[](https://gitter.im/jlevy/the-art-of-command-line?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge)
- [Meta](#meta)
- [Basics](#basics)
- [Everyday use](#everyday-use)
- [Processing files and data](#processing-files-and-data)
커맨드라인을 능숙하게 다루는것은 도외시되거나 신비스럽게 여겨집니다. 하지만 커맨드라인은 명백하고도 미묘한 방법으로 엔지니어가 하는 작업의 유연성과 생산성을 향상시십니다. 이 문서는 리눅스에서 작업을 하면서 찾은 노트와 팁들의 모음입니다. 몇 가지는 기초적이고, 몇가지는 상당히 구체적이며, 세련되고, 잘 알려지지 않은 것입니다. 이 문서는 그리 길지 않지만, 여기 있는 모든것을 사용할 수 있게 되고, 기억해낼 수 있게 된다면, 많은 것을 알게되는 것입니다.
하지만 거기에 관심을 가지기보다, Github를 이용하는 것이 더 가치있는 것처럼 보입니다. 여기엔 더 재능있는 사람들이 손쉽게 개선안을 제안할 수 있는 곳이죠. 만약 문제가 있거나, 더 나아질 수 있는 내용이 보인다면, 이슈를 제출하거나 풀 리퀘스트를 보내주세요! (물론 meta 섹션과 이미 존재하는 풀 리퀘스트와 이슈를 봐주기를 바랍니다.)
- 이 가이드는 초심자와 경험자 모두를 위한 것입니다. 목표는 범위(전부 다 중요합니다!), 구체성(대부분의 일반적인 케이스에 대한 구체적인 예제), 그리고 간결함(쉽게 마주치지 않는, 중요하지 않고, 지엽적인 것을 피함) 입니다. 모든 팁은 특정 상황에서 매우 중요하거나, 여러 대안들 사이에서의 시간을 확연하게 절약합니다.
- 이 문서는 리눅스를 위한것입니다. 일부는 MacOS에서 똑같이 적용되지 않습니다(Cygwin에서 조차 말이죠).
- 인터랙티브 Bash에 초점이 맞추어져있습니다만, 대부분의 팁은 다른 쉘이나, general Bash 스크립트에서도 동작합니다.
- 이 문서를 한 파일로 유지하기 위해서, 컨텐츠들은 암시적인 레퍼런스 형태로 포함되어있습니다. 한 개념이나 명령어에 대해 알게 된 후에, 다른곳에서 그에대한 좀 더 자세한 정보를 찾을 수 있을만큼 당신은 똑똑할것입니다. `apt-get`, `yum`, `dnf`, `pacman`, `pip`, `brew` (혹은 적절한 다른 것)을 이용해 새 프로그램을 설치하세요.
- 기본 Bash를 배우세요. 말하자면, 최소한 `man bash`를 실행하고, 전부를 훑어 보세요. 매뉴얼의 내용은 따라가기 쉬우며 그리 길지 않습니다. 다른 쉘들 또한 좋습니다만, Bash는 강력하고 언제나 사용가능합니다( *오직* zsh, fish, 그 외의 쉘만을 당신의 노트북에서 시도하면서 배우는 경우에는, 많은 경우 제한이 생길것입니다. 이미 존재하는 서버를 사용하는 것등의 일에서 말이죠).
-`man`을 이용해서 문서를 읽는 법을 배우세요(호기심 많은 사람을 위해서 하는 얘기입니다만, `man man`은 섹션 번호들의 목록을 표시합니다. 예를 들어 1은 "regular" 커맨드, 5는 files/conventions, 그리고 8은 administration이죠). `apropos`를 히용해서 man 페이지를 찾으세요. 몇몇 커맨드는 실행가능한 커맨드가 아니라는 것을 알아두세요. 하지만 Bash 빌트인 함수들은 `help`와 `help -d`를 이용해서 도움말을 볼 수 있습니다.
- 기본 파일 관리: `ls`와 `ls -l`(특별히, `ls -l`에서 각각의 열이 무슨 의미인지 배우세요), `less`, `head`, `tail` 그리고 `tail -f`(또는 더 좋은 `less +F`), `ln`과 `ln -s`(하드 링크와 소프트 링크의 차이와 각각의 장단점을 배우세요), `chown`, `chmod`, `du`( 디스크 사용량의 빠른 요약을 보려면 `du -hk *`). 파일 시스템 관리를 위해서는 `df`, `mount`, `fdisk`, `mkfs`, `lsblk`.
