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<h1 id="35">3.5 &nbsp; 小结<a class="headerlink" href="#35" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<h3 id="1">1. &nbsp; 重点回顾<a class="headerlink" href="#1" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>数据结构可以从逻辑结构和物理结构两个角度进行分类。逻辑结构描述了数据元素之间的逻辑关系,而物理结构描述了数据在计算机内存中的存储方式。</li>
<li>常见的逻辑结构包括线性、树状和网状等。通常我们根据逻辑结构将数据结构分为线性(数组、链表、栈、队列)和非线性(树、图、堆)两种。哈希表的实现可能同时包含线性和非线性结构。</li>
<li>当程序运行时,数据被存储在计算机内存中。每个内存空间都拥有对应的内存地址,程序通过这些内存地址访问数据。</li>
<li>物理结构主要分为连续空间存储(数组)和分散空间存储(链表)。所有数据结构都是由数组、链表或两者的组合实现的。</li>
<li>计算机中的基本数据类型包括整数 <code>byte</code><code>short</code><code>int</code><code>long</code> ,浮点数 <code>float</code><code>double</code> ,字符 <code>char</code> 和布尔 <code>boolean</code> 。它们的取值范围取决于占用空间大小和表示方式。</li>
<li>原码、反码和补码是在计算机中编码数字的三种方法,它们之间是可以相互转换的。整数的原码的最高位是符号位,其余位是数字的值。</li>
<li>整数在计算机中是以补码的形式存储的。在补码表示下,计算机可以对正数和负数的加法一视同仁,不需要为减法操作单独设计特殊的硬件电路,并且不存在正负零歧义的问题。</li>
<li>浮点数的编码由 1 位符号位、8 位指数位和 23 位分数位构成。由于存在指数位,浮点数的取值范围远大于整数,代价是牺牲了精度。</li>
<li>ASCII 码是最早出现的英文字符集,长度为 1 字节,共收录 127 个字符。GBK 字符集是常用的中文字符集共收录两万多个汉字。Unicode 致力于提供一个完整的字符集标准,收录世界内各种语言的字符,从而解决由于字符编码方法不一致而导致的乱码问题。</li>
<li>UTF-8 是最受欢迎的 Unicode 编码方法通用性非常好。它是一种变长的编码方法具有很好的扩展性有效提升了存储空间的使用效率。UTF-16 和 UTF-32 是等长的编码方法。在编码中文时UTF-16 比 UTF-8 的占用空间更小。Java 和 C# 等编程语言默认使用 UTF-16 编码。</li>
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<h3 id="2-q-a">2. &nbsp; Q &amp; A<a class="headerlink" href="#2-q-a" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
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<p class="admonition-title">为什么哈希表同时包含线性数据结构和非线性数据结构?</p>
<p>哈希表底层是数组,而为了解决哈希冲突,我们可能会使用“链式地址”(后续哈希表章节会讲)。在拉链法中,数组中每个地址(桶)指向一个链表;当这个链表长度超过一定阈值时,又可能被转化为树(通常为红黑树)。因此,哈希表可能同时包含线性(数组、链表)和非线性(树)数据结构。</p>
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<p class="admonition-title"><code>char</code> 类型的长度是 1 byte 吗?</p>
<p><code>char</code> 类型的长度由编程语言采用的编码方法决定。例如Java、JS、TS、C# 都采用 UTF-16 编码(保存 Unicode 码点),因此 char 类型的长度为 2 bytes 。</p>
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