Everyday usage translated to sl

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Peter Kokot 2015-07-09 16:56:38 +02:00
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- [Meta](#meta)
- [Osnove](#osnove)
- [Vsakodnevna uporaba](#everyday-use)
- [Vsakodnevna uporaba](#vsakodnevna-uporaba)
- [Procesiranje datotek in podatkov](#procesiranje-datotek-in-podatkov)
- [Sistemsko razhroščevanje](#system-debugging)
- [V eni vrstici](#one-liners)
- [Sistemsko razhroščevanje](#sistemsko-razhroscevanje)
- [V eni vrstici](#v-eni-vrstici)
- [Nepregledno vendar uporabno](#nejasno-vendar-uporabno)
- [Samo za MacOS](#samo-za-macos)
- [Več virov](#vec-virov)
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## Vsakodnevna uporaba
- In Bash, use **Tab** to complete arguments and **ctrl-r** to search through command history.
- V Bash-u uporabite **Tab** za dokončanje argumentov in **ctrl-r**, da iščete skozi zgodovino ukazov.
- In Bash, use **ctrl-w** to delete the last word, and **ctrl-u** to delete all the way back to the start of the line. Use **alt-b** and **alt-f** to move by word, **ctrl-k** to kill to the end of the line, **ctrl-l** to clear the screen. See `man readline` for all the default keybindings in Bash. There are a lot. For example **alt-.** cycles through previous arguments, and **alt-*** expands a glob.
- V Bash-u uporabite **ctrl-w**, da izbrišete zadnjo besedo in **ctrl-u**, da izbrišete vse do začetka vrstice. Uporabite **alt-b** in **alt-f**, da se premikate po besedah, **ctrl-k**, da ubijete do začetka vrstice, **ctrl-l**, da počistite zaslon. Glejte `man readline` za vse privzete vezave tipk v Bash-u. Na voljo jih je veliko. Na primer **alt-.** kroži skozi prejšnje argumente in **alt-*** razširi glob.
- Alternatively, if you love vi-style key-bindings, use `set -o vi`.
- Alternativno, če imate radi vi-stilske vezave tipk, uporabite `set -o vi`.
- To see recent commands, `history`. There are also many abbreviations such as `!$` (last argument) and `!!` last command, though these are often easily replaced with **ctrl-r** and **alt-.**.
- Da vidite nedavne ukaze, `history`. Na voljo je tudi veliko okrajšav, kot je `!$` (zadnji argument) in `!!` zadnji ukaz, čeprav so te pogostokrat enostavno zamenjani s **ctrl-r** in **alt-.**.
- To go back to the previous working directory: `cd -`
- Da greste nazaj na prejšnji delovni dirketorij: `cd -`
- If you are halfway through typing a command but change your mind, hit **alt-#** to add a `#` at the beginning and enter it as a comment (or use **ctrl-a**, **#**, **enter**). You can then return to it later via command history.
- Če ste na pol poti skozi vpisovanje ukaza, vendar si premislite, vtipkajte **alt-#**, da dodate `#` na začetek in ga vnesete kot komentar (ali uporabite **ctrl-a**, **#**, **enter**). Nato se lahko vrnete k njemu kasneje preko zgodovine ukazov.
- Use `xargs` (or `parallel`). It's very powerful. Note you can control how many items execute per line (`-L`) as well as parallelism (`-P`). If you're not sure if it'll do the right thing, use `xargs echo` first. Also, `-I{}` is handy. Examples:
- Uporabite `xargs` (ali `parallel`). Je zelo močan. Bodite pozorni, da lahko kontrolirate, kolikokrat izvršite na vrstico (`-L`) kot tudi paralelnost (`-P`). Če niste prepričani, da bo naredilo pravilno stvar, uporabite najprej `xargs echo`. Tudi `-I{}` je priročen. Primeri:
```bash
find . -name '*.py' | xargs grep some_function
cat hosts | xargs -I{} ssh root@{} hostname
```
- `pstree -p` is a helpful display of the process tree.
- `pstree -p` je priročen prikaz drevesa procesov.
- Use `pgrep` and `pkill` to find or signal processes by name (`-f` is helpful).
- Uporabite `pgrep` in `pkill`, da najdete ali signalizirate procese po imenu (`-f` je v pomoč).
