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< title > 3.4. < / title >
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跳转至
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Hello 算法
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3.4. 字符编码 *
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正在初始化搜索引擎
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Hello 算法
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0. 前言
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0. 前言
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0.1. 关于本书
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0.2. 如何使用本书
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0.3. 小结
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1. 初识算法
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1. 初识算法
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1.1. 算法无处不在
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1.2. 算法是什么
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1.3. 小结
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2. 复杂度
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2. 复杂度
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2.1. 算法效率评估
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2.2. 时间复杂度
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< a href = "../../chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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2.3. 空间复杂度
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2.4. 小结
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3. 数据结构
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3. 数据结构
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3.1. 数据结构分类
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3.2. 基本数据类型
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3.3. 数字编码 *
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3.4. 字符编码 *
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3.4. 字符编码 *
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目录
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3.4.1. ASCII 字符集
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3.4.2. GBK 字符集
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3.4.3. Unicode 字符集
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3.4.4. UTF-8 编码
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3.4.5. 编程语言的字符编码
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3.5. 小结
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4. 数组与链表
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4. 数组与链表
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4.1. 数组
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< a href = "../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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4.2. 链表
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4.3. 列表
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4.4. 小结
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< / a >
< / li >
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< / ul >
< / nav >
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< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested" >
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< input class = "md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type = "checkbox" id = "__nav_6" >
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< div class = "md-nav__link md-nav__container" >
< a href = "../../chapter_stack_and_queue/" class = "md-nav__link " >
< svg xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox = "0 0 24 24" > < path d = "M17.36 20.2v-5.38h1.79V22H3v-7.18h1.8v5.38h12.56M6.77 14.32l.37-1.76 8.79 1.85-.37 1.76-8.79-1.85m1.16-4.21.76-1.61 8.14 3.78-.76 1.62-8.14-3.79m2.26-3.99 1.15-1.38 6.9 5.76-1.15 1.37-6.9-5.75m4.45-4.25L20 9.08l-1.44 1.07-5.36-7.21 1.44-1.07M6.59 18.41v-1.8h8.98v1.8H6.59Z" / > < / svg >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
5. 栈与队列
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< / a >
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< label class = "md-nav__title" for = "__nav_6" >
< span class = "md-nav__icon md-icon" > < / span >
5. 栈与队列
< / label >
< ul class = "md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "../../chapter_stack_and_queue/stack/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
5.1. 栈
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "../../chapter_stack_and_queue/queue/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
5.2. 队列
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "../../chapter_stack_and_queue/deque/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
5.3. 双向队列
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "../../chapter_stack_and_queue/summary/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
5.4. 小结
< / span >
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< / a >
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< / ul >
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< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested" >
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< input class = "md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type = "checkbox" id = "__nav_7" >
