hello-algo/docs/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.md

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---
comments: true
---
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# 4.2. 链表
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!!! note "引言"
内存空间是所有程序的公共资源,排除已占用的内存,空闲内存往往是散落在内存各处的。我们知道,存储数组需要内存空间连续,当我们需要申请一个很大的数组时,系统不一定存在这么大的连续内存空间。而链表则更加灵活,不需要内存是连续的,只要剩余内存空间大小够用即可。
「链表 Linked List」是一种线性数据结构其中每个元素都是单独的对象各个元素一般称为结点之间通过指针连接。由于结点中记录了连接关系因此链表的存储方式相比于数组更加灵活系统不必保证内存地址的连续性。
链表的「结点 Node」包含两项数据一是结点「值 Value」二是指向下一结点的「指针 Pointer」或称「引用 Reference」
![linkedlist_definition](linked_list.assets/linkedlist_definition.png)
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<p align="center"> Fig. 链表定义与存储方式 </p>
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=== "Java"
```java title=""
/* 链表结点类 */
class ListNode {
int val; // 结点值
ListNode next; // 指向下一结点的指针(引用)
ListNode(int x) { val = x; } // 构造函数
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title=""
/* 链表结点结构体 */
struct ListNode {
int val; // 结点值
ListNode *next; // 指向下一结点的指针(引用)
ListNode(int x) : val(x), next(nullptr) {} // 构造函数
};
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```
=== "Python"
```python title=""
""" 链表结点类 """
class ListNode:
def __init__(self, x):
self.val = x # 结点值
self.next = None # 指向下一结点的指针(引用)
```
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=== "Go"
```go title=""
/* 链表结点结构体 */
type ListNode struct {
Val int // 结点值
Next *ListNode // 指向下一结点的指针(引用)
}
// NewListNode 构造函数,创建一个新的链表
func NewListNode(val int) *ListNode {
return &ListNode{
Val: val,
Next: nil,
}
}
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```
=== "JavaScript"
```js title=""
/* 链表结点结构体 */
class ListNode {
val;
next;
constructor(val, next) {
this.val = (val === undefined ? 0 : val); // 结点值
this.next = (next === undefined ? null : next); // 指向下一结点的引用
}
}
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```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title=""
/* 链表结点结构体 */
class ListNode {
val: number;
next: ListNode | null;
constructor(val?: number, next?: ListNode | null) {
this.val = val === undefined ? 0 : val; // 结点值
this.next = next === undefined ? null : next; // 指向下一结点的引用
}
}
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```
=== "C"
```c title=""
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title=""
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/* 链表结点类 */
class ListNode
{
int val; // 结点值
ListNode next; // 指向下一结点的引用
ListNode(int x) => val = x; //构造函数
}
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```
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=== "Swift"
```swift title=""
/* 链表结点类 */
class ListNode {
var val: Int // 结点值
var next: ListNode? // 指向下一结点的指针(引用)
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init(x: Int) { // 构造函数
val = x
}
}
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```
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=== "Zig"
```zig title=""
// 链表结点类
pub fn ListNode(comptime T: type) type {
return struct {
const Self = @This();
val: T = 0, // 结点值
next: ?*Self = null, // 指向下一结点的指针(引用)
// 构造函数
pub fn init(self: *Self, x: i32) void {
self.val = x;
self.next = null;
}
};
}
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```
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**尾结点指向什么?** 我们一般将链表的最后一个结点称为「尾结点」,其指向的是「空」,在 Java / C++ / Python 中分别记为 `null` / `nullptr` / `None` 。在不引起歧义下,本书都使用 `null` 来表示空。
**链表初始化方法**。建立链表分为两步,第一步是初始化各个结点对象,第二步是构建引用指向关系。完成后,即可以从链表的首个结点(即头结点)出发,访问其余所有的结点。
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!!! tip
我们通常将头结点当作链表的代称,例如头结点 `head` 和链表 `head` 实际上是同义的。
=== "Java"
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```java title="linked_list.java"
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/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
// 初始化各个结点
ListNode n0 = new ListNode(1);
ListNode n1 = new ListNode(3);
ListNode n2 = new ListNode(2);
ListNode n3 = new ListNode(5);
ListNode n4 = new ListNode(4);
// 构建引用指向
n0.next = n1;
n1.next = n2;
n2.next = n3;
n3.next = n4;
```
=== "C++"
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```cpp title="linked_list.cpp"
/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
// 初始化各个结点
ListNode* n0 = new ListNode(1);
ListNode* n1 = new ListNode(3);
ListNode* n2 = new ListNode(2);
ListNode* n3 = new ListNode(5);
ListNode* n4 = new ListNode(4);
// 构建引用指向
n0->next = n1;
n1->next = n2;
n2->next = n3;
n3->next = n4;
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```
=== "Python"
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```python title="linked_list.py"
""" 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 """
# 初始化各个结点
n0 = ListNode(1)
