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int size = nums.length;
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for (var i = 0; i < size - 1; i++) {
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for (var j = i + 1; j < size; j++) {
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if (nums[i] + nums[j] == target) return [i, j];
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}
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}
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return [0];
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}
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```
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2023-04-17 18:24:20 +08:00
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此方法的时间复杂度为 $O(n^2)$ ,空间复杂度为 $O(1)$ ,在大数据量下非常耗时。
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2023-02-27 03:45:01 +08:00
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2023-05-21 19:29:43 +08:00
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## 10.3.2. 哈希查找:以空间换时间
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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2023-05-09 00:26:55 +08:00
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考虑借助一个哈希表,键值对分别为数组元素和元素索引。循环遍历数组,每轮执行:
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1. 判断数字 `target - nums[i]` 是否在哈希表中,若是则直接返回这两个元素的索引;
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2023-05-26 04:47:54 +08:00
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2. 将键值对 `nums[i]` 和索引 `i` 添加进哈希表;
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2023-05-09 00:26:55 +08:00
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=== "<1>"
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2023-05-10 20:59:33 +08:00
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![辅助哈希表求解两数之和](replace_linear_by_hashing.assets/two_sum_hashtable_step1.png)
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2023-05-09 00:26:55 +08:00
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=== "<2>"
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![two_sum_hashtable_step2](replace_linear_by_hashing.assets/two_sum_hashtable_step2.png)
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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2023-05-09 00:26:55 +08:00
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=== "<3>"
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![two_sum_hashtable_step3](replace_linear_by_hashing.assets/two_sum_hashtable_step3.png)
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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2023-05-09 00:26:55 +08:00
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实现代码如下所示,仅需单层循环即可。
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2023-04-17 18:24:20 +08:00
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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=== "Java"
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2023-05-09 00:35:56 +08:00
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```java title="two_sum.java"
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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/* 方法二:辅助哈希表 */
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2023-02-08 16:47:52 +08:00
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int[] twoSumHashTable(int[] nums, int target) {
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int size = nums.length;
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// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度 O(n)
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Map<Integer, Integer> dic = new HashMap<>();
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// 单层循环,时间复杂度 O(n)
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for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
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if (dic.containsKey(target - nums[i])) {
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return new int[] { dic.get(target - nums[i]), i };
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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}
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2023-02-08 16:47:52 +08:00
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dic.put(nums[i], i);
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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}
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2023-02-08 16:47:52 +08:00
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return new int[0];
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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}
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```
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=== "C++"
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2023-05-09 00:35:56 +08:00
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```cpp title="two_sum.cpp"
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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/* 方法二:辅助哈希表 */
