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<h1 id="35">3.5. &nbsp; 小结<a class="headerlink" href="#35" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<p><strong>数据结构分类</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>数据结构可以从逻辑结构和物理结构两个角度进行分类。逻辑结构描述了数据元素之间的逻辑关系，而物理结构描述了数据在计算机内存中的存储方式。</li>
<li>常见的逻辑结构包括线性、树状和网状等。通常我们根据逻辑结构将数据结构分为线性（数组、链表、栈、队列）和非线性（树、图、堆）两种。哈希表的实现可能同时包含线性和非线性结构。</li>
<li>当程序运行时，数据被存储在计算机内存中。每个内存空间都拥有对应的内存地址，程序通过这些内存地址访问数据。</li>
<li>物理结构主要分为连续空间存储（数组）和离散空间存储（链表）。所有数据结构都是由数组、链表或两者的组合实现的。</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>数据类型与编码</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>计算机中的基本数据类型包括整数 byte, short, int, long 、浮点数 float, double 、字符 char 和布尔 boolean 。它们的取值范围取决于占用空间大小和表示方式。</li>
<li>原码、反码和补码是在计算机中编码数字的三种方法，它们之间是可以相互转换的。整数的原码的最高位是符号位，其余位是数字的值。</li>
<li>整数在计算机中是以补码的形式存储的。在补码表示下，计算机可以对正数和负数的加法一视同仁，不需要为减法操作单独设计特殊的硬件电路，并且不存在正负零歧义的问题。</li>
<li>浮点数的编码由 1 位符号位、8 位指数位和 23 位分数位构成。由于存在指数位，浮点数的取值范围远大于整数，代价是牺牲了精度。</li>
<li>ASCII 码是最早出现的英文字符集，长度为 1 字节，共收录 127 个字符。GBK 字符集是常用的中文字符集，共收录两万多个汉字。Unicode 致力于提供一个完整的字符集标准，收录世界内各种语言的字符，从而解决由于字符编码方法不一致而导致的乱码问题。</li>
<li>UTF-8 是最受欢迎的 Unicode 编码方法，通用性非常好。它是一种变长的编码方法，具有很好的扩展性，有效提升了存储空间的使用效率。UTF-16 和 UTF-32 是等长的编码方法。在编码中文时，UTF-16 比 UTF-8 的占用空间更小。Java, C# 等编程语言默认使用 UTF-16 编码。</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="351-q-a">3.5.1. &nbsp; Q &amp; A<a class="headerlink" href="#351-q-a" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<div class="admonition question">
<p class="admonition-title">为什么哈希表同时包含线性数据结构和非线性数据结构？</p>
<p>哈希表底层是数组，而为了解决哈希冲突，我们可能会使用“拉链法”（后续散列表章节会讲）。在拉链法中，数组中每个地址（桶）指向一个链表；当这个链表长度超过一定阈值时，又可能被转化为树（通常为红黑树）。因此，哈希表可能同时包含线性（数组、链表）和非线性（树）数据结构。</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition question">
<p class="admonition-title">char 类型的长度是 1 bytes 吗？</p>
<p>这个与编程语言采用的编码方法有关。例如，Java, JS, TS, C# 都采用 UTF-16 编码（保存 Unicode 码点），因此 char 类型的长度为 2 bytes 。</p>
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