n1 = ListNode(3)
n2 = ListNode(2)
n3 = ListNode(5)
n4 = ListNode(4)
# 构建引用指向
n0.next = n1
n1.next = n2
n2.next = n3
n3.next = n4
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="linked_list.go"
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/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
// 初始化各个结点
n0 := NewListNode(1)
n1 := NewListNode(3)
n2 := NewListNode(2)
n3 := NewListNode(5)
n4 := NewListNode(4)
// 构建引用指向
n0.Next = n1
n1.Next = n2
n2.Next = n3
n3.Next = n4
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```
=== "JavaScript"
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```js title="linked_list.js"
/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
// 初始化各个结点
const n0 = new ListNode(1);
const n1 = new ListNode(3);
const n2 = new ListNode(2);
const n3 = new ListNode(5);
const n4 = new ListNode(4);
// 构建引用指向
n0.next = n1;
n1.next = n2;
n2.next = n3;
n3.next = n4;
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```
=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title="linked_list.ts"
/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
// 初始化各个结点
const n0 = new ListNode(1);
const n1 = new ListNode(3);
const n2 = new ListNode(2);
const n3 = new ListNode(5);
const n4 = new ListNode(4);
// 构建引用指向
n0.next = n1;
n1.next = n2;
n2.next = n3;
n3.next = n4;
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```
=== "C"
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```c title="linked_list.c"
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```
=== "C#"
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```csharp title="linked_list.cs"
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/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
// 初始化各个结点
ListNode n0 = new ListNode(1);
ListNode n1 = new ListNode(3);
ListNode n2 = new ListNode(2);
ListNode n3 = new ListNode(5);
ListNode n4 = new ListNode(4);
// 构建引用指向
n0.next = n1;
n1.next = n2;
n2.next = n3;
n3.next = n4;
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```
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=== "Swift"
```swift title="linked_list.swift"
/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
// 初始化各个结点
let n0 = ListNode(x: 1)
let n1 = ListNode(x: 3)
let n2 = ListNode(x: 2)
let n3 = ListNode(x: 5)
let n4 = ListNode(x: 4)
// 构建引用指向
n0.next = n1
n1.next = n2
n2.next = n3
n3.next = n4
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```
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=== "Zig"
```zig title="linked_list.zig"
// 初始化链表
// 初始化各个结点
var n0 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 1};
var n1 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 3};
var n2 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 2};
var n3 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 5};
var n4 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 4};
// 构建引用指向
n0.next = &n1;
n1.next = &n2;
n2.next = &n3;
n3.next = &n4;
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```
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## 4.2.1. 链表优点
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**在链表中,插入与删除结点的操作效率高**。例如,如果想在链表中间的两个结点 `A` , `B` 之间插入一个新结点 `P` ,我们只需要改变两个结点指针即可,时间复杂度为 $O(1)$ ,相比数组的插入操作高效很多。在链表中删除某个结点也很方便,只需要改变一个结点指针即可。
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![linkedlist_insert_remove_node](linked_list.assets/linkedlist_insert_remove_node.png)
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<p align="center"> Fig. 在链表中插入与删除结点 </p>
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=== "Java"
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```java title="linked_list.java"
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/* 在链表的结点 n0 之后插入结点 P */
void insert(ListNode n0, ListNode P) {
ListNode n1 = n0.next;
n0.next = P;
P.next = n1;
}
/* 删除链表的结点 n0 之后的首个结点 */
void remove(ListNode n0) {
if (n0.next == null)
return;
// n0 -> P -> n1
ListNode P = n0.next;
ListNode n1 = P.next;
n0.next = n1;
}
```
=== "C++"
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```cpp title="linked_list.cpp"
/* 在链表的结点 n0 之后插入结点 P */
void insert(ListNode* n0, ListNode* P) {
ListNode* n1 = n0->next;
n0->next = P;
P->next = n1;
}
/* 删除链表的结点 n0 之后的首个结点 */
void remove(ListNode* n0) {
if (n0->next == nullptr)
return;
// n0 -> P -> n1
ListNode* P = n0->next;
ListNode* n1 = P->next;
n0->next = n1;
// 释放内存
delete P;
}
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```
=== "Python"
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```python title="linked_list.py"
""" 在链表的结点 n0 之后插入结点 P """
def insert(n0, P):
n1 = n0.next
n0.next = P
P.next = n1
""" 删除链表的结点 n0 之后的首个结点 """
def remove(n0):
if not n0.next:
return
# n0 -> P -> n1
P = n0.next
n1 = P.next
n0.next = n1