-`apt-get`, `yum`, `dnf` 또는 `pacman`을 이용하여 패키지를 찾고 설치하는 법을 배우세요. 그리고 `pip`가 설치되어있는지 확인해서, 파이선 기반의 커맨드 라인 도구를 설치할 수 있도록 하세요(밑에 설명된 것중 몇가지는 `pip`를 이용해 설치하는게 제일 쉽습니다.
- Bash에서 **ctrl-w**는 마지막 단어를 지웁니다. **ctrl-u**는 라인의 처음까지 전부다 지웁니다. **alt-b**와 **alt-f**를 이용해서 단어 단위로 이동할 수 있습니다. **ctrl-k**는 커서 위치부터 라인의 끝까지 지웁니다. **ctrl-l**은 화면을 깨끗하게 합니다. `man readline`을 이용해서 Bash의 기본 키 조합을 살펴보세요. 많은 것이 있습니다. 예를 들면 **alt-.**같은 경우, 이건 argument를 돌아가면서 나타내고 **alt-***는 글롭을 확장합니다.
- 커맨드를 타이핑 하던 도중에 마음이 바뀌었다면, **alt-#**을 쳐서 시작점에 `#`을 삽입하고, 엔터를 쳐서 코멘트로 여겨지게 하세요(또는 **ctrl-a**, **#**, **enter**). 나중에 커맨드 히스토리에서 찾아서 타이핑 중이었던 커맨드로 돌아올 수 있습니다.
-`xargs`(혹은 `parallel`)를 사용하세요. 매우 강력합니다. 라인당 몇개의 아이템이 실행되게 할 것인지(`-L`) 그걸 병렬로 할 것인지(`-P`)를 제어할 수 있다는걸 기억하세요. 제대로 하고있는지 확신할 수 없다면 `xargs echo`를 먼저 실행해보세요. 또 `-I{}`도 간편합니다. 예시:
-`pstree -p` is a helpful display of the process tree.
- Use `pgrep` and `pkill` to find or signal processes by name (`-f` is helpful).
- Know the various signals you can send processes. For example, to suspend a process, use `kill -STOP [pid]`. For the full list, see `man 7 signal`
- Use `nohup` or `disown` if you want a background process to keep running forever.
- Check what processes are listening via `netstat -lntp` or `ss -plat` (for TCP; add `-u` for UDP).
- See also `lsof` for open sockets and files.
- In Bash scripts, use `set -x` for debugging output. Use strict modes whenever possible. Use `set -e` to abort on errors. Use `set -o pipefail` as well, to be strict about errors (though this topic is a bit subtle). For more involved scripts, also use `trap`.
- In Bash scripts, subshells (written with parentheses) are convenient ways to group commands. A common example is to temporarily move to a different working directory, e.g.
```bash
# do something in current dir
(cd /some/other/dir && other-command)
# continue in original dir
```
- In Bash, note there are lots of kinds of variable expansion. Checking a variable exists: `${name:?error message}`. For example, if a Bash script requires a single argument, just write `input_file=${1:?usage: $0 input_file}`. Arithmetic expansion: `i=$(( (i + 1) % 5 ))`. Sequences: `{1..10}`. Trimming of strings: `${var%suffix}` and `${var#prefix}`. For example if `var=foo.pdf`, then `echo ${var%.pdf}.txt` prints `foo.txt`.
- The output of a command can be treated like a file via `<(some command)`. For example, compare local `/etc/hosts` with a remote one:
```sh
diff /etc/hosts <(ssh somehost cat /etc/hosts)
```
- Know about "here documents" in Bash, as in `cat <<EOF ...`.
- In Bash, redirect both standard output and standard error via: `some-command >logfile 2>&1`. Often, to ensure a command does not leave an open file handle to standard input, tying it to the terminal you are in, it is also good practice to add `</dev/null`.
- Use `man ascii` for a good ASCII table, with hex and decimal values. For general encoding info, `man unicode`, `man utf-8`, and `man latin1` are helpful.
- Use `screen` or [`tmux`](https://tmux.github.io/) to multiplex the screen, especially useful on remote ssh sessions and to detach and re-attach to a session. A more minimal alternative for session persistence only is `dtach`.
- In ssh, knowing how to port tunnel with `-L` or `-D` (and occasionally `-R`) is useful, e.g. to access web sites from a remote server.
