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<h1 id="34">3.4 &nbsp; 字符编码 *<a class="headerlink" href="#34" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<p>在计算机中,所有数据都是以二进制数的形式存储的,字符 <code>char</code> 也不例外。为了表示字符,我们需要建立一套“字符集”,规定每个字符和二进制数之间的一一对应关系。有了字符集之后,计算机就可以通过查表完成二进制数到字符的转换。</p>
<h2 id="341-ascii">3.4.1 &nbsp; ASCII 字符集<a class="headerlink" href="#341-ascii" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>「ASCII 码」是最早出现的字符集,其全称为 American Standard Code for Information Interchange美国标准信息交换代码。它使用 7 位二进制数(一个字节的低 7 位)表示一个字符,最多能够表示 128 个不同的字符。如图 3-6 所示ASCII 码包括英文字母的大小写、数字 0 ~ 9、一些标点符号以及一些控制字符如换行符和制表符</p>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../character_encoding.assets/ascii_table.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="ASCII 码" class="animation-figure" src="../character_encoding.assets/ascii_table.png" /></a></p>
<p align="center"> 图 3-6 &nbsp; ASCII 码 </p>
<p>然而,<strong>ASCII 码仅能够表示英文</strong>。随着计算机的全球化诞生了一种能够表示更多语言的字符集「EASCII」。它在 ASCII 的 7 位基础上扩展到 8 位,能够表示 256 个不同的字符。</p>
<p>在世界范围内,陆续出现了一批适用于不同地区的 EASCII 字符集。这些字符集的前 128 个字符统一为 ASCII 码,后 128 个字符定义不同,以适应不同语言的需求。</p>
<h2 id="342-gbk">3.4.2 &nbsp; GBK 字符集<a class="headerlink" href="#342-gbk" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>后来人们发现,<strong>EASCII 码仍然无法满足许多语言的字符数量要求</strong>。比如汉字有近十万个,光日常使用的就有几千个。中国国家标准总局于 1980 年发布了「GB2312」字符集其收录了 6763 个汉字,基本满足了汉字的计算机处理需要。</p>
<p>然而GB2312 无法处理部分罕见字和繁体字。「GBK」字符集是在 GB2312 的基础上扩展得到的,它共收录了 21886 个汉字。在 GBK 的编码方案中ASCII 字符使用一个字节表示,汉字使用两个字节表示。</p>
<h2 id="343-unicode">3.4.3 &nbsp; Unicode 字符集<a class="headerlink" href="#343-unicode" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>随着计算机技术的蓬勃发展,字符集与编码标准百花齐放,而这带来了许多问题。一方面,这些字符集一般只定义了特定语言的字符,无法在多语言环境下正常工作。另一方面,同一种语言存在多种字符集标准,如果两台计算机使用的是不同的编码标准,则在信息传递时就会出现乱码。</p>
<p>那个时代的研究人员就在想:<strong>如果推出一个足够完整的字符集,将世界范围内的所有语言和符号都收录其中,不就可以解决跨语言环境和乱码问题了吗</strong>?在这种想法的驱动下,一个大而全的字符集 Unicode 应运而生。</p>
<p>「Unicode」的中文名称为“统一码”理论上能容纳 100 多万个字符。它致力于将全球范围内的字符纳入统一的字符集之中,提供一种通用的字符集来处理和显示各种语言文字,减少因为编码标准不同而产生的乱码问题。</p>
<p>自 1991 年发布以来Unicode 不断扩充新的语言与字符。截至 2022 年 9 月Unicode 已经包含 149186 个字符,包括各种语言的字符、符号甚至表情符号等。在庞大的 Unicode 字符集中,常用的字符占用 2 字节,有些生僻的字符占用 3 字节甚至 4 字节。</p>
<p>Unicode 是一种通用字符集,本质上是给每个字符分配一个编号(称为“码点”),<strong>但它并没有规定在计算机中如何存储这些字符码点</strong>。我们不禁会问:当多种长度的 Unicode 码点同时出现在一个文本中时,系统如何解析字符?例如给定一个长度为 2 字节的编码,系统如何确认它是一个 2 字节的字符还是两个 1 字节的字符?</p>