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="linked_list.go"
/* 在链表的结点 n0 之后插入结点 P */
func insert(n0 *ListNode, P *ListNode) {
n1 := n0.Next
n0.Next = P
P.Next = n1
}
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/* 删除链表的结点 n0 之后的首个结点 */
func removeNode(n0 *ListNode) {
if n0.Next == nil {
return
}
// n0 -> P -> n1
P := n0.Next
n1 := P.Next
n0.Next = n1
}
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```
=== "JavaScript"
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```js title="linked_list.js"
/* 在链表的结点 n0 之后插入结点 P */
function insert(n0, P) {
let n1 = n0.next;
n0.next = P;
P.next = n1;
}
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/* 删除链表的结点 n0 之后的首个结点 */
function remove(n0) {
if (!n0.next)
return;
// n0 -> P -> n1
let P = n0.next;
let n1 = P.next;
n0.next = n1;
}
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```
=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title="linked_list.ts"
/* 在链表的结点 n0 之后插入结点 P */
function insert(n0: ListNode, P: ListNode): void {
const n1 = n0.next;
n0.next = P;
P.next = n1;
}
/* 删除链表的结点 n0 之后的首个结点 */
function remove(n0: ListNode): void {
if (!n0.next) {
return;
}
// n0 -> P -> n1
const P = n0.next;
const n1 = P.next;
n0.next = n1;
}
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```
=== "C"
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```c title="linked_list.c"
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```
=== "C#"
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```csharp title="linked_list.cs"
// 在链表的结点 n0 之后插入结点 P
void Insert(ListNode n0, ListNode P)
{
ListNode n1 = n0.next;
n0.next = P;
P.next = n1;
}
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// 删除链表的结点 n0 之后的首个结点
void Remove(ListNode n0)
{
if (n0.next == null)
return;
// n0 -> P -> n1
ListNode P = n0.next;
ListNode n1 = P.next;
n0.next = n1;
}
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```
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=== "Swift"
```swift title="linked_list.swift"
/* 在链表的结点 n0 之后插入结点 P */
func insert(n0: ListNode, P: ListNode) {
let n1 = n0.next
n0.next = P
P.next = n1
}
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/* 删除链表的结点 n0 之后的首个结点 */
func remove(n0: ListNode) {
if n0.next == nil {
return
}
// n0 -> P -> n1
let P = n0.next
let n1 = P?.next
n0.next = n1
P?.next = nil
}
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```
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=== "Zig"
```zig title="linked_list.zig"
// 在链表的结点 n0 之后插入结点 P
pub fn insert(n0: ?*inc.ListNode(i32), P: ?*inc.ListNode(i32)) void {
var n1 = n0.?.next;
n0.?.next = P;
P.?.next = n1;
}
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// 删除链表的结点 n0 之后的首个结点
pub fn remove(n0: ?*inc.ListNode(i32)) void {
if (n0.?.next == null) return;
// n0 -> P -> n1
var P = n0.?.next;
var n1 = P.?.next;
n0.?.next = n1;
}
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```
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## 4.2.2. 链表缺点
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**链表访问结点效率低**。上节提到,数组可以在 $O(1)$ 时间下访问任意元素,但链表无法直接访问任意结点。这是因为计算机需要从头结点出发,一个一个地向后遍历到目标结点。例如,倘若想要访问链表索引为 `index` (即第 `index + 1` 个)的结点,那么需要 `index` 次访问操作。
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=== "Java"
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```java title="linked_list.java"
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/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的结点 */
ListNode access(ListNode head, int index) {
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++) {
if (head == null)
return null;
head = head.next;
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}
return head;
}
```
=== "C++"
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```cpp title="linked_list.cpp"
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的结点 */
ListNode* access(ListNode* head, int index) {
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++) {
if (head == nullptr)
return nullptr;
head = head->next;
}
return head;
}
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```
=== "Python"
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```python title="linked_list.py"
""" 访问链表中索引为 index 的结点 """
def access(head, index):
for _ in range(index):
if not head:
return None
head = head.next
return head
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="linked_list.go"
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的结点 */
func access(head *ListNode, index int) *ListNode {
for i := 0; i < index; i++ {
if head == nil {
return nil
}
head = head.Next
}
return head
}
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```
=== "JavaScript"
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```js title="linked_list.js"
