2022-11-29 03:19:08 +08:00
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comments: true
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---
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2023-01-31 03:37:50 +08:00
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# 5.3. 双向队列
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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对于队列,我们只能在头部删除或在尾部添加元素,而「双向队列 Deque」更加灵活,在其头部和尾部都能执行元素添加或删除操作。
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![deque_operations](deque.assets/deque_operations.png)
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2022-11-23 15:50:59 +08:00
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<p align="center"> Fig. 双向队列的操作 </p>
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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2023-01-31 03:37:50 +08:00
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## 5.3.1. 双向队列常用操作
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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2023-02-02 01:43:01 +08:00
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双向队列的常用操作见下表,方法名需根据特定语言来确定。
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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2022-11-23 15:50:59 +08:00
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<p align="center"> Table. 双向队列的常用操作 </p>
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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<div class="center-table" markdown>
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2023-02-02 01:43:01 +08:00
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| 方法名 | 描述 | 时间复杂度 |
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2023-01-09 02:17:40 +08:00
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| ------------ | ---------------- | ---------- |
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2023-02-02 01:43:01 +08:00
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| pushFirst() | 将元素添加至队首 | $O(1)$ |
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| pushLast() | 将元素添加至队尾 | $O(1)$ |
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2023-01-09 02:17:40 +08:00
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| pollFirst() | 删除队首元素 | $O(1)$ |
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| pollLast() | 删除队尾元素 | $O(1)$ |
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| peekFirst() | 访问队首元素 | $O(1)$ |
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| peekLast() | 访问队尾元素 | $O(1)$ |
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| size() | 获取队列的长度 | $O(1)$ |
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| isEmpty() | 判断队列是否为空 | $O(1)$ |
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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</div>
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相同地,我们可以直接使用编程语言实现好的双向队列类。
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=== "Java"
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```java title="deque.java"
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/* 初始化双向队列 */
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Deque<Integer> deque = new LinkedList<>();
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/* 元素入队 */
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deque.offerLast(2); // 添加至队尾
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deque.offerLast(5);
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deque.offerLast(4);
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deque.offerFirst(3); // 添加至队首
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deque.offerFirst(1);
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/* 访问元素 */
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int peekFirst = deque.peekFirst(); // 队首元素
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int peekLast = deque.peekLast(); // 队尾元素
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/* 元素出队 */
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int pollFirst = deque.pollFirst(); // 队首元素出队
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int pollLast = deque.pollLast(); // 队尾元素出队
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2023-01-07 20:34:32 +08:00
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2022-11-30 02:27:26 +08:00
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/* 获取双向队列的长度 */
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int size = deque.size();
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/* 判断双向队列是否为空 */
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boolean isEmpty = deque.isEmpty();
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="deque.cpp"
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/* 初始化双向队列 */
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deque<int> deque;
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/* 元素入队 */
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deque.push_back(2); // 添加至队尾
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deque.push_back(5);
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deque.push_back(4);
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deque.push_front(3); // 添加至队首
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deque.push_front(1);
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/* 访问元素 */
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int front = deque.front(); // 队首元素
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int back = deque.back(); // 队尾元素
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/* 元素出队 */
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deque.pop_front(); // 队首元素出队
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deque.pop_back(); // 队尾元素出队
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/* 获取双向队列的长度 */
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int size = deque.size();
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/* 判断双向队列是否为空 */
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bool empty = deque.empty();
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2022-11-22 17:47:26 +08:00
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title="deque.py"
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2022-12-02 00:09:34 +08:00
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""" 初始化双向队列 """
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duque = deque()
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2022-12-02 00:09:34 +08:00
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""" 元素入队 """
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duque.append(2) # 添加至队尾
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duque.append(5)
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duque.append(4)
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duque.appendleft(3) # 添加至队首
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duque.appendleft(1)
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2022-12-03 20:25:24 +08:00
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""" 访问元素 """
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front = duque[0] # 队首元素
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rear = duque[-1] # 队尾元素
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2022-12-02 00:09:34 +08:00
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""" 元素出队 """
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pop_front = duque.popleft() # 队首元素出队
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pop_rear = duque.pop() # 队尾元素出队
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2022-12-02 00:09:34 +08:00
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""" 获取双向队列的长度 """
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size = len(duque)
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2022-12-02 00:09:34 +08:00
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""" 判断双向队列是否为空 """
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is_empty = len(duque) == 0
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```
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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=== "Go"
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2022-12-15 23:30:53 +08:00
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```go title="deque_test.go"