- It can be useful to make a few optimizations to your ssh configuration; for example, this `~/.ssh/config` contains settings to avoid dropped connections in certain network environments, use compression (which is helpful with scp over low-bandwidth connections), and multiplex channels to the same server with a local control file:
```
TCPKeepAlive=yes
ServerAliveInterval=15
ServerAliveCountMax=6
Compression=yes
ControlMaster auto
ControlPath /tmp/%r@%h:%p
ControlPersist yes
```
- A few other options relevant to ssh are security sensitive and should be enabled with care, e.g. per subnet or host or in trusted networks: `StrictHostKeyChecking=no`, `ForwardAgent=yes`
- To get the permissions on a file in octal form, which is useful for system configuration but not available in `ls` and easy to bungle, use something like
```sh
stat -c '%A %a %n' /etc/timezone
```
- For interactive selection of values from the output of another command, use [`percol`](https://github.com/mooz/percol).
- For interaction with files based on the output of another command (like `git`), use `fpp` ([PathPicker](https://github.com/facebook/PathPicker)).
- For a simple web server for all files in the current directory (and subdirs), available to anyone on your network, use:
`python -m SimpleHTTPServer 7777` (for port 7777 and Python 2) and `python -m http.server 7777` (for port 7777 and Python 3).
## Processing files and data
- To locate a file by name in the current directory, `find . -iname '*something*'` (or similar). To find a file anywhere by name, use `locate something` (but bear in mind `updatedb` may not have indexed recently created files).
- For general searching through source or data files (more advanced than `grep -r`), use [`ag`](https://github.com/ggreer/the_silver_searcher).
- To convert HTML to text: `lynx -dump -stdin`
- For Markdown, HTML, and all kinds of document conversion, try [`pandoc`](http://pandoc.org/).
- If you must handle XML, `xmlstarlet` is old but good.
- For JSON, use `jq`.
- For Excel or CSV files, [csvkit](https://github.com/onyxfish/csvkit) provides `in2csv`, `csvcut`, `csvjoin`, `csvgrep`, etc.
- For Amazon S3, [`s3cmd`](https://github.com/s3tools/s3cmd) is convenient and [`s4cmd`](https://github.com/bloomreach/s4cmd) is faster. Amazon's [`aws`](https://github.com/aws/aws-cli) is essential for other AWS-related tasks.
- Know about `sort` and `uniq`, including uniq's `-u` and `-d` options -- see one-liners below. See also `comm`.
- Know about `cut`, `paste`, and `join` to manipulate text files. Many people use `cut` but forget about `join`.
- Know about `wc` to count newlines (`-l`), characters (`-m`), words (`-w`) and bytes (`-c`).
- Know about `tee` to copy from stdin to a file and also to stdout, as in `ls -al | tee file.txt`.
- Know that locale affects a lot of command line tools in subtle ways, including sorting order (collation) and performance. Most Linux installations will set `LANG` or other locale variables to a local setting like US English. But be aware sorting will change if you change locale. And know i18n routines can make sort or other commands run *many times* slower. In some situations (such as the set operations or uniqueness operations below) you can safely ignore slow i18n routines entirely and use traditional byte-based sort order, using `export LC_ALL=C`.
- Know basic `awk` and `sed` for simple data munging. For example, summing all numbers in the third column of a text file: `awk '{ x += $3 } END { print x }'`. This is probably 3X faster and 3X shorter than equivalent Python.
- To replace all occurrences of a string in place, in one or more files:
- To rename many files at once according to a pattern, use `rename`. For complex renames, [`repren`](https://github.com/jlevy/repren) may help.
```sh
# Recover backup files foo.bak -> foo:
rename 's/\.bak$//' *.bak
# Full rename of filenames, directories, and contents foo -> bar:
repren --full --preserve-case --from foo --to bar .
```
- Use `shuf` to shuffle or select random lines from a file.
- Know `sort`'s options. Know how keys work (`-t` and `-k`). In particular, watch out that you need to write `-k1,1` to sort by only the first field; `-k1` means sort according to the whole line. Stable sort (`sort -s`) can be useful. For example, to sort first by field 2, then secondarily by field 1, you can use `sort -k1,1 | sort -s -k2,2`. For handling human-readable numbers (e.g. from `du -h`) use `sort -h`.
- If you ever need to write a tab literal in a command line in Bash (e.g. for the -t argument to sort), press **ctrl-v****[Tab]** or write `$'\t'` (the latter is better as you can copy/paste it).
- The standard tools for patching source code are `diff` and `patch`. See also `diffstat` for summary statistics of a diff. Note `diff -r` works for entire directories. Use `diff -r tree1 tree2 | diffstat` for a summary of changes.
- For binary files, use `hd` for simple hex dumps and `bvi` for binary editing.
- Also for binary files, `strings` (plus `grep`, etc.) lets you find bits of text.
- For binary diffs (delta compression), use `xdelta3`.
