hello-algo/chapter_stack_and_queue/stack.md

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---
comments: true
---
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# 5.1   栈
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「栈 Stack」是一种遵循先入后出First In, Last Out原则的线性数据结构。
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我们可以将栈类比为桌面上的一摞盘子,如果需要拿出底部的盘子,则需要先将上面的盘子依次取出。我们将盘子替换为各种类型的元素(如整数、字符、对象等),就得到了栈数据结构。
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在栈中,我们把堆叠元素的顶部称为「栈顶」,底部称为「栈底」。将把元素添加到栈顶的操作叫做「入栈」,而删除栈顶元素的操作叫做「出栈」。
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![栈的先入后出规则](stack.assets/stack_operations.png)
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<p align="center"> 图:栈的先入后出规则 </p>
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## 5.1.1 &nbsp; 栈常用操作
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栈的常用操作如下表所示,具体的方法名需要根据所使用的编程语言来确定。在此,我们以常见的 `push()` , `pop()` , `peek()` 命名为例。
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<p align="center"> 表:栈的操作效率 </p>
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<div class="center-table" markdown>
| 方法 | 描述 | 时间复杂度 |
| --------- | ---------------------- | ---------- |
| push() | 元素入栈(添加至栈顶) | $O(1)$ |
| pop() | 栈顶元素出栈 | $O(1)$ |
| peek() | 访问栈顶元素 | $O(1)$ |
</div>
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通常情况下,我们可以直接使用编程语言内置的栈类。然而,某些语言可能没有专门提供栈类,这时我们可以将该语言的「数组」或「链表」视作栈来使用,并通过“脑补”来忽略与栈无关的操作。
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=== "Java"
```java title="stack.java"
/* 初始化栈 */
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Stack<Integer> stack = new Stack<>();
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/* 元素入栈 */
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stack.push(1);
stack.push(3);
stack.push(2);
stack.push(5);
stack.push(4);
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/* 访问栈顶元素 */
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int peek = stack.peek();
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/* 元素出栈 */
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int pop = stack.pop();
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/* 获取栈的长度 */
int size = stack.size();
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/* 判断是否为空 */
boolean isEmpty = stack.isEmpty();
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="stack.cpp"
/* 初始化栈 */
stack<int> stack;
/* 元素入栈 */
stack.push(1);
stack.push(3);
stack.push(2);
stack.push(5);
stack.push(4);
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
int top = stack.top();
/* 元素出栈 */
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stack.pop(); // 无返回值
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/* 获取栈的长度 */
int size = stack.size();
/* 判断是否为空 */
bool empty = stack.empty();
```
=== "Python"
```python title="stack.py"
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# 初始化栈
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# Python 没有内置的栈类,可以把 List 当作栈来使用
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stack: list[int] = []
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# 元素入栈
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stack.append(1)
stack.append(3)
stack.append(2)
stack.append(5)
stack.append(4)
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# 访问栈顶元素
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peek: int = stack[-1]
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# 元素出栈
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pop: int = stack.pop()
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# 获取栈的长度
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size: int = len(stack)
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# 判断是否为空
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is_empty: bool = len(stack) == 0
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```
=== "Go"
```go title="stack_test.go"
/* 初始化栈 */
// 在 Go 中,推荐将 Slice 当作栈来使用
var stack []int
/* 元素入栈 */
stack = append(stack, 1)
stack = append(stack, 3)
stack = append(stack, 2)
stack = append(stack, 5)
stack = append(stack, 4)
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
peek := stack[len(stack)-1]
/* 元素出栈 */
pop := stack[len(stack)-1]
stack = stack[:len(stack)-1]
/* 获取栈的长度 */
size := len(stack)
/* 判断是否为空 */
isEmpty := len(stack) == 0
```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title="stack.js"
/* 初始化栈 */
// Javascript 没有内置的栈类,可以把 Array 当作栈来使用
const stack = [];
/* 元素入栈 */
stack.push(1);
stack.push(3);
stack.push(2);
stack.push(5);
stack.push(4);
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
const peek = stack[stack.length-1];
/* 元素出栈 */
const pop = stack.pop();
/* 获取栈的长度 */
const size = stack.length;
/* 判断是否为空 */
const is_empty = stack.length === 0;
```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title="stack.ts"
/* 初始化栈 */
// Typescript 没有内置的栈类,可以把 Array 当作栈来使用
const stack: number[] = [];
/* 元素入栈 */
stack.push(1);
stack.push(3);
stack.push(2);
stack.push(5);
stack.push(4);
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
const peek = stack[stack.length - 1];
/* 元素出栈 */
const pop = stack.pop();
/* 获取栈的长度 */
const size = stack.length;
/* 判断是否为空 */
const is_empty = stack.length === 0;
```
=== "C"
```c title="stack.c"
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// C 未提供内置栈
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="stack.cs"
/* 初始化栈 */
Stack<int> stack = new ();
/* 元素入栈 */
stack.Push(1);
stack.Push(3);
stack.Push(2);
stack.Push(5);
stack.Push(4);
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
int peek = stack.Peek();
/* 元素出栈 */
int pop = stack.Pop();
/* 获取栈的长度 */
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int size = stack.Count;
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/* 判断是否为空 */
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bool isEmpty = stack.Count == 0;
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```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="stack.swift"
/* 初始化栈 */
// Swift 没有内置的栈类,可以把 Array 当作栈来使用
var stack: [Int] = []
/* 元素入栈 */
stack.append(1)
stack.append(3)
stack.append(2)
stack.append(5)
stack.append(4)
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
let peek = stack.last!