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< div class = "md-nav__link md-nav__container" >
< a href = "../../chapter_hashing/" class = "md-nav__link " >
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< svg xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox = "0 0 24 24" > < path d = "M19.3 17.89c1.32-2.1.7-4.89-1.41-6.21a4.52 4.52 0 0 0-6.21 1.41C10.36 15.2 11 18 13.09 19.3c1.47.92 3.33.92 4.8 0L21 22.39 22.39 21l-3.09-3.11m-2-.62c-.98.98-2.56.97-3.54 0-.97-.98-.97-2.56.01-3.54.97-.97 2.55-.97 3.53 0 .96.99.95 2.57-.03 3.54h.03M19 4H5a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v12a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h5.81a6.3 6.3 0 0 1-1.31-2H5v-4h4.18c.16-.71.43-1.39.82-2H5V8h6v2.81a6.3 6.3 0 0 1 2-1.31V8h6v2a6.499 6.499 0 0 1 2 2V6a2 2 0 0 0-2-2Z" / > < / svg >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
6. 散列表
< / span >
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< / a >
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< label class = "md-nav__link " for = "__nav_7" >
< span class = "md-nav__icon md-icon" > < / span >
< / label >
< / div >
< nav class = "md-nav" data-md-level = "1" aria-labelledby = "__nav_7_label" aria-expanded = "false" >
< label class = "md-nav__title" for = "__nav_7" >
< span class = "md-nav__icon md-icon" > < / span >
6. 散列表
< / label >
< ul class = "md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
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< a href = "../../chapter_hashing/hash_map/" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
6.1. 哈希表
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "../../chapter_hashing/hash_collision/" class = "md-nav__link" >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
6.2. 哈希冲突
< / span >
< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "../../chapter_hashing/hash_algorithm/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
6.3. 哈希算法
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
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< a href = "../../chapter_hashing/summary/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
6.4. 小结
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< / ul >
< / nav >
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< / li >
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< input class = "md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type = "checkbox" id = "__nav_8" >
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< div class = "md-nav__link md-nav__container" >
< a href = "../../chapter_tree/" class = "md-nav__link " >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
7. 树
< / span >
< / a >
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< label class = "md-nav__link " for = "__nav_8" >
< span class = "md-nav__icon md-icon" > < / span >
< / label >
< / div >
< nav class = "md-nav" data-md-level = "1" aria-labelledby = "__nav_8_label" aria-expanded = "false" >
< label class = "md-nav__title" for = "__nav_8" >
< span class = "md-nav__icon md-icon" > < / span >
7. 树
< / label >
< ul class = "md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
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< a href = "../../chapter_tree/binary_tree/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
7.1. 二叉树
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
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< a href = "../../chapter_tree/binary_tree_traversal/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
7.2. 二叉树遍历
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
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< a href = "../../chapter_tree/array_representation_of_tree/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
7.3. 二叉树数组表示
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "../../chapter_tree/binary_search_tree/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
7.4. 二叉搜索树
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "../../chapter_tree/avl_tree/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
7.5. AVL 树 *
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "../../chapter_tree/summary/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
7.6. 小结
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< / ul >
< / nav >
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< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested" >
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< input class = "md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type = "checkbox" id = "__nav_9" >
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< div class = "md-nav__link md-nav__container" >
< a href = "../../chapter_heap/" class = "md-nav__link " >