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2023-04-14 04:01:38 +08:00
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vector<int> twoSumHashTable(vector<int> &nums, int target) {
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2023-02-08 16:47:52 +08:00
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int size = nums.size();
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// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度 O(n)
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unordered_map<int, int> dic;
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// 单层循环,时间复杂度 O(n)
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for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
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if (dic.find(target - nums[i]) != dic.end()) {
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2023-04-14 04:01:38 +08:00
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return {dic[target - nums[i]], i};
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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}
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2023-02-08 16:47:52 +08:00
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dic.emplace(nums[i], i);
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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}
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2023-02-08 16:47:52 +08:00
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return {};
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}
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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```
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=== "Python"
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2023-05-09 00:35:56 +08:00
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```python title="two_sum.py"
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2023-03-23 18:56:56 +08:00
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def two_sum_hash_table(nums: list[int], target: int) -> list[int]:
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2023-04-09 05:12:22 +08:00
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"""方法二:辅助哈希表"""
|
2023-02-08 16:47:52 +08:00
|
|
|
# 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
|
|
dic = {}
|
|
|
|
# 单层循环,时间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
|
|
for i in range(len(nums)):
|
|
|
|
if target - nums[i] in dic:
|
2023-03-12 18:46:03 +08:00
|
|
|
return [dic[target - nums[i]], i]
|
2023-02-08 16:47:52 +08:00
|
|
|
dic[nums[i]] = i
|
|
|
|
return []
|
2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
2023-05-09 00:35:56 +08:00
|
|
|
```go title="two_sum.go"
|
2023-02-09 04:43:12 +08:00
|
|
|
/* 方法二:辅助哈希表 */
|
2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
|
|
|
func twoSumHashTable(nums []int, target int) []int {
|
|
|
|
// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
|
|
hashTable := map[int]int{}
|
|
|
|
// 单层循环,时间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
|
|
for idx, val := range nums {
|
|
|
|
if preIdx, ok := hashTable[target-val]; ok {
|
|
|
|
return []int{preIdx, idx}
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
hashTable[val] = idx
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
return nil
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JavaScript"
|
|
|
|
|
2023-05-09 00:35:56 +08:00
|
|
|
```javascript title="two_sum.js"
|
2023-02-08 16:47:52 +08:00
|
|
|
/* 方法二:辅助哈希表 */
|
2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
|
|
|
function twoSumHashTable(nums, target) {
|
|
|
|
// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
|
|
let m = {};
|
|
|
|
// 单层循环,时间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
2023-06-16 21:50:32 +08:00
|
|
|
if (m[target - nums[i]] !== undefined) {
|
|
|
|
return [m[target-nums[i]], i];
|
2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
|
|
|
} else {
|
2023-06-16 21:50:32 +08:00
|
|
|
m[nums[i]] = i;
|
2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
return [];
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TypeScript"
|
|
|
|
|
2023-05-09 00:35:56 +08:00
|
|
|
```typescript title="two_sum.ts"
|
2023-02-08 16:47:52 +08:00
|
|
|
/* 方法二:辅助哈希表 */
|
2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
|
|
|
function twoSumHashTable(nums: number[], target: number): number[] {
|
|
|
|
// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
|
|
let m: Map<number, number> = new Map();
|
|
|
|
// 单层循环,时间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
2023-06-16 21:50:32 +08:00
|
|
|
let index = m.get(target - nums[i]);
|
2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
|
|
|
if (index !== undefined) {
|
|
|
|
return [index, i];
|
|
|
|
} else {
|
2023-06-16 21:50:32 +08:00
|
|
|
m.set(nums[i], i);
|
2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
return [];
|
2023-04-17 21:57:42 +08:00
|
|
|
}
|
2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
2023-05-09 00:35:56 +08:00
|
|
|
```c title="two_sum.c"
|
2023-04-18 21:18:58 +08:00
|
|
|