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的结点 */
function access(head, index) {
for (let i = 0; i < index; i++) {
if (!head)
return null;
head = head.next;
}
return head;
}
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```
=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title="linked_list.ts"
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的结点 */
function access(head: ListNode | null, index: number): ListNode | null {
for (let i = 0; i < index; i++) {
if (!head) {
return null;
}
head = head.next;
}
return head;
}
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```
=== "C"
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```c title="linked_list.c"
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```
=== "C#"
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```csharp title="linked_list.cs"
// 访问链表中索引为 index 的结点
ListNode Access(ListNode head, int index)
{
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)
{
if (head == null)
return null;
head = head.next;
}
return head;
}
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```
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=== "Swift"
```swift title="linked_list.swift"
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的结点 */
func access(head: ListNode, index: Int) -> ListNode? {
var head: ListNode? = head
for _ in 0 ..< index {
if head == nil {
return nil
}
head = head?.next
}
return head
}
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```
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=== "Zig"
```zig title="linked_list.zig"
// 访问链表中索引为 index 的结点
pub fn access(node: ?*inc.ListNode(i32), index: i32) ?*inc.ListNode(i32) {
var head = node;
var i: i32 = 0;
while (i < index) : (i += 1) {
head = head.?.next;
if (head == null) return null;
}
return head;
}
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```
**链表的内存占用多**。链表以结点为单位,每个结点除了保存值外,还需额外保存指针(引用)。这意味着同样数据量下,链表比数组需要占用更多内存空间。
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## 4.2.3. 链表常用操作
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**遍历链表查找**。遍历链表,查找链表内值为 `target` 的结点,输出结点在链表中的索引。
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=== "Java"
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```java title="linked_list.java"
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/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个结点 */
int find(ListNode head, int target) {
int index = 0;
while (head != null) {
if (head.val == target)
return index;
head = head.next;
index++;
}
return -1;
}
```
=== "C++"
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```cpp title="linked_list.cpp"
/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个结点 */
int find(ListNode* head, int target) {
int index = 0;
while (head != nullptr) {
if (head->val == target)
return index;
head = head->next;
index++;
}
return -1;
}
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```
=== "Python"
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```python title="linked_list.py"
""" 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个结点 """
def find(head, target):
index = 0
while head:
if head.val == target:
return index
head = head.next
index += 1
return -1
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="linked_list.go"
/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个结点 */
func find(head *ListNode, target int) int {
index := 0
for head != nil {
if head.Val == target {
return index
}
head = head.Next
index++
}
return -1
}
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```
=== "JavaScript"
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```js title="linked_list.js"
/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个结点 */
function find(head, target) {
let index = 0;
while (head !== null) {
if (head.val === target) {
return index;
}
head = head.next;
index += 1;
}
return -1;
}
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```
=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title="linked_list.ts"
/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个结点 */
function find(head: ListNode | null, target: number): number {
let index = 0;
while (head !== null) {
if (head.val === target) {
return index;
}
head = head.next;
index += 1;
}
return -1;
}
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```
=== "C"
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```c title="linked_list.c"
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```
=== "C#"
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```csharp title="linked_list.cs"
// 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个结点
int Find(ListNode head, int target)
{
int index = 0;
while (head != null)
{
if (head.val == target)
return index;
head = head.next;