< svg xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox = "0 0 24 24" > < path d = "M12 1a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-2.5 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 11 5.79V7H7a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v.71A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 3.5 12 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 5 14.29V15H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v1.21A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 .5 20.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 3 23a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 4 18.21V17h4v1.21a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5 2.29A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 9 23a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5-2.29V17a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H7v-.71A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 8.5 12 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 7 9.71V9h10v.71A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 15.5 12a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 1.5 2.29V15h-1a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v1.21a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5 2.29A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 15 23a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5-2.29V17h4v1.21a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5 2.29A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 21 23a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5-2.29V17a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-1v-.71A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 20.5 12 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 19 9.71V9a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-4V5.79a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 1.5-2.29A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 12 1m0 1.5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1M6 11a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1m12 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1M3 19.5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1m6 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1m6 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1m6 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z" / > < / svg >
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8. 堆
< / span >
< / a >
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< label class = "md-nav__link " for = "__nav_9" >
< span class = "md-nav__icon md-icon" > < / span >
< / label >
< / div >
< nav class = "md-nav" data-md-level = "1" aria-labelledby = "__nav_9_label" aria-expanded = "false" >
< label class = "md-nav__title" for = "__nav_9" >
< span class = "md-nav__icon md-icon" > < / span >
8. 堆
< / label >
< ul class = "md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
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< a href = "../../chapter_heap/heap/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
8.1. 堆
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
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< a href = "../../chapter_heap/build_heap/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
8.2. 建堆操作
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "../../chapter_heap/top_k/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
8.3. Top-K 问题
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
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< a href = "../../chapter_heap/summary/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
8.4. 小结
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< / ul >
< / nav >
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< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested" >
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< input class = "md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type = "checkbox" id = "__nav_10" >
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< div class = "md-nav__link md-nav__container" >
< a href = "../../chapter_graph/" class = "md-nav__link " >
< svg xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox = "0 0 24 24" > < path d = "m12 5.37-.44-.06L6 14.9c.24.21.4.48.47.78h11.06c.07-.3.23-.57.47-.78l-5.56-9.59-.44.06M6.6 16.53l4.28 2.53c.29-.27.69-.43 1.12-.43.43 0 .83.16 1.12.43l4.28-2.53H6.6M12 22a1.68 1.68 0 0 1-1.68-1.68l.09-.56-4.3-2.55c-.31.36-.76.58-1.27.58a1.68 1.68 0 0 1-1.68-1.68c0-.79.53-1.45 1.26-1.64V9.36c-.83-.11-1.47-.82-1.47-1.68A1.68 1.68 0 0 1 4.63 6c.55 0 1.03.26 1.34.66l4.41-2.53-.06-.45c0-.93.75-1.68 1.68-1.68.93 0 1.68.75 1.68 1.68l-.06.45 4.41 2.53c.31-.4.79-.66 1.34-.66a1.68 1.68 0 0 1 1.68 1.68c0 .86-.64 1.57-1.47 1.68v5.11c.73.19 1.26.85 1.26 1.64a1.68 1.68 0 0 1-1.68 1.68c-.51 0-.96-.22-1.27-.58l-4.3 2.55.09.56A1.68 1.68 0 0 1 12 22M10.8 4.86 6.3 7.44l.02.24c0 .71-.44 1.32-1.06 1.57l.03 5.25 5.51-9.64m2.4 0 5.51 9.64.03-5.25c-.62-.25-1.06-.86-1.06-1.57l.02-.24-4.5-2.58Z" / > < / svg >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
9. 图
< / span >
< / a >
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< label class = "md-nav__link " for = "__nav_10" >
< span class = "md-nav__icon md-icon" > < / span >
< / label >
< / div >
< nav class = "md-nav" data-md-level = "1" aria-labelledby = "__nav_10_label" aria-expanded = "false" >
< label class = "md-nav__title" for = "__nav_10" >
< span class = "md-nav__icon md-icon" > < / span >
9. 图
< / label >
< ul class = "md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