/* 哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
struct hashTable {
|
|
|
|
int key;
|
|
|
|
int val;
|
|
|
|
UT_hash_handle hh; // 基于 uthash.h 实现
|
|
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
|
2023-04-22 01:35:51 +08:00
|
|
|
typedef struct hashTable hashTable;
|
|
|
|
|
2023-04-18 21:18:58 +08:00
|
|
|
/* 哈希表查询 */
|
|
|
|
hashTable *find(hashTable *h, int key) {
|
|
|
|
hashTable *tmp;
|
|
|
|
HASH_FIND_INT(h, &key, tmp);
|
|
|
|
return tmp;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 哈希表元素插入 */
|
|
|
|
void insert(hashTable *h, int key, int val) {
|
|
|
|
hashTable *t = find(h, key);
|
|
|
|
if (t == NULL) {
|
|
|
|
hashTable *tmp = malloc(sizeof(hashTable));
|
|
|
|
tmp->key = key, tmp->val = val;
|
|
|
|
HASH_ADD_INT(h, key, tmp);
|
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
|
t->val = val;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
2023-04-18 20:19:07 +08:00
|
|
|
/* 方法二:辅助哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
int *twoSumHashTable(int *nums, int numsSize, int target, int *returnSize) {
|
|
|
|
hashTable *hashtable = NULL;
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < numsSize; i++) {
|
|
|
|
hashTable *t = find(hashtable, target - nums[i]);
|
|
|
|
if (t != NULL) {
|
|
|
|
int *res = malloc(sizeof(int) * 2);
|
|
|
|
res[0] = t->val, res[1] = i;
|
|
|
|
*returnSize = 2;
|
|
|
|
return res;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
insert(hashtable, nums[i], i);
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
*returnSize = 0;
|
|
|
|
return NULL;
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
2023-05-09 00:35:56 +08:00
|
|
|
```csharp title="two_sum.cs"
|
2023-02-08 22:16:25 +08:00
|
|
|
/* 方法二:辅助哈希表 */
|
2023-04-23 14:58:03 +08:00
|
|
|
int[] twoSumHashTable(int[] nums, int target) {
|
2023-02-08 22:16:25 +08:00
|
|
|
int size = nums.Length;
|
|
|
|
// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
|
|
Dictionary<int, int> dic = new();
|
|
|
|
// 单层循环,时间复杂度 O(n)
|
2023-04-23 14:58:03 +08:00
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
|
|
|
|
if (dic.ContainsKey(target - nums[i])) {
|
2023-02-08 22:16:25 +08:00
|
|
|
return new int[] { dic[target - nums[i]], i };
|
2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
|
|
|
}
|
2023-02-08 22:16:25 +08:00
|
|
|
dic.Add(nums[i], i);
|
2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
|
|
|
}
|
2023-02-08 22:16:25 +08:00
|
|
|
return new int[0];
|
2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
2023-05-09 00:35:56 +08:00
|
|
|
```swift title="two_sum.swift"
|
2023-02-08 20:30:14 +08:00
|
|
|
/* 方法二:辅助哈希表 */
|
2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
|
|
|
func twoSumHashTable(nums: [Int], target: Int) -> [Int] {
|
|
|
|
// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
|
|
var dic: [Int: Int] = [:]
|
|
|
|
// 单层循环,时间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
|
|
for i in nums.indices {
|
|
|
|
if let j = dic[target - nums[i]] {
|
|
|
|
return [j, i]
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
dic[nums[i]] = i
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
return [0]
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
2023-05-09 00:35:56 +08:00
|
|
|
```zig title="two_sum.zig"
|
2023-02-09 22:55:29 +08:00
|
|
|
// 方法二:辅助哈希表
|
2023-02-09 23:12:58 +08:00
|
|
|
fn twoSumHashTable(nums: []i32, target: i32) !?[2]i32 {
|
2023-02-09 22:55:29 +08:00
|
|
|
var size: usize = nums.len;
|
|
|
|
// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
|
|
var dic = std.AutoHashMap(i32, i32).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
|
|
|
|
defer dic.deinit();
|
|
|
|
var i: usize = 0;
|
|
|
|
// 单层循环,时间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
|
|
while (i < size) : (i += 1) {
|
|
|
|
if (dic.contains(target - nums[i])) {
|
|
|
|
return [_]i32{dic.get(target - nums[i]).?, @intCast(i32, i)};
|
2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
|
|
|
}
|
2023-02-09 22:55:29 +08:00
|
|
|
try dic.put(nums[i], @intCast(i32, i));
|
2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
|
|
|
}
|
2023-02-09 23:12:58 +08:00
|
|
|
return null;
|
2023-02-09 22:55:29 +08:00
|
|
|
}
|
2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
|
|
|
```
|
2023-02-27 03:45:01 +08:00
|
|
|
|
2023-06-02 02:38:24 +08:00
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="two_sum.dart"
|
|
|
|
/* 方法二: 辅助哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
List<int> twoSumHashTable(List<int> nums, int target) {
|
|
|
|
int size = nums.length;
|
|
|
|
Map<int, int> dic = HashMap();
|
|
|
|
for (var i = 0; i < size; i++) {
|
|
|
|
if (dic.containsKey(target - nums[i])) {
|
|
|
|
return [dic[target - nums[i]]!, i];
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
dic.putIfAbsent(nums[i], () => i);
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
return [0];
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
2023-04-17 18:24:20 +08:00
|
|
|
此方法通过哈希查找将时间复杂度从 $O(n^2)$ 降低至 $O(n)$ ,大幅提升运行效率。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
由于需要维护一个额外的哈希表,因此空间复杂度为 $O(n)$ 。**尽管如此,该方法的整体时空效率更为均衡,因此它是本题的最优解法**。
|