/* 元素出栈 */
let pop = stack.removeLast()
/* 获取栈的长度 */
let size = stack.count
/* 判断是否为空 */
let isEmpty = stack.isEmpty
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="stack.zig"
```
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=== "Dart"
```dart title="stack.dart"
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/* 初始化栈 */
// Dart 没有内置的栈类,可以把 List 当作栈来使用
List<int> stack = [];
/* 元素入栈 */
stack.add(1);
stack.add(3);
stack.add(2);
stack.add(5);
stack.add(4);
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
int peek = stack.last;
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/* 元素出栈 */
int pop = stack.removeLast();
/* 获取栈的长度 */
int size = stack.length;
/* 判断是否为空 */
bool isEmpty = stack.isEmpty;
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```
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=== "Rust"
```rust title="stack.rs"
```
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## 5.1.2 &nbsp; 栈的实现
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为了深入了解栈的运行机制,我们来尝试自己实现一个栈类。
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栈遵循先入后出的原则,因此我们只能在栈顶添加或删除元素。然而,数组和链表都可以在任意位置添加和删除元素,**因此栈可以被视为一种受限制的数组或链表**。换句话说,我们可以“屏蔽”数组或链表的部分无关操作,使其对外表现的逻辑符合栈的特性。
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### 基于链表的实现
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使用链表来实现栈时,我们可以将链表的头节点视为栈顶,尾节点视为栈底。
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对于入栈操作,我们只需将元素插入链表头部,这种节点插入方法被称为“头插法”。而对于出栈操作,只需将头节点从链表中删除即可。
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=== "LinkedListStack"
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![基于链表实现栈的入栈出栈操作](stack.assets/linkedlist_stack.png)
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=== "push()"
![linkedlist_stack_push](stack.assets/linkedlist_stack_push.png)
=== "pop()"
![linkedlist_stack_pop](stack.assets/linkedlist_stack_pop.png)
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<p align="center"> 图:基于链表实现栈的入栈出栈操作 </p>
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以下是基于链表实现栈的示例代码。
=== "Java"
```java title="linkedlist_stack.java"
/* 基于链表实现的栈 */
class LinkedListStack {
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private ListNode stackPeek; // 将头节点作为栈顶
private int stkSize = 0; // 栈的长度
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public LinkedListStack() {
stackPeek = null;
}
/* 获取栈的长度 */
public int size() {
return stkSize;
}
/* 判断栈是否为空 */
public boolean isEmpty() {
return size() == 0;
}
/* 入栈 */
public void push(int num) {
ListNode node = new ListNode(num);
node.next = stackPeek;
stackPeek = node;
stkSize++;
}
/* 出栈 */
public int pop() {
int num = peek();
stackPeek = stackPeek.next;
stkSize--;
return num;
}
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
public int peek() {
if (size() == 0)
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throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
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return stackPeek.val;
}
/* 将 List 转化为 Array 并返回 */
public int[] toArray() {
ListNode node = stackPeek;
int[] res = new int[size()];
for (int i = res.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
res[i] = node.val;
node = node.next;
}
return res;
}
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="linkedlist_stack.cpp"
/* 基于链表实现的栈 */
class LinkedListStack {
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private:
ListNode *stackTop; // 将头节点作为栈顶
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int stkSize; // 栈的长度
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public:
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LinkedListStack() {
stackTop = nullptr;
stkSize = 0;
}
~LinkedListStack() {
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// 遍历链表删除节点,释放内存
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freeMemoryLinkedList(stackTop);
}
/* 获取栈的长度 */
int size() {
return stkSize;
}
/* 判断栈是否为空 */
bool empty() {
return size() == 0;
}
/* 入栈 */
void push(int num) {
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ListNode *node = new ListNode(num);
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node->next = stackTop;
stackTop = node;
stkSize++;
}
/* 出栈 */
void pop() {
int num = top();
ListNode *tmp = stackTop;
stackTop = stackTop->next;
// 释放内存
delete tmp;
stkSize--;
}
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
int top() {
if (size() == 0)
throw out_of_range("栈为空");
return stackTop->val;
}
/* 将 List 转化为 Array 并返回 */
vector<int> toVector() {
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ListNode *node = stackTop;
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vector<int> res(size());
for (int i = res.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
res[i] = node->val;
node = node->next;
}
return res;
}
};
```
=== "Python"
```python title="linkedlist_stack.py"
class LinkedListStack:
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"""基于链表实现的栈"""
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def __init__(self):
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"""构造方法"""
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self.__peek: ListNode | None = None
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self.__size: int = 0
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def size(self) -> int:
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"""获取栈的长度"""
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return self.__size
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def is_empty(self) -> bool:
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"""判断栈是否为空"""
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return not self.__peek
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def push(self, val: int):
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"""入栈"""
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node = ListNode(val)
node.next = self.__peek
self.__peek = node
self.__size += 1
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def pop(self) -> int:
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"""出栈"""
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num: int = self.peek()
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self.__peek = self.__peek.next
self.__size -= 1
return num
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def peek(self) -> int:
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"""访问栈顶元素"""
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# 判空处理
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if not self.__peek:
return None
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return self.__peek.val
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def to_list(self) -> list[int]:
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"""转化为列表用于打印"""
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arr = []
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node = self.__peek
while node:
arr.append(node.val)
node = node.next
arr.reverse()
return arr
```
=== "Go"
```go title="linkedlist_stack.go"
/* 基于链表实现的栈 */
type linkedListStack struct {
// 使用内置包 list 来实现栈
data *list.List
}
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/* 初始化栈 */
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func newLinkedListStack() *linkedListStack {
return &linkedListStack{
data: list.New(),
}
}
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/* 入栈 */
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func (s *linkedListStack) push(value int) {
s.data.PushBack(value)
}
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/* 出栈 */
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func (s *linkedListStack) pop() any {
if s.isEmpty() {
return nil
}
e := s.data.Back()
s.data.Remove(e)
return e.Value
}
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/* 访问栈顶元素 */
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func (s *linkedListStack) peek() any {
if s.isEmpty() {
return nil
}
e := s.data.Back()
return e.Value
}
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/* 获取栈的长度 */
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func (s *linkedListStack) size() int {
return s.data.Len()
}
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/* 判断栈是否为空 */
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func (s *linkedListStack) isEmpty() bool {
return s.data.Len() == 0
}
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/* 获取 List 用于打印 */
func (s *linkedListStack) toList() *list.List {
return s.data
}
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```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title="linkedlist_stack.js"
/* 基于链表实现的栈 */
class LinkedListStack {
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#stackPeek; // 将头节点作为栈顶
#stkSize = 0; // 栈的长度
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constructor() {
this.#stackPeek = null;
}
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/* 获取栈的长度 */
get size() {
return this.#stkSize;
}
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/* 判断栈是否为空 */
isEmpty() {
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return this.size === 0;
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}
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/* 入栈 */
push(num) {
const node = new ListNode(num);
node.next = this.#stackPeek;
this.#stackPeek = node;
this.#stkSize++;
}
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/* 出栈 */
pop() {
const num = this.peek();
this.#stackPeek = this.#stackPeek.next;
this.#stkSize--;
return num;
}
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/* 访问栈顶元素 */
peek() {
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if (!this.#stackPeek) throw new Error('栈为空');
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return this.#stackPeek.val;
}
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/* 将链表转化为 Array 并返回 */
toArray() {
let node = this.#stackPeek;
const res = new Array(this.size);
for (let i = res.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
res[i] = node.val;
node = node.next;
}
return res;
}
}
```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title="linkedlist_stack.ts"
/* 基于链表实现的栈 */
class LinkedListStack {
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private stackPeek: ListNode | null; // 将头节点作为栈顶
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private stkSize: number = 0; // 栈的长度
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constructor() {
this.stackPeek = null;
}
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/* 获取栈的长度 */
get size(): number {
return this.stkSize;
}
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/* 判断栈是否为空 */
isEmpty(): boolean {
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return this.size === 0;
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}
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/* 入栈 */
push(num: number): void {
const node = new ListNode(num);
node.next = this.stackPeek;
this.stackPeek = node;
this.stkSize++;
}
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/* 出栈 */
pop(): number {
const num = this.peek();
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if (!this.stackPeek) throw new Error('栈为空');
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this.stackPeek = this.stackPeek.next;
this.stkSize--;
return num;
}
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/* 访问栈顶元素 */
peek(): number {
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if (!this.stackPeek) throw new Error('栈为空');
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return this.stackPeek.val;
}
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/* 将链表转化为 Array 并返回 */
toArray(): number[] {
let node = this.stackPeek;
const res = new Array<number>(this.size);
for (let i = res.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
res[i] = node!.val;
node = node!.next;
}
return res;
}
}
```
=== "C"
```c title="linkedlist_stack.c"
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/* 基于链表实现的栈 */