- Know the various signals you can send processes. For example, to suspend a process, use `kill -STOP [pid]`. For the full list, see `man 7 signal`
- Vedite različne signale, katerim lahko pošljete procese. Na primer, da suspendirate proces, uporabite `kill -STOP [pid]`. Za celotni seznam glejte `man 7 signal`
- Use `nohup` or `disown` if you want a background process to keep running forever.
- Uporabite `nohup` ali `disown`, če želite proces iz ozadja, da vedno poteka.
- Check what processes are listening via `netstat -lntp` or `ss -plat` (for TCP; add `-u` for UDP).
- Preverite, kateri procesi se poslušajo preko `netstat -lntp` ali `ss -plat` (za TCP; dodajte `-u` za UDP).
- See also `lsof` for open sockets and files.
- Glejte tudi `lsof` za odprte priključke in datoteke.
- Use `alias` to create shortcuts for commonly used commands. For example, `alias ll='ls -latr'` creates a new alias `ll`.
- Uporabite `alias`, da ustvarite bližnjice za pogosto uporabljene ukaze. Na primer, `alias ll='ls -latr'` ustvari nov alias `ll`.
- In Bash scripts, use `set -x` for debugging output. Use strict modes whenever possible. Use `set -e` to abort on errors. Use `set -o pipefail` as well, to be strict about errors (though this topic is a bit subtle). For more involved scripts, also use `trap`.
- V skriptah Bash uporabite `set -x` za razhroščevanje izpisa. Uporabite striktni način, kadarkoli je možno. Uporabite `set -e`, da prekinete na napakah. Uporabite tudi `set -o pipefail`, da ste striktni glede napak (čeprav je ta tema nekoliko subtilna). Za bolj vključene skripte uporabite tudi `trap`.
- In Bash scripts, subshells (written with parentheses) are convenient ways to group commands. A common example is to temporarily move to a different working directory, e.g.
- V skriptah Bash so podlupine (napisane z oklepaji) priročen način za grupiranje ukazov. Skupen primer je začasno premakniti na različen delovni direktorij, npr.
```bash
# do something in current dir
(cd /some/other/dir && other-command)
# continue in original dir
```
- In Bash, note there are lots of kinds of variable expansion. Checking a variable exists: `${name:?error message}`. For example, if a Bash script requires a single argument, just write `input_file=${1:?usage: $0 input_file}`. Arithmetic expansion: `i=$(( (i + 1) % 5 ))`. Sequences: `{1..10}`. Trimming of strings: `${var%suffix}` and `${var#prefix}`. For example if `var=foo.pdf`, then `echo ${var%.pdf}.txt` prints `foo.txt`.
- V Bash-u bodite pozorni, saj je veliko vrst razširjenih spremenljivk. Preverjanje, če spremenljivka obstaja: `${name:?error message}`. Na primer, če skripta Bash zahteva en argument, samo napišite `input_file=${1:?usage: $0 input_file}`. Aritmetična raširitev: `i=$(( (i + 1) % 5 ))`. Sekvence: `{1..10}`. Obrezovanje nizov: `${var%suffix}` in `${var#prefix}`. Na primer, če je `var=foo.pdf`, potem `echo ${var%.pdf}.txt` izpiše `foo.txt`.
- The output of a command can be treated like a file via `<(some command)`. For example, compare local `/etc/hosts` with a remote one:
- Izpis ukaza se lahko tretira kot datoteko preko `<(some command)`. Na primer, primerjajte lokalno `/etc/hosts` z oddaljeno:
```sh
diff /etc/hosts <(ssh somehost cat /etc/hosts)
```
- Know about "here documents" in Bash, as in `cat <<EOF ...`.
- Spoznajte "here dokumente" v Bash-u, kot pri `cat <<EOF ...`.
- In Bash, redirect both standard output and standard error via: `some-command >logfile 2>&1`. Often, to ensure a command does not leave an open file handle to standard input, tying it to the terminal you are in, it is also good practice to add `</dev/null`.
- V Bash-u je preusmeritev obeh standardov izpisa in standardnih napak preko: `some-command >logfile 2>&1`. Pogosto zagotavlja, da ukaz ne pusti ročaja odprte datoteke za standardni vnos, kar ga veže na terminal v katerem se nahajate, je tudi dobra praksa, da dodate `</dev/null`.
- Use `man ascii` for a good ASCII table, with hex and decimal values. For general encoding info, `man unicode`, `man utf-8`, and `man latin1` are helpful.