- To convert text encodings, try `iconv`. Or `uconv` for more advanced use; it supports some advanced Unicode things. For example, this command lowercases and removes all accents (by expanding and dropping them):
- To split files into pieces, see `split` (to split by size) and `csplit` (to split by a pattern).
- Use `zless`, `zmore`, `zcat`, and `zgrep` to operate on compressed files.
## System debugging
- For web debugging, `curl` and `curl -I` are handy, or their `wget` equivalents, or the more modern [`httpie`](https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie).
- To know disk/cpu/network status, use `iostat`, `netstat`, `top` (or the better `htop`), and (especially) `dstat`. Good for getting a quick idea of what's happening on a system.
- For a more in-depth system overview, use [`glances`](https://github.com/nicolargo/glances). It presents you with several system level statistics in one terminal window. Very helpful for quickly checking on various subsystems.
- To know memory status, run and understand the output of `free` and `vmstat`. In particular, be aware the "cached" value is memory held by the Linux kernel as file cache, so effectively counts toward the "free" value.
- Java system debugging is a different kettle of fish, but a simple trick on Oracle's and some other JVMs is that you can run `kill -3 <pid>` and a full stack trace and heap summary (including generational garbage collection details, which can be highly informative) will be dumped to stderr/logs.
- Use `mtr` as a better traceroute, to identify network issues.
- For looking at why a disk is full, `ncdu` saves time over the usual commands like `du -sh *`.
- To find which socket or process is using bandwidth, try `iftop` or `nethogs`.
- The `ab` tool (comes with Apache) is helpful for quick-and-dirty checking of web server performance. For more complex load testing, try `siege`.
- For more serious network debugging, `wireshark`, `tshark`, or `ngrep`.
- Know about `strace` and `ltrace`. These can be helpful if a program is failing, hanging, or crashing, and you don't know why, or if you want to get a general idea of performance. Note the profiling option (`-c`), and the ability to attach to a running process (`-p`).
- Know about `ldd` to check shared libraries etc.
- Know how to connect to a running process with `gdb` and get its stack traces.
- Use `/proc`. It's amazingly helpful sometimes when debugging live problems. Examples: `/proc/cpuinfo`, `/proc/xxx/cwd`, `/proc/xxx/exe`, `/proc/xxx/fd/`, `/proc/xxx/smaps`.
- When debugging why something went wrong in the past, `sar` can be very helpful. It shows historic statistics on CPU, memory, network, etc.
- For deeper systems and performance analyses, look at `stap` ([SystemTap](https://sourceware.org/systemtap/wiki)), [`perf`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perf_(Linux)), and [`sysdig`](https://github.com/draios/sysdig).
- Confirm what Linux distribution you're using (works on most distros): `lsb_release -a`
- Use `dmesg` whenever something's acting really funny (it could be hardware or driver issues).
## One-liners
A few examples of piecing together commands:
- It is remarkably helpful sometimes that you can do set intersection, union, and difference of text files via `sort`/`uniq`. Suppose `a` and `b` are text files that are already uniqued. This is fast, and works on files of arbitrary size, up to many gigabytes. (Sort is not limited by memory, though you may need to use the `-T` option if `/tmp` is on a small root partition.) See also the note about `LC_ALL` above and `sort`'s `-u` option (left out for clarity below).
```sh
cat a b | sort | uniq > c # c is a union b
cat a b | sort | uniq -d > c # c is a intersect b
cat a b b | sort | uniq -u > c # c is set difference a - b
```
- Use `grep . *` to visually examine all contents of all files in a directory, e.g. for directories filled with config settings, like `/sys`, `/proc`, `/etc`.
- Summing all numbers in the third column of a text file (this is probably 3X faster and 3X less code than equivalent Python):
```sh
awk '{ x += $3 } END { print x }' myfile
```
- If want to see sizes/dates on a tree of files, this is like a recursive `ls -l` but is easier to read than `ls -lR`:
```sh
find . -type f -ls
```
- Use `xargs` or `parallel` whenever you can. Note you can control how many items execute per line (`-L`) as well as parallelism (`-P`). If you're not sure if it'll do the right thing, use xargs echo first. Also, `-I{}` is handy. Examples:
```sh
find . -name '*.py' | xargs grep some_function
cat hosts | xargs -I{} ssh root@{} hostname
```
- Say you have a text file, like a web server log, and a certain value that appears on some lines, such as an `acct_id` parameter that is present in the URL. If you want a tally of how many requests for each `acct_id`:
With the exception of very small tasks, code is written so others can read it. With power comes responsibility. The fact you *can* do something in Bash doesn't necessarily mean you should! ;)