struct linkedListStack {
ListNode *top; // 将头节点作为栈顶
int size; // 栈的长度
};
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typedef struct linkedListStack linkedListStack;
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/* 构造函数 */
linkedListStack *newLinkedListStack() {
linkedListStack *s = malloc(sizeof(linkedListStack));
s->top = NULL;
s->size = 0;
return s;
}
/* 析构函数 */
void delLinkedListStack(linkedListStack *s) {
while (s->top) {
ListNode *n = s->top->next;
free(s->top);
s->top = n;
}
free(s);
}
/* 获取栈的长度 */
int size(linkedListStack *s) {
assert(s);
return s->size;
}
/* 判断栈是否为空 */
bool isEmpty(linkedListStack *s) {
assert(s);
return size(s) == 0;
}
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
int peek(linkedListStack *s) {
assert(s);
assert(size(s) != 0);
return s->top->val;
}
/* 入栈 */
void push(linkedListStack *s, int num) {
assert(s);
ListNode *node = (ListNode *)malloc(sizeof(ListNode));
node->next = s->top; // 更新新加节点指针域
node->val = num; // 更新新加节点数据域
s->top = node; // 更新栈顶
s->size++; // 更新栈大小
}
/* 出栈 */
int pop(linkedListStack *s) {
if (s->size == 0) {
printf("stack is empty.\n");
return INT_MAX;
}
assert(s);
int val = peek(s);
ListNode *tmp = s->top;
s->top = s->top->next;
// 释放内存
free(tmp);
s->size--;
return val;
}
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="linkedlist_stack.cs"
/* 基于链表实现的栈 */
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class LinkedListStack {
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private ListNode? stackPeek; // 将头节点作为栈顶
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private int stkSize = 0; // 栈的长度
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public LinkedListStack() {
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stackPeek = null;
}
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/* 获取栈的长度 */
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public int size() {
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return stkSize;
}
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/* 判断栈是否为空 */
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public bool isEmpty() {
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return size() == 0;
}
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/* 入栈 */
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public void push(int num) {
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ListNode node = new ListNode(num);
node.next = stackPeek;
stackPeek = node;
stkSize++;
}
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/* 出栈 */
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public int pop() {
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if (stackPeek == null)
throw new Exception();
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int num = peek();
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stackPeek = stackPeek.next;
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stkSize--;
return num;
}
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/* 访问栈顶元素 */
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public int peek() {
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if (size() == 0 || stackPeek == null)
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throw new Exception();
return stackPeek.val;
}
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/* 将 List 转化为 Array 并返回 */
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public int[] toArray() {
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if (stackPeek == null)
return Array.Empty<int>();
ListNode node = stackPeek;
int[] res = new int[size()];
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for (int i = res.Length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
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res[i] = node.val;
node = node.next;
}
return res;
}
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}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="linkedlist_stack.swift"
/* 基于链表实现的栈 */
class LinkedListStack {
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private var _peek: ListNode? // 将头节点作为栈顶
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private var _size = 0 // 栈的长度
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init() {}
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/* 获取栈的长度 */
func size() -> Int {
_size
}
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/* 判断栈是否为空 */
func isEmpty() -> Bool {
size() == 0
}
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/* 入栈 */
func push(num: Int) {
let node = ListNode(x: num)
node.next = _peek
_peek = node
_size += 1
}
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/* 出栈 */
@discardableResult
func pop() -> Int {
let num = peek()
_peek = _peek?.next
_size -= 1
return num
}
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/* 访问栈顶元素 */
func peek() -> Int {
if isEmpty() {
fatalError("栈为空")
}
return _peek!.val
}
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/* 将 List 转化为 Array 并返回 */
func toArray() -> [Int] {
var node = _peek
var res = Array(repeating: 0, count: _size)
for i in sequence(first: res.count - 1, next: { $0 >= 0 + 1 ? $0 - 1 : nil }) {
res[i] = node!.val
node = node?.next
}
return res
}
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}
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="linkedlist_stack.zig"
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// 基于链表实现的栈
fn LinkedListStack(comptime T: type) type {
return struct {
const Self = @This();
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stack_top: ?*inc.ListNode(T) = null, // 将头节点作为栈顶
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stk_size: usize = 0, // 栈的长度
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mem_arena: ?std.heap.ArenaAllocator = null,
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mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator = undefined, // 内存分配器