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/* 初始化双向队列 */
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// 在 Go 中,将 list 作为双向队列使用
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deque := list.New()
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/* 元素入队 */
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deque.PushBack(2) // 添加至队尾
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deque.PushBack(5)
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deque.PushBack(4)
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deque.PushFront(3) // 添加至队首
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deque.PushFront(1)
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/* 访问元素 */
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front := deque.Front() // 队首元素
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rear := deque.Back() // 队尾元素
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/* 元素出队 */
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deque.Remove(front) // 队首元素出队
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deque.Remove(rear) // 队尾元素出队
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/* 获取双向队列的长度 */
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size := deque.Len()
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/* 判断双向队列是否为空 */
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isEmpty := deque.Len() == 0
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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```
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=== "JavaScript"
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```js title="deque.js"
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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```
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=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title="deque.ts"
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="deque.c"
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2022-12-03 01:31:29 +08:00
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="deque.cs"
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/* 初始化双向队列 */
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// 在 C# 中,将链表 LinkedList 看作双向队列来使用
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LinkedList<int> deque = new LinkedList<int>();
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/* 元素入队 */
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deque.AddLast(2); // 添加至队尾
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deque.AddLast(5);
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deque.AddLast(4);
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deque.AddFirst(3); // 添加至队首
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deque.AddFirst(1);
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/* 访问元素 */
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int peekFirst = deque.First.Value; // 队首元素
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int peekLast = deque.Last.Value; // 队尾元素
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/* 元素出队 */
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deque.RemoveFirst(); // 队首元素出队
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deque.RemoveLast(); // 队尾元素出队
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2022-12-30 14:28:39 +08:00
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/* 获取双向队列的长度 */
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int size = deque.Count;
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/* 判断双向队列是否为空 */
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bool isEmpty = deque.Count == 0;
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```
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2023-01-08 19:41:05 +08:00
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="deque.swift"
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2023-01-14 01:06:00 +08:00
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/* 初始化双向队列 */
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// Swift 没有内置的双向队列类,可以把 Array 当作双向队列来使用
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var deque: [Int] = []
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/* 元素入队 */
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deque.append(2) // 添加至队尾
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deque.append(5)
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deque.append(4)
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deque.insert(3, at: 0) // 添加至队首
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deque.insert(1, at: 0)
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/* 访问元素 */
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let peekFirst = deque.first! // 队首元素
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let peekLast = deque.last! // 队尾元素
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/* 元素出队 */
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// 使用 Array 模拟时 pollFirst 的复杂度为 O(n)
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2023-01-14 01:06:00 +08:00
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let pollFirst = deque.removeFirst() // 队首元素出队
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let pollLast = deque.removeLast() // 队尾元素出队
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/* 获取双向队列的长度 */
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let size = deque.count
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/* 判断双向队列是否为空 */
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let isEmpty = deque.isEmpty
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2023-01-08 19:41:05 +08:00
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```
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2023-01-29 13:42:42 +08:00
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2023-02-01 22:03:04 +08:00
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title="deque.zig"
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```
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2023-01-31 03:37:50 +08:00
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## 5.3.2. 双向队列实现
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2023-01-29 13:42:42 +08:00
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双向队列需要一种可以在两端添加、两端删除的数据结构。与队列的实现方法类似,双向队列也可以使用双向链表和循环数组来实现。
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### 基于双向链表的实现
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我们将双向链表的头结点和尾结点分别看作双向队列的队首和队尾,并且实现在两端都能添加与删除结点。
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=== "LinkedListDeque"
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![linkedlist_deque](deque.assets/linkedlist_deque.png)
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=== "pushLast()"
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![linkedlist_deque_push_last](deque.assets/linkedlist_deque_push_last.png)
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=== "pushFirst()"
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![linkedlist_deque_push_first](deque.assets/linkedlist_deque_push_first.png)
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=== "pollLast()"
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![linkedlist_deque_poll_last](deque.assets/linkedlist_deque_poll_last.png)
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=== "pollFirst()"
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![linkedlist_deque_poll_first](deque.assets/linkedlist_deque_poll_first.png)
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以下是使用双向链表实现双向队列的示例代码。
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=== "Java"
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```java title="linkedlist_deque.java"
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/* 双向链表结点 */
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class ListNode {
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int val; // 结点值
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ListNode next; // 后继结点引用(指针)
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ListNode prev; // 前驱结点引用(指针)
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ListNode(int val) {
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this.val = val;