<p>对于以上问题,<strong>一种直接的解决方案是将所有字符存储为等长的编码</strong>。如图 3-7 所示“Hello”中的每个字符占用 1 字节,“算法”中的每个字符占用 2 字节。我们可以通过高位填 0 将“Hello 算法”中的所有字符都编码为 2 字节长度。这样系统就可以每隔 2 字节解析一个字符,恢复这个短语的内容了。</p>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../character_encoding.assets/unicode_hello_algo.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Unicode 编码示例" class="animation-figure" src="../character_encoding.assets/unicode_hello_algo.png" /></a></p>
<p align="center"> 图 3-7 &nbsp; Unicode 编码示例 </p>
<p>然而 ASCII 码已经向我们证明,编码英文只需 1 字节。若采用上述方案,英文文本占用空间的大小将会是 ASCII 编码下的两倍,非常浪费内存空间。因此,我们需要一种更加高效的 Unicode 编码方法。</p>
<h2 id="344-utf-8">3.4.4 &nbsp; UTF-8 编码<a class="headerlink" href="#344-utf-8" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>目前UTF-8 已成为国际上使用最广泛的 Unicode 编码方法。<strong>它是一种可变长度的编码</strong>,使用 1 到 4 字节来表示一个字符根据字符的复杂性而变。ASCII 字符只需 1 字节,拉丁字母和希腊字母需要 2 字节,常用的中文字符需要 3 字节,其他的一些生僻字符需要 4 字节。</p>
<p>UTF-8 的编码规则并不复杂,分为以下两种情况。</p>
<ul>
<li>对于长度为 1 字节的字符,将最高位设置为 <span class="arithmatex">\(0\)</span> ,其余 7 位设置为 Unicode 码点。值得注意的是ASCII 字符在 Unicode 字符集中占据了前 128 个码点。也就是说,<strong>UTF-8 编码可以向下兼容 ASCII 码</strong>。这意味着我们可以使用 UTF-8 来解析年代久远的 ASCII 码文本。</li>
<li>对于长度为 <span class="arithmatex">\(n\)</span> 字节的字符(其中 <span class="arithmatex">\(n &gt; 1\)</span>),将首个字节的高 <span class="arithmatex">\(n\)</span> 位都设置为 <span class="arithmatex">\(1\)</span> ,第 <span class="arithmatex">\(n + 1\)</span> 位设置为 <span class="arithmatex">\(0\)</span> ;从第二个字节开始,将每个字节的高 2 位都设置为 <span class="arithmatex">\(10\)</span> ;其余所有位用于填充字符的 Unicode 码点。</li>
</ul>
<p>图 3-8 展示了“Hello算法”对应的 UTF-8 编码。观察发现,由于最高 <span class="arithmatex">\(n\)</span> 位都设置为 <span class="arithmatex">\(1\)</span> ,因此系统可以通过读取最高位 <span class="arithmatex">\(1\)</span> 的个数来解析出字符的长度为 <span class="arithmatex">\(n\)</span></p>
<p>但为什么要将其余所有字节的高 2 位都设置为 <span class="arithmatex">\(10\)</span> 呢?实际上,这个 <span class="arithmatex">\(10\)</span> 能够起到校验符的作用。假设系统从一个错误的字节开始解析文本,字节头部的 <span class="arithmatex">\(10\)</span> 能够帮助系统快速判断出异常。</p>
<p>之所以将 <span class="arithmatex">\(10\)</span> 当作校验符,是因为在 UTF-8 编码规则下,不可能有字符的最高两位是 <span class="arithmatex">\(10\)</span> 。这个结论可以用反证法来证明:假设一个字符的最高两位是 <span class="arithmatex">\(10\)</span> ,说明该字符的长度为 <span class="arithmatex">\(1\)</span> ,对应 ASCII 码。而 ASCII 码的最高位应该是 <span class="arithmatex">\(0\)</span> ,与假设矛盾。</p>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../character_encoding.assets/utf-8_hello_algo.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="UTF-8 编码示例" class="animation-figure" src="../character_encoding.assets/utf-8_hello_algo.png" /></a></p>
<p align="center"> 图 3-8 &nbsp; UTF-8 编码示例 </p>