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// 构造函数(分配内存+初始化栈)
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pub fn init(self: *Self, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) !void {
if (self.mem_arena == null) {
self.mem_arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(allocator);
self.mem_allocator = self.mem_arena.?.allocator();
}
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self.stack_top = null;
self.stk_size = 0;
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}
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// 析构函数(释放内存)
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pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
if (self.mem_arena == null) return;
self.mem_arena.?.deinit();
}
// 获取栈的长度
pub fn size(self: *Self) usize {
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return self.stk_size;
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}
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// 判断栈是否为空
pub fn isEmpty(self: *Self) bool {
return self.size() == 0;
}
// 访问栈顶元素
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pub fn peek(self: *Self) T {
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if (self.size() == 0) @panic("栈为空");
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return self.stack_top.?.val;
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}
// 入栈
pub fn push(self: *Self, num: T) !void {
var node = try self.mem_allocator.create(inc.ListNode(T));
node.init(num);
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node.next = self.stack_top;
self.stack_top = node;
self.stk_size += 1;
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}
// 出栈
pub fn pop(self: *Self) T {
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var num = self.peek();
self.stack_top = self.stack_top.?.next;
self.stk_size -= 1;
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return num;
}
// 将栈转换为数组
pub fn toArray(self: *Self) ![]T {
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var node = self.stack_top;
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var res = try self.mem_allocator.alloc(T, self.size());
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@memset(res, @as(T, 0));
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var i: usize = 0;
while (i < res.len) : (i += 1) {
res[res.len - i - 1] = node.?.val;
node = node.?.next;
}
return res;
}
};
}
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```
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=== "Dart"
```dart title="linkedlist_stack.dart"
/* 基于链表类实现的栈 */
class LinkedListStack {
ListNode? _stackPeek; // 将头节点作为栈顶
int _stkSize = 0; // 栈的长度
LinkedListStack() {
_stackPeek = null;
}
/* 获取栈的长度 */
int size() {
return _stkSize;
}
/* 判断栈是否为空 */
bool isEmpty() {
return _stkSize == 0;
}
/* 入栈 */
void push(int num) {
final ListNode node = ListNode(num);
node.next = _stackPeek;
_stackPeek = node;
_stkSize++;
}
/* 出栈 */
int pop() {
final int num = peek();
_stackPeek = _stackPeek!.next;
_stkSize--;
return num;
}
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
int peek() {
if (_stackPeek == null) {
throw Exception("栈为空");
}
return _stackPeek!.val;
}
/* 将链表转化为 List 并返回 */
List<int> toList() {
ListNode? node = _stackPeek;
List<int> list = [];
while (node != null) {
list.add(node.val);
node = node.next;
}
list = list.reversed.toList();
return list;
}
}
```
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=== "Rust"
```rust title="linkedlist_stack.rs"
/* 基于链表实现的栈 */
#[allow(dead_code)]
pub struct LinkedListStack<T> {
stack_peek: Option<Rc<RefCell<ListNode<T>>>>, // 将头节点作为栈顶
stk_size: usize, // 栈的长度
}
impl<T: Copy> LinkedListStack<T> {
pub fn new() -> Self {
Self {
stack_peek: None,
stk_size: 0,
}
}
/* 获取栈的长度 */
pub fn size(&self) -> usize {
return self.stk_size;
}
/* 判断栈是否为空 */
pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
return self.size() == 0;
}
/* 入栈 */
pub fn push(&mut self, num: T) {
let node = ListNode::new(num);
node.borrow_mut().next = self.stack_peek.take();
self.stack_peek = Some(node);
self.stk_size += 1;
}
/* 出栈 */
pub fn pop(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
self.stack_peek.take().map(|old_head| {
match old_head.borrow_mut().next.take() {
Some(new_head) => {
self.stack_peek = Some(new_head);
}
None => {
self.stack_peek = None;
}
}
self.stk_size -= 1;
Rc::try_unwrap(old_head).ok().unwrap().into_inner().val
})
}
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
pub fn peek(&self) -> Option<&Rc<RefCell<ListNode<T>>>> {
self.stack_peek.as_ref()
}
/* 将 List 转化为 Array 并返回 */
pub fn to_array(&self, head: Option<&Rc<RefCell<ListNode<T>>>>) -> Vec<T> {
if let Some(node) = head {
let mut nums = self.to_array(node.borrow().next.as_ref());
nums.push(node.borrow().val);
return nums;
}
return Vec::new();
}
}
```
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### 基于数组的实现
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在基于「数组」实现栈时,我们可以将数组的尾部作为栈顶。在这样的设计下,入栈与出栈操作就分别对应在数组尾部添加元素与删除元素,时间复杂度都为 $O(1)$ 。
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=== "ArrayStack"
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![基于数组实现栈的入栈出栈操作](stack.assets/array_stack.png)
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=== "push()"
![array_stack_push](stack.assets/array_stack_push.png)
=== "pop()"
![array_stack_pop](stack.assets/array_stack_pop.png)
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<p align="center"> 图:基于数组实现栈的入栈出栈操作 </p>
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由于入栈的元素可能会源源不断地增加,因此我们可以使用动态数组,这样就无需自行处理数组扩容问题。以下为示例代码。
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=== "Java"
```java title="array_stack.java"
/* 基于数组实现的栈 */
class ArrayStack {
private ArrayList<Integer> stack;
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public ArrayStack() {
// 初始化列表(动态数组)
stack = new ArrayList<>();
}
/* 获取栈的长度 */
public int size() {
return stack.size();
}
/* 判断栈是否为空 */
public boolean isEmpty() {
return size() == 0;
}