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< a href = "../../chapter_graph/graph/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
9.1. 图
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
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< a href = "../../chapter_graph/graph_operations/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
9.2. 图基础操作
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
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< a href = "../../chapter_graph/graph_traversal/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
9.3. 图的遍历
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "../../chapter_graph/summary/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
9.4. 小结
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< / ul >
< / nav >
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< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested" >
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< input class = "md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type = "checkbox" id = "__nav_11" >
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< div class = "md-nav__link md-nav__container" >
< a href = "../../chapter_searching/" class = "md-nav__link " >
< svg xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox = "0 0 24 24" > < path d = "m19.31 18.9 3.08 3.1L21 23.39l-3.12-3.07c-.69.43-1.51.68-2.38.68-2.5 0-4.5-2-4.5-4.5s2-4.5 4.5-4.5 4.5 2 4.5 4.5c0 .88-.25 1.71-.69 2.4m-3.81.1a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 0-5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 0 5M21 4v2H3V4h18M3 16v-2h6v2H3m0-5V9h18v2h-2.03c-1.01-.63-2.2-1-3.47-1s-2.46.37-3.47 1H3Z" / > < / svg >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
10. 搜索
< / span >
< / a >
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< label class = "md-nav__link " for = "__nav_11" >
< span class = "md-nav__icon md-icon" > < / span >
< / label >
< / div >
< nav class = "md-nav" data-md-level = "1" aria-labelledby = "__nav_11_label" aria-expanded = "false" >
< label class = "md-nav__title" for = "__nav_11" >
< span class = "md-nav__icon md-icon" > < / span >
10. 搜索
< / label >
< ul class = "md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
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< a href = "../../chapter_searching/binary_search/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
10.1. 二分查找
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
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< a href = "../../chapter_searching/binary_search_edge/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
10.2. 二分查找边界
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
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< a href = "../../chapter_searching/replace_linear_by_hashing/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
10.3. 哈希优化策略
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
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< a href = "../../chapter_searching/searching_algorithm_revisited/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
10.4. 重识搜索算法
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "../../chapter_searching/summary/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
10.5. 小结
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< / ul >
< / nav >
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< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested" >
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< input class = "md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type = "checkbox" id = "__nav_12" >
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< div class = "md-nav__link md-nav__container" >
< a href = "../../chapter_sorting/" class = "md-nav__link " >
< svg xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox = "0 0 24 24" > < path d = "M19 17h3l-4 4-4-4h3V3h2M2 17h10v2H2M6 5v2H2V5m0 6h7v2H2v-2Z" / > < / svg >
< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
11. 排序
< / span >
< / a >
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< label class = "md-nav__link " for = "__nav_12" >
< span class = "md-nav__icon md-icon" > < / span >
< / label >
< / div >
< nav class = "md-nav" data-md-level = "1" aria-labelledby = "__nav_12_label" aria-expanded = "false" >
< label class = "md-nav__title" for = "__nav_12" >
< span class = "md-nav__icon md-icon" > < / span >
11. 排序
< / label >
< ul class = "md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
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< a href = "../../chapter_sorting/sorting_algorithm/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
11.1. 排序算法
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "../../chapter_sorting/selection_sort/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
11.2. 选择排序
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "../../chapter_sorting/bubble_sort/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
11.3. 冒泡排序
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "../../chapter_sorting/insertion_sort/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
11.4. 插入排序