- Uporabite `man ascii` za dobro tabelo ASCII s heksadecimalnimi in decimalnimi vrednostmi. Za splošne informacije enkodiranja so priročni `man unicode`, `man utf-8` in `man latin1`.
- Use `screen` or [`tmux`](https://tmux.github.io/) to multiplex the screen, especially useful on remote ssh sessions and to detach and re-attach to a session. A more minimal alternative for session persistence only is `dtach`.
- Uporabite `screen` ali [`tmux`](https://tmux.github.io/), da muliplicirate zaslon, posebej uporabno na oddaljenih sejah ssh in da odstranite in se ponovno pripnete k seji. Bolj minimalna alternativa za samo obstojnost sej je `dtach`.
- In ssh, knowing how to port tunnel with `-L` or `-D` (and occasionally `-R`) is useful, e.g. to access web sites from a remote server.
- V ssh je poznavanje, kako usmeriti tunel z `-L` ali `-D` (in občasno `-R`) je uporaben, npr. za dostopanje do spletnih strani iz oddaljenega strežnika.
- It can be useful to make a few optimizations to your ssh configuration; for example, this `~/.ssh/config` contains settings to avoid dropped connections in certain network environments, use compression (which is helpful with scp over low-bandwidth connections), and multiplex channels to the same server with a local control file:
- Lahko je uporabno, da se naredi nekaj optimizacij na vaših nastavitvah ssh; na primer, ta `~/.ssh/config` vsebuje nastavitve za izogib padle povezave v določenih okoljih omrežja, uporabite kompresijo (ki je v pomoč s scp preko nizko pasovnih povezav) in multiplicirajte kanale na isti strežnik z lokalno krmilno datoteko:
```
TCPKeepAlive=yes
ServerAliveInterval=15
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ControlPersist yes
```
- A few other options relevant to ssh are security sensitive and should be enabled with care, e.g. per subnet or host or in trusted networks: `StrictHostKeyChecking=no`, `ForwardAgent=yes`
- Nekaj ostalih opcij relevantnih za ssh so varnostno občutljive in bi morale biti omogočene s pazljivostjo, npr. na subnet ali gostitelja ali v zaupljivih omrežjih: `StrictHostKeyChecking=no`, `ForwardAgent=yes`
- To get the permissions on a file in octal form, which is useful for system configuration but not available in `ls` and easy to bungle, use something like
- Da dobite pravice na datoteki v osmiškem zapisu, ki je uporaben za nastavitve sistema vendar ni na voljo pri `ls` in enostaven za mešanje, uporabite nekaj takega kot je
```sh
stat -c '%A %a %n' /etc/timezone
```
- For interactive selection of values from the output of another command, use [`percol`](https://github.com/mooz/percol) or [`fzf`](https://github.com/junegunn/fzf).
- Za interaktivno izbiro vrednosti iz izpisa drugega ukaza, uporabite [`percol`](https://github.com/mooz/percol) ali [`fzf`](https://github.com/junegunn/fzf).
- For interaction with files based on the output of another command (like `git`), use `fpp` ([PathPicker](https://github.com/facebook/PathPicker)).
- Za interakcijo z datotekami osnovanimi na izpisu drugega ukaza (kot je `git`), uporabite `fpp` ([PathPicker](https://github.com/facebook/PathPicker)).
- For a simple web server for all files in the current directory (and subdirs), available to anyone on your network, use:
`python -m SimpleHTTPServer 7777` (for port 7777 and Python 2) and `python -m http.server 7777` (for port 7777 and Python 3).
- Za enostaven spletni strežnik za vse datoteke v trenutnem direktoriju (in poddirektorijih), ki so na voljo komurkoli v vašem omrežju, uporabite:
`python -m SimpleHTTPServer 7777` (za port 7777 in Python 2) in `python -m http.server 7777` (za port 7777 in Python 3).
- For running a command with privileges, use `sudo` (for root) or `sudo -u` (for another user). Use `su` or `sudo bash` to actually run a shell as that user. Use `su -` to simulate a fresh login as root or another user.
- Za poogn ukaza s privilegiji, uporabite `sudo` (za root) ali `sudo -u` (za drugega uporabnika). Uporabite `su` ali `sudo bash`, da dejansko poženete lupino kot ta uporabnik. Uporabite `su -`, da simulirate svežo prijavo kot root ali drug uporabnik.
## Procesiranje datotek in podatkov