/* 入栈 */
public void push(int num) {
stack.add(num);
}
/* 出栈 */
public int pop() {
if (isEmpty())
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throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
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return stack.remove(size() - 1);
}
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
public int peek() {
if (isEmpty())
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throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
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return stack.get(size() - 1);
}
/* 将 List 转化为 Array 并返回 */
public Object[] toArray() {
return stack.toArray();
}
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="array_stack.cpp"
/* 基于数组实现的栈 */
class ArrayStack {
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private:
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vector<int> stack;
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public:
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/* 获取栈的长度 */
int size() {
return stack.size();
}
/* 判断栈是否为空 */
bool empty() {
return stack.empty();
}
/* 入栈 */
void push(int num) {
stack.push_back(num);
}
/* 出栈 */
void pop() {
int oldTop = top();
stack.pop_back();
}
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
int top() {
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if (empty())
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throw out_of_range("栈为空");
return stack.back();
}
/* 返回 Vector */
vector<int> toVector() {
return stack;
}
};
```
=== "Python"
```python title="array_stack.py"
class ArrayStack:
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"""基于数组实现的栈"""
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def __init__(self):
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"""构造方法"""
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self.__stack: list[int] = []
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def size(self) -> int:
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"""获取栈的长度"""
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return len(self.__stack)
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def is_empty(self) -> bool:
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"""判断栈是否为空"""
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return self.__stack == []
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def push(self, item: int):
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"""入栈"""
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self.__stack.append(item)
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def pop(self) -> int:
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"""出栈"""
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if self.is_empty():
raise IndexError("栈为空")
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return self.__stack.pop()
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def peek(self) -> int:
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"""访问栈顶元素"""
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if self.is_empty():
raise IndexError("栈为空")
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return self.__stack[-1]
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def to_list(self) -> list[int]:
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"""返回列表用于打印"""
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return self.__stack
```
=== "Go"
```go title="array_stack.go"
/* 基于数组实现的栈 */
type arrayStack struct {
data []int // 数据
}
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/* 初始化栈 */
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func newArrayStack() *arrayStack {
return &arrayStack{
// 设置栈的长度为 0容量为 16
data: make([]int, 0, 16),
}
}
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/* 栈的长度 */
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func (s *arrayStack) size() int {
return len(s.data)
}
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/* 栈是否为空 */
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func (s *arrayStack) isEmpty() bool {
return s.size() == 0
}
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/* 入栈 */
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func (s *arrayStack) push(v int) {
// 切片会自动扩容
s.data = append(s.data, v)
}
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/* 出栈 */
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func (s *arrayStack) pop() any {
val := s.peek()
s.data = s.data[:len(s.data)-1]
return val
}
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/* 获取栈顶元素 */
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func (s *arrayStack) peek() any {
if s.isEmpty() {
return nil
}
val := s.data[len(s.data)-1]
return val
}
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/* 获取 Slice 用于打印 */
func (s *arrayStack) toSlice() []int {
return s.data
}
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```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title="array_stack.js"
/* 基于数组实现的栈 */
class ArrayStack {
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#stack;
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constructor() {
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this.#stack = [];
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}
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/* 获取栈的长度 */
get size() {
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return this.#stack.length;
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}
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/* 判断栈是否为空 */
empty() {
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return this.#stack.length === 0;
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}
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/* 入栈 */
push(num) {
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this.#stack.push(num);
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}
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/* 出栈 */