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "../../chapter_sorting/quick_sort/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
11.5. 快速排序
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "../../chapter_sorting/merge_sort/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
11.6. 归并排序
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "../../chapter_sorting/heap_sort/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
11.7. 堆排序
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "../../chapter_sorting/bucket_sort/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
11.8. 桶排序
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "../../chapter_sorting/counting_sort/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
11.9. 计数排序
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
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< a href = "../../chapter_sorting/radix_sort/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
11.10. 基数排序
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "md-nav__item" >
< a href = "../../chapter_sorting/summary/" class = "md-nav__link" >
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< span class = "md-ellipsis" >
11.11. 小结
< / span >
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< / a >
< / li >
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< / ul >
< / nav >
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< / li >
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12. 分治
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12.2. 分治搜索策略
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13.3. 子集和问题
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14. 动态规划
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14.1. 初探动态规划
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14.2. DP 问题特性
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14.3. DP 解题思路
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14.4. 0-1 背包问题
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14.5. 完全背包问题
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14.7. 小结
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3.4.1. ASCII 字符集
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3.4.2. GBK 字符集
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3.4.3. Unicode 字符集
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3.4.4. UTF-8 编码
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3.4.5. 编程语言的字符编码
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< h1 id = "34" > 3.4. 字符编码 *< a class = "headerlink" href = "#34" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ < / a > < / h1 >
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< p > 在计算机中，所有数据都是以二进制数的形式存储的，字符 < code > char< / code > 也不例外。为了表示字符，我们需要建立一套「字符集」，规定每个字符和二进制数之间的一一对应关系。有了字符集之后，计算机就可以通过查表完成二进制数到字符的转换。< / p >
< h2 id = "341-ascii" > 3.4.1. ASCII 字符集< a class = "headerlink" href = "#341-ascii" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ < / a > < / h2 >
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< p > 「ASCII 码」是最早出现的字符集，全称为“美国标准信息交换代码”。它使用 7 位二进制数（即一个字节的低 7 位）表示一个字符，最多能够表示 128 个不同的字符。这包括英文字母的大小写、数字 0-9 、一些标点符号，以及一些控制字符（如换行符和制表符）。< / p >
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< p > < img alt = "ASCII 码" src = "../character_encoding.assets/ascii_table.png" / > < / p >
< p align = "center" > Fig. ASCII 码 < / p >
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< p > 然而，< strong > ASCII 码仅能够表示英文< / strong > 。随着计算机的全球化， < / p >
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< h2 id = "342-gbk" > 3.4.2. GBK 字符集< a class = "headerlink" href = "#342-gbk" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ < / a > < / h2 >
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< p > 后来人们发现，< strong > EASCII 码仍然无法满足许多语言的字符数量要求< / strong > 。例如，汉字大约有近十万个，光日常使用的就有几千个。中国国家标准总局于 1980 年发布了「GB2312」字符集， < / p >
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< p > 然而， ， ， ， < / p >
< h2 id = "343-unicode" > 3.4.3. Unicode 字符集< a class = "headerlink" href = "#343-unicode" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ < / a > < / h2 >
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< p > 随着计算机的蓬勃发展，字符集与编码标准百花齐放，而这带来了许多问题。一方面，这些字符集一般只定义了特定语言的字符，无法在多语言环境下正常工作；另一方面，同一种语言也存在多种字符集标准，如果两台电脑安装的是不同的编码标准，则在信息传递时就会出现乱码。< / p >
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< p > 那个时代的人们就在想：< strong > 如果推出一个足够完整的字符集，将世界范围内的所有语言和符号都收录其中，不就可以解决跨语言环境和乱码问题了吗< / strong > ？在这种想法的驱动下，一个大而全的字符集 Unicode 应运而生。< / p >
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< p > 「Unicode」的全称为“统一字符编码”， ， ， < / p >
< p > 自 1991 年发布以来， ， < / p >
< p > Unicode 是一种字符集标准，本质上是给每个字符分配一个编号（称为“码点”），< strong > 但它并没有规定在计算机中如何存储这些字符码点< / strong > 。我们不禁会问：当多种长度的 Unicode 码点同时出现在同一个文本中时，系统如何解析字符？例如，给定一个长度为 2 字节的编码，系统如何确认它是一个 2 字节的字符还是两个 1 字节的字符？< / p >
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< p > 对于以上问题，< strong > 一种直接的解决方案是将所有字符存储为等长的编码< / strong > 。如下图所示， ， < / p >
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< p > < img alt = "Unicode 编码示例" src = "../character_encoding.assets/unicode_hello_algo.png" / > < / p >
< p align = "center" > Fig. Unicode 编码示例 < / p >
< p > 然而， < / p >
< h2 id = "344-utf-8" > 3.4.4. UTF-8 编码< a class = "headerlink" href = "#344-utf-8" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ < / a > < / h2 >