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prev = next = null;
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}
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}
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/* 基于双向链表实现的双向队列 */
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class LinkedListDeque {
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private ListNode front, rear; // 头结点 front ,尾结点 rear
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private int size = 0; // 双向队列的长度
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public LinkedListDeque() {
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front = rear = null;
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}
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/* 获取双向队列的长度 */
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public int size() {
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return size;
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}
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/* 判断双向队列是否为空 */
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public boolean isEmpty() {
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return size() == 0;
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}
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/* 入队操作 */
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2023-02-02 01:43:01 +08:00
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private void push(int num, boolean isFront) {
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2023-01-29 13:42:42 +08:00
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ListNode node = new ListNode(num);
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// 若链表为空,则令 front, rear 都指向 node
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if (isEmpty())
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front = rear = node;
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// 队首入队操作
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else if (isFront) {
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// 将 node 添加至链表头部
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front.prev = node;
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node.next = front;
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front = node; // 更新头结点
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// 队尾入队操作
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} else {
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// 将 node 添加至链表尾部
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rear.next = node;
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node.prev = rear;
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rear = node; // 更新尾结点
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}
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size++; // 更新队列长度
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}
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/* 队首入队 */
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2023-02-02 01:43:01 +08:00
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public void pushFirst(int num) {
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push(num, true);
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2023-01-29 13:42:42 +08:00
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}
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/* 队尾入队 */
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2023-02-02 01:43:01 +08:00
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public void pushLast(int num) {
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push(num, false);
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2023-01-29 13:42:42 +08:00
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}
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/* 出队操作 */
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private Integer poll(boolean isFront) {
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// 若队列为空,直接返回 null
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if (isEmpty())
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return null;
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int val;
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// 队首出队操作
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if (isFront) {
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val = front.val; // 暂存头结点值
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// 删除头结点
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ListNode fNext = front.next;
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if (fNext != null) {
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fNext.prev = null;
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front.next = null;
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}
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front = fNext; // 更新头结点
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// 队尾出队操作
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} else {
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val = rear.val; // 暂存尾结点值
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// 删除尾结点
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ListNode rPrev = rear.prev;
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if (rPrev != null) {
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rPrev.next = null;
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rear.prev = null;
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}
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rear = rPrev; // 更新尾结点
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}
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size--; // 更新队列长度
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return val;
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}
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/* 队首出队 */
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public Integer pollFirst() {
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return poll(true);
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}
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/* 队尾出队 */
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public Integer pollLast() {
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return poll(false);
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}
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/* 访问队首元素 */
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public Integer peekFirst() {
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return isEmpty() ? null : front.val;
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}
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/* 访问队尾元素 */
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public Integer peekLast() {
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return isEmpty() ? null : rear.val;
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}
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}
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="linkedlist_deque.cpp"
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title="linkedlist_deque.py"
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="linkedlist_deque.go"
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```
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=== "JavaScript"
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```js title="linkedlist_deque.js"
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```
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=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title="linkedlist_deque.ts"
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="linkedlist_deque.c"
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="linkedlist_deque.cs"
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="linkedlist_deque.swift"
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```
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2023-02-01 22:03:04 +08:00
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=== "Zig"
|
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```zig title="linkedlist_deque.zig"
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```
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