pop() {
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if (this.empty()) throw new Error('栈为空');
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return this.#stack.pop();
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}
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/* 访问栈顶元素 */
top() {
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if (this.empty()) throw new Error('栈为空');
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return this.#stack[this.#stack.length - 1];
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}
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/* 返回 Array */
toArray() {
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return this.#stack;
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}
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}
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```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title="array_stack.ts"
/* 基于数组实现的栈 */
class ArrayStack {
private stack: number[];
constructor() {
this.stack = [];
}
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/* 获取栈的长度 */
get size(): number {
return this.stack.length;
}
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/* 判断栈是否为空 */
empty(): boolean {
return this.stack.length === 0;
}
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/* 入栈 */
push(num: number): void {
this.stack.push(num);
}
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/* 出栈 */
pop(): number | undefined {
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if (this.empty()) throw new Error('栈为空');
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return this.stack.pop();
}
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/* 访问栈顶元素 */
top(): number | undefined {
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if (this.empty()) throw new Error('栈为空');
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return this.stack[this.stack.length - 1];
}
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/* 返回 Array */
toArray() {
return this.stack;
}
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}
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```
=== "C"
```c title="array_stack.c"
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/* 基于数组实现的栈 */
struct arrayStack {
int *data;
int size;
};
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typedef struct arrayStack arrayStack;
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/* 构造函数 */
arrayStack *newArrayStack() {
arrayStack *s = malloc(sizeof(arrayStack));
// 初始化一个大容量,避免扩容
s->data = malloc(sizeof(int) * MAX_SIZE);
s->size = 0;
return s;
}
/* 获取栈的长度 */
int size(arrayStack *s) {
return s->size;
}
/* 判断栈是否为空 */
bool isEmpty(arrayStack *s) {
return s->size == 0;
}
/* 入栈 */
void push(arrayStack *s, int num) {
if (s->size == MAX_SIZE) {
printf("stack is full.\n");
return;
}
s->data[s->size] = num;
s->size++;
}
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
int peek(arrayStack *s) {
if (s->size == 0) {
printf("stack is empty.\n");
return INT_MAX;
}
return s->data[s->size - 1];
}
/* 出栈 */
int pop(arrayStack *s) {
if (s->size == 0) {
printf("stack is empty.\n");
return INT_MAX;
}
int val = peek(s);
s->size--;
return val;
}
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="array_stack.cs"
/* 基于数组实现的栈 */
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class ArrayStack {
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private List<int> stack;
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public ArrayStack() {
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// 初始化列表(动态数组)
stack = new();
}
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/* 获取栈的长度 */
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public int size() {
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return stack.Count();
}
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/* 判断栈是否为空 */
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public bool isEmpty() {
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return size() == 0;
}
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/* 入栈 */
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public void push(int num) {
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stack.Add(num);
}
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/* 出栈 */
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public int pop() {
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if (isEmpty())
throw new Exception();
var val = peek();
stack.RemoveAt(size() - 1);
return val;
}
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/* 访问栈顶元素 */
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public int peek() {
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if (isEmpty())
throw new Exception();
return stack[size() - 1];
}
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/* 将 List 转化为 Array 并返回 */
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public int[] toArray() {
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return stack.ToArray();
}
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}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="array_stack.swift"
/* 基于数组实现的栈 */
class ArrayStack {
private var stack: [Int]
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init() {
// 初始化列表(动态数组)
stack = []
}
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/* 获取栈的长度 */
func size() -> Int {
stack.count
}
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/* 判断栈是否为空 */
func isEmpty() -> Bool {
stack.isEmpty
}
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/* 入栈 */
func push(num: Int) {
stack.append(num)
}
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/* 出栈 */
@discardableResult
func pop() -> Int {
if isEmpty() {
fatalError("栈为空")
}
return stack.removeLast()
}
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/* 访问栈顶元素 */
func peek() -> Int {
if isEmpty() {
fatalError("栈为空")
}
return stack.last!