<p>除了 UTF-8 之外,常见的编码方式还包括以下两种。</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>UTF-16 编码</strong>:使用 2 或 4 字节来表示一个字符。所有的 ASCII 字符和常用的非英文字符,都用 2 字节表示;少数字符需要用到 4 字节表示。对于 2 字节的字符UTF-16 编码与 Unicode 码点相等。</li>
<li><strong>UTF-32 编码</strong>:每个字符都使用 4 字节。这意味着 UTF-32 比 UTF-8 和 UTF-16 更占用空间,特别是对于 ASCII 字符占比较高的文本。</li>
</ul>
<p>从存储空间占用的角度看,使用 UTF-8 表示英文字符非常高效,因为它仅需 1 字节;使用 UTF-16 编码某些非英文字符(例如中文)会更加高效,因为它仅需 2 字节,而 UTF-8 可能需要 3 字节。</p>
<p>从兼容性的角度看UTF-8 的通用性最佳,许多工具和库优先支持 UTF-8 。</p>
<h2 id="345">3.4.5 &nbsp; 编程语言的字符编码<a class="headerlink" href="#345" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>对于以往的大多数编程语言,程序运行中的字符串都采用 UTF-16 或 UTF-32 这类等长的编码。在等长编码下,我们可以将字符串看作数组来处理,这种做法具有以下优点。</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>随机访问</strong>UTF-16 编码的字符串可以很容易地进行随机访问。UTF-8 是一种变长编码,要想找到第 <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> 个字符,我们需要从字符串的开始处遍历到第 <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> 个字符,这需要 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(n)\)</span> 的时间。</li>
<li><strong>字符计数</strong>:与随机访问类似,计算 UTF-16 编码的字符串的长度也是 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(1)\)</span> 的操作。但是,计算 UTF-8 编码的字符串的长度需要遍历整个字符串。</li>
<li><strong>字符串操作</strong>:在 UTF-16 编码的字符串上,很多字符串操作(如分割、连接、插入、删除等)更容易进行。在 UTF-8 编码的字符串上,进行这些操作通常需要额外的计算,以确保不会产生无效的 UTF-8 编码。</li>
</ul>
<p>实际上,编程语言的字符编码方案设计是一个很有趣的话题,涉及许多因素。</p>
<ul>
<li>Java 的 <code>String</code> 类型使用 UTF-16 编码,每个字符占用 2 字节。这是因为 Java 语言设计之初,人们认为 16 位足以表示所有可能的字符。然而,这是一个不正确的判断。后来 Unicode 规范扩展到了超过 16 位,所以 Java 中的字符现在可能由一对 16 位的值(称为“代理对”)表示。</li>
<li>JavaScript 和 TypeScript 的字符串使用 UTF-16 编码的原因与 Java 类似。当 1995 年 Netscape 公司首次推出 JavaScript 语言时Unicode 还处于发展早期,那时候使用 16 位的编码就足以表示所有的 Unicode 字符了。</li>
<li>C# 使用 UTF-16 编码,主要是因为 .NET 平台是由 Microsoft 设计的,而 Microsoft 的很多技术(包括 Windows 操作系统)都广泛使用 UTF-16 编码。</li>
</ul>
<p>由于以上编程语言对字符数量的低估,它们不得不采取“代理对”的方式来表示超过 16 位长度的 Unicode 字符。这是一个不得已为之的无奈之举。一方面,包含代理对的字符串中,一个字符可能占用 2 字节或 4 字节,从而丧失了等长编码的优势。另一方面,处理代理对需要增加额外代码,这提高了编程的复杂性和调试难度。</p>
<p>出于以上原因,部分编程语言提出了一些不同的编码方案。</p>
<ul>
<li>Python 中的 <code>str</code> 使用 Unicode 编码,并采用一种灵活的字符串表示,存储的字符长度取决于字符串中最大的 Unicode 码点。若字符串中全部是 ASCII 字符,则每个字符占用 1 个字节;如果有字符超出了 ASCII 范围但全部在基本多语言平面BMP则每个字符占用 2 个字节;如果有超出 BMP 的字符,则每个字符占用 4 个字节。</li>
<li>Go 语言的 <code>string</code> 类型在内部使用 UTF-8 编码。Go 语言还提供了 <code>rune</code> 类型,它用于表示单个 Unicode 码点。</li>
<li>Rust 语言的 str 和 String 类型在内部使用 UTF-8 编码。Rust 也提供了 <code>char</code> 类型,用于表示单个 Unicode 码点。</li>
</ul>
<p>需要注意的是,以上讨论的都是字符串在编程语言中的存储方式,<strong>这和字符串如何在文件中存储或在网络中传输是不同的问题</strong>。在文件存储或网络传输中,我们通常会将字符串编码为 UTF-8 格式,以达到最优的兼容性和空间效率。</p>
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