index++;
}
return -1;
}
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```
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=== "Swift"
```swift title="linked_list.swift"
/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个结点 */
func find(head: ListNode, target: Int) -> Int {
var head: ListNode? = head
var index = 0
while head != nil {
if head?.val == target {
return index
}
head = head?.next
index += 1
}
return -1
}
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```
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=== "Zig"
```zig title="linked_list.zig"
// 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个结点
pub fn find(node: ?*inc.ListNode(i32), target: i32) i32 {
var head = node;
var index: i32 = 0;
while (head != null) {
if (head.?.val == target) return index;
head = head.?.next;
index += 1;
}
return -1;
}
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```
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## 4.2.4. 常见链表类型
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**单向链表**。即上述介绍的普通链表。单向链表的结点有「值」和指向下一结点的「指针(引用)」两项数据。我们将首个结点称为头结点,尾结点指向 `null`
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**环形链表**。如果我们令单向链表的尾结点指向头结点(即首尾相接),则得到一个环形链表。在环形链表中,我们可以将任意结点看作是头结点。
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**双向链表**。单向链表仅记录了一个方向的指针(引用),在双向链表的结点定义中,同时有指向下一结点(后继结点)和上一结点(前驱结点)的「指针(引用)」。双向链表相对于单向链表更加灵活,即可以朝两个方向遍历链表,但也需要占用更多的内存空间。
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=== "Java"
```java title=""
/* 双向链表结点类 */
class ListNode {
int val; // 结点值
ListNode next; // 指向后继结点的指针(引用)
ListNode prev; // 指向前驱结点的指针(引用)
ListNode(int x) { val = x; } // 构造函数
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title=""
/* 链表结点结构体 */
struct ListNode {
int val; // 结点值
ListNode *next; // 指向后继结点的指针(引用)
ListNode *prev; // 指向前驱结点的指针(引用)
ListNode(int x) : val(x), next(nullptr), prev(nullptr) {} // 构造函数
};
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```
=== "Python"
```python title=""
""" 双向链表结点类 """
class ListNode:
def __init__(self, x):
self.val = x # 结点值
self.next = None # 指向后继结点的指针(引用)
self.prev = None # 指向前驱结点的指针(引用)
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```
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=== "Go"
```go title=""
/* 双向链表结点结构体 */
type DoublyListNode struct {
Val int // 结点值
Next *DoublyListNode // 指向后继结点的指针(引用)
Prev *DoublyListNode // 指向前驱结点的指针(引用)
}
// NewDoublyListNode 初始化
func NewDoublyListNode(val int) *DoublyListNode {
return &DoublyListNode{
Val: val,
Next: nil,
Prev: nil,
}
}
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```
=== "JavaScript"
```js title=""
/* 双向链表结点类 */
class ListNode {
val;
next;
prev;
constructor(val, next) {
this.val = val === undefined ? 0 : val; // 结点值
this.next = next === undefined ? null : next; // 指向后继结点的指针(引用)
this.prev = prev === undefined ? null : prev; // 指向前驱结点的指针(引用)
}
}
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```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title=""
/* 双向链表结点类 */
class ListNode {
val: number;
next: ListNode | null;
prev: ListNode | null;
constructor(val?: number, next?: ListNode | null, prev?: ListNode | null) {
this.val = val === undefined ? 0 : val; // 结点值
this.next = next === undefined ? null : next; // 指向后继结点的指针(引用)
this.prev = prev === undefined ? null : prev; // 指向前驱结点的指针(引用)
}
}
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```
=== "C"
```c title=""
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title=""
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/* 双向链表结点类 */
class ListNode {
int val; // 结点值
ListNode next; // 指向后继结点的指针(引用)
ListNode prev; // 指向前驱结点的指针(引用)
ListNode(int x) => val = x; // 构造函数
}
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```
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=== "Swift"
```swift title=""
/* 双向链表结点类 */
class ListNode {
var val: Int // 结点值
var next: ListNode? // 指向后继结点的指针(引用)
var prev: ListNode? // 指向前驱结点的指针(引用)
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init(x: Int) { // 构造函数
val = x
}
}
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```
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=== "Zig"
```zig title=""
// 双向链表结点类
pub fn ListNode(comptime T: type) type {
return struct {
const Self = @This();
val: T = 0, // 结点值
next: ?*Self = null, // 指向后继结点的指针(引用)
prev: ?*Self = null, // 指向前驱结点的指针(引用)
// 构造函数
pub fn init(self: *Self, x: i32) void {
self.val = x;
self.next = null;
self.prev = null;
}
};
}
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```
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![linkedlist_common_types](linked_list.assets/linkedlist_common_types.png)
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<p align="center"> Fig. 常见链表类型 </p>