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< p > 目前， < strong > 它是一种可变长的编码< / strong > ，使用 1 到 4 个字节来表示一个字符， < / p >
< p > UTF-8 的编码规则并不复杂，分为两种情况：< / p >
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< ul >
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< li > 对于长度为 1 字节的字符，将最高位设置为 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(0\)< / span > 、其余 7 位设置为 Unicode 码点。值得注意的是， < strong > UTF-8 编码可以向下兼容 ASCII 码< / strong > 。这意味着我们可以使用 UTF-8 来解析年代久远的 ASCII 码文本。< / li >
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< li > 对于长度为 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(n\)< / span > 字节的字符（其中 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(n > 1\)< / span > ），将首个字节的高 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(n\)< / span > 位都设置为 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(1\)< / span > 、第 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(n + 1\)< / span > 位设置为 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(0\)< / span > ；从第二个字节开始，将每个字节的高 2 位都设置为 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(10\)< / span > ；其余所有位用于填充字符的 Unicode 码点。< / li >
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< / ul >
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< p > 下图展示了“Hello算法”对应的 UTF-8 编码。将最高 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(n\)< / span > 位设置为 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(1\)< / span > 比较容易理解，可以向系统指出字符的长度为 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(n\)< / span > 。那么，为什么要将其余所有字节的高 2 位都设置为 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(10\)< / span > 呢？实际上，这个 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(10\)< / span > 能够起到校验符的作用，因为在 UTF-8 编码规则下，不可能有字符的最高两位是 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(10\)< / span > 。这是因为长度为 1 字节的字符的最高一位是 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(0\)< / span > 。假设系统从一个错误的字节开始解析文本，字节头部的 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(10\)< / span > 能够帮助系统快速的判断出异常。< / p >
< p > < img alt = "UTF-8 编码示例" src = "../character_encoding.assets/utf-8_hello_algo.png" / > < / p >
< p align = "center" > Fig. UTF-8 编码示例 < / p >
< p > 除了 UTF-8 之外，常见的编码方式还包括 UTF-16 和 UTF-32 。它们为 Unicode 字符集提供了不同的编码方法。< / p >
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< ul >
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< li > < strong > UTF-16 编码< / strong > ：使用 2 或 4 个字节来表示一个字符。所有的 ASCII 字符和很多常用的非英文字符，都用 2 个字节表示；少数字符需要用到 4 个字节表示。对于 2 字节的字符， < / li >
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< li > < strong > UTF-32 编码< / strong > ：每个字符都使用 4 个字节。这意味着 UTF-32 会比 UTF-8 和 UTF-16 更占用空间，特别是对于主要使用 ASCII 字符的文本。< / li >
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< / ul >
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< p > 从存储空间的角度看，使用 UTF-8 表示英文字符非常高效，因为它仅需 1 个字节；使用 UTF-16 编码某些非英文字符（例如中文）会更加高效，因为它只需要 2 个字节，而 UTF-8 可能需要 3 个字节。从兼容性的角度看， < / p >
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< h2 id = "345" > 3.4.5. 编程语言的字符编码< a class = "headerlink" href = "#345" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ < / a > < / h2 >
< p > 对于以往的大多数编程语言，程序运行中的字符串都采用 UTF-16 或 UTF-32 这类等长的编码。这是因为在等长编码下，我们可以将字符串看作数组来处理，具体来说：< / p >
< ul >
< li > < strong > 随机访问< / strong > : UTF-16 编码的字符串可以很容易地进行随机访问。UTF-8 是一种变长编码，要找到第 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(i\)< / span > 个字符，我们需要从字符串的开始处遍历到第 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(i\)< / span > 个字符，这需要 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(O(n)\)< / span > 的时间。< / li >
< li > < strong > 字符计数< / strong > : 与随机访问类似，计算 UTF-16 字符串的长度也是 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(O(1)\)< / span > 的操作。但是，计算 UTF-8 编码的字符串的长度需要遍历整个字符串。< / li >
< li > < strong > 字符串操作< / strong > : 在 UTF-16 编码的字符串中，很多字符串操作（如分割、连接、插入、删除等）都更容易进行。在 UTF-8 编码的字符串上进行这些操作通常需要额外的计算，以确保不会产生无效的 UTF-8 编码。< / li >
< / ul >
< p > 编程语言的字符编码方案设计是一个很有趣的话题，涉及到许多因素：< / p >
< ul >
< li > Java 的 < code > String< / code > 类型使用 UTF-16 编码，每个字符占用 2 字节。这是因为 Java 语言设计之初，人们认为 16 位足以表示所有可能的字符。然而，这是一个不正确的判断。后来 Unicode 规范扩展到了超过 16 位，所以 Java 中的字符现在可能由一对 16 位的值（称为“代理对”）表示。< / li >
< li > JavaScript 和 TypeScript 的字符串使用 UTF-16 编码的原因与 Java 类似。当 JavaScript 语言在 1995 年被 Netscape 公司首次引入时， < / li >
< li > C# 使用 UTF-16 编码，主要因为 .NET 平台是由 Microsoft 设计的，而 Microsoft 的很多技术，包括 Windows 操作系统，都广泛地使用 UTF-16 编码。< / li >
< / ul >
< p > 由于以上编程语言对字符数量的低估，它们不得不采取“代理对”的方式来表示超过 16 位长度的 Unicode 字符。这是一个不得已为之的无奈之举。一方面，包含代理对的字符串中，一个字符可能占用 2 字节或 4 字节，因此丧失了等长编码的优势。另一方面，处理代理对需要增加额外代码，这增加了编程的复杂性和 Debug 难度。< / p >
< p > 出于以上原因，部分编程语言提出了不同的编码方案：< / p >
< ul >
< li > Python 3 使用一种灵活的字符串表示，存储的字符长度取决于字符串中最大的 Unicode 码点。对于全部是 ASCII 字符的字符串，每个字符占用 1 个字节；如果字符串中包含的字符超出了 ASCII 范围， （ ） ， < / li >
< li > Go 语言的 < code > string< / code > 类型在内部使用 UTF-8 编码。Go 语言还提供了 < code > rune< / code > 类型，它用于表示单个 Unicode 码点。< / li >
< li > Rust 语言的 str 和 String 类型在内部使用 UTF-8 编码。Rust 也提供了 char 类型，用于表示单个 Unicode 码点。< / li >
< / ul >
< p > 需要注意的是，以上讨论的都是字符串在编程语言中的存储方式，< strong > 这和字符串如何在文件中存储或在网络中传输是两个不同的问题< / strong > 。在文件存储或网络传输中，我们一般会将字符串编码为 UTF-8 格式，以达到最优的兼容性和空间效率。< / p >
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