}
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/* 将 List 转化为 Array 并返回 */
func toArray() -> [Int] {
stack
}
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}
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="array_stack.zig"
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// 基于数组实现的栈
fn ArrayStack(comptime T: type) type {
return struct {
const Self = @This();
stack: ?std.ArrayList(T) = null,
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// 构造方法(分配内存+初始化栈)
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pub fn init(self: *Self, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) void {
if (self.stack == null) {
self.stack = std.ArrayList(T).init(allocator);
}
}
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// 析构方法(释放内存)
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pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
if (self.stack == null) return;
self.stack.?.deinit();
}
// 获取栈的长度
pub fn size(self: *Self) usize {
return self.stack.?.items.len;
}
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// 判断栈是否为空
pub fn isEmpty(self: *Self) bool {
return self.size() == 0;
}
// 访问栈顶元素
pub fn peek(self: *Self) T {
if (self.isEmpty()) @panic("栈为空");
return self.stack.?.items[self.size() - 1];
}
// 入栈
pub fn push(self: *Self, num: T) !void {
try self.stack.?.append(num);
}
// 出栈
pub fn pop(self: *Self) T {
var num = self.stack.?.pop();
return num;
}
// 返回 ArrayList
pub fn toList(self: *Self) std.ArrayList(T) {
return self.stack.?;
}
};
}
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```
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=== "Dart"
```dart title="array_stack.dart"
/* 基于数组实现的栈 */
class ArrayStack {
late List<int> _stack;
ArrayStack() {
_stack = [];
}
/* 获取栈的长度 */
int size() {
return _stack.length;
}
/* 判断栈是否为空 */
bool isEmpty() {
return _stack.isEmpty;
}
/* 入栈 */
void push(int num) {
_stack.add(num);
}
/* 出栈 */
int pop() {
if (isEmpty()) {
throw Exception("栈为空");
}
return _stack.removeLast();
}
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
int peek() {
if (isEmpty()) {
throw Exception("栈为空");
}
return _stack.last;
}
/* 将栈转化为 Array 并返回 */
List<int> toArray() => _stack;
}
```
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=== "Rust"
```rust title="array_stack.rs"
/* 基于数组实现的栈 */
struct ArrayStack<T> {
stack: Vec<T>,
}
impl<T> ArrayStack<T> {
/* 初始化栈 */
fn new() -> ArrayStack<T> {
ArrayStack::<T> { stack: Vec::<T>::new() }
}
/* 获取栈的长度 */
fn size(&self) -> usize {
self.stack.len()
}
/* 判断栈是否为空 */
fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
self.size() == 0
}
/* 入栈 */
fn push(&mut self, num: T) {
self.stack.push(num);
}
/* 出栈 */
fn pop(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
match self.stack.pop() {
Some(num) => Some(num),
None => None,
}
}
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
fn peek(&self) -> Option<&T> {
if self.is_empty() { panic!("栈为空") };
self.stack.last()
}
/* 返回 &Vec */
fn to_array(&self) -> &Vec<T> {
&self.stack
}
}
```
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## 5.1.3 &nbsp; 两种实现对比
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### 支持操作
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两种实现都支持栈定义中的各项操作。数组实现额外支持随机访问,但这已超出了栈的定义范畴,因此一般不会用到。
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### 时间效率
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在基于数组的实现中,入栈和出栈操作都是在预先分配好的连续内存中进行,具有很好的缓存本地性,因此效率较高。然而,如果入栈时超出数组容量,会触发扩容机制,导致该次入栈操作的时间复杂度变为 $O(n)$ 。
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在链表实现中,链表的扩容非常灵活,不存在上述数组扩容时效率降低的问题。但是,入栈操作需要初始化节点对象并修改指针,因此效率相对较低。不过,如果入栈元素本身就是节点对象,那么可以省去初始化步骤,从而提高效率。
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综上所述,当入栈与出栈操作的元素是基本数据类型(如 `int` , `double` )时,我们可以得出以下结论:
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- 基于数组实现的栈在触发扩容时效率会降低,但由于扩容是低频操作,因此平均效率更高。
- 基于链表实现的栈可以提供更加稳定的效率表现。
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### 空间效率
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在初始化列表时,系统会为列表分配“初始容量”,该容量可能超过实际需求。并且,扩容机制通常是按照特定倍率(例如 2 倍)进行扩容,扩容后的容量也可能超出实际需求。因此,**基于数组实现的栈可能造成一定的空间浪费**。
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然而,由于链表节点需要额外存储指针,**因此链表节点占用的空间相对较大**。
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综上,我们不能简单地确定哪种实现更加节省内存,需要针对具体情况进行分析。
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## 5.1.4 &nbsp; 栈典型应用
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- **浏览器中的后退与前进、软件中的撤销与反撤销**。每当我们打开新的网页,浏览器就会将上一个网页执行入栈,这样我们就可以通过「后退」操作回到上一页面。后退操作实际上是在执行出栈。如果要同时支持后退和前进,那么需要两个栈来配合实现。
- **程序内存管理**。每次调用函数时,系统都会在栈顶添加一个栈帧,用于记录函数的上下文信息。在递归函数中,向下递推阶段会不断执行入栈操作,而向上回溯阶段则会执行出栈操作。