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<h1 id="142-characteristics-of-dynamic-programming-problems">14.2 &nbsp; Characteristics of dynamic programming problems<a class="headerlink" href="#142-characteristics-of-dynamic-programming-problems" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<p>In the previous section, we learned how dynamic programming solves the original problem by decomposing it into subproblems. In fact, subproblem decomposition is a general algorithmic approach, with different emphases in divide and conquer, dynamic programming, and backtracking.</p>
<ul>
<li>Divide and conquer algorithms recursively divide the original problem into multiple independent subproblems until the smallest subproblems are reached, and combine the solutions of the subproblems during backtracking to ultimately obtain the solution to the original problem.</li>
<li>Dynamic programming also decomposes the problem recursively, but the main difference from divide and conquer algorithms is that the subproblems in dynamic programming are interdependent, and many overlapping subproblems will appear during the decomposition process.</li>
<li>Backtracking algorithms exhaust all possible solutions through trial and error and avoid unnecessary search branches by pruning. The solution to the original problem consists of a series of decision steps, and we can consider each sub-sequence before each decision step as a subproblem.</li>
</ul>
<p>In fact, dynamic programming is commonly used to solve optimization problems, which not only include overlapping subproblems but also have two other major characteristics: optimal substructure and statelessness.</p>
<h2 id="1421-optimal-substructure">14.2.1 &nbsp; Optimal substructure<a class="headerlink" href="#1421-optimal-substructure" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>We make a slight modification to the stair climbing problem to make it more suitable to demonstrate the concept of optimal substructure.</p>
<div class="admonition question">
<p class="admonition-title">Minimum cost of climbing stairs</p>
<p>Given a staircase, you can step up 1 or 2 steps at a time, and each step on the staircase has a non-negative integer representing the cost you need to pay at that step. Given a non-negative integer array <span class="arithmatex">\(cost\)</span>, where <span class="arithmatex">\(cost[i]\)</span> represents the cost you need to pay at the <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span>-th step, <span class="arithmatex">\(cost[0]\)</span> is the ground (starting point). What is the minimum cost required to reach the top?</p>
</div>
<p>As shown in Figure 14-6, if the costs of the 1<sup>st</sup>, 2<sup>nd</sup>, and 3<sup>rd</sup> steps are <span class="arithmatex">\(1\)</span>, <span class="arithmatex">\(10\)</span>, and <span class="arithmatex">\(1\)</span> respectively, then the minimum cost to climb to the 3<sup>rd</sup> step from the ground is <span class="arithmatex">\(2\)</span>.</p>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../dp_problem_features.assets/min_cost_cs_example.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Minimum cost to climb to the 3rd step" class="animation-figure" src="../dp_problem_features.assets/min_cost_cs_example.png" /></a></p>
<p align="center"> Figure 14-6 &nbsp; Minimum cost to climb to the 3rd step </p>
<p>Let <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i]\)</span> be the cumulative cost of climbing to the <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span>-th step. Since the <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span>-th step can only come from the <span class="arithmatex">\(i-1\)</span> or <span class="arithmatex">\(i-2\)</span> step, <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i]\)</span> can only be either <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i-1] + cost[i]\)</span> or <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i-2] + cost[i]\)</span>. To minimize the cost, we should choose the smaller of the two:</p>
<div class="arithmatex">\[
dp[i] = \min(dp[i-1], dp[i-2]) + cost[i]
\]</div>
<p>This leads us to the meaning of optimal substructure: <strong>The optimal solution to the original problem is constructed from the optimal solutions of subproblems</strong>.</p>
<p>This problem obviously has optimal substructure: we select the better one from the optimal solutions of the two subproblems, <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i-1]\)</span> and <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i-2]\)</span>, and use it to construct the optimal solution for the original problem <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i]\)</span>.</p>
<p>So, does the stair climbing problem from the previous section have optimal substructure? Its goal is to solve for the number of solutions, which seems to be a counting problem, but if we ask in another way: "Solve for the maximum number of solutions". We surprisingly find that <strong>although the problem has changed, the optimal substructure has emerged</strong>: the maximum number of solutions at the <span class="arithmatex">\(n\)</span>-th step equals the sum of the maximum number of solutions at the <span class="arithmatex">\(n-1\)</span> and <span class="arithmatex">\(n-2\)</span> steps. Thus, the interpretation of optimal substructure is quite flexible and will have different meanings in different problems.</p>
<p>According to the state transition equation, and the initial states <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[1] = cost[1]\)</span> and <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[2] = cost[2]\)</span>, we can obtain the dynamic programming code:</p>
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.py</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2" href="#__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Climbing stairs with minimum cost: Dynamic programming&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4" href="#__codelineno-0-4"></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5" href="#__codelineno-0-5"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6" href="#__codelineno-0-6"></a> <span class="c1"># Initialize dp table, used to store subproblem solutions</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7" href="#__codelineno-0-7"></a> <span class="n">dp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8" href="#__codelineno-0-8"></a> <span class="c1"># Initial state: preset the smallest subproblem solution</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9" href="#__codelineno-0-9"></a> <span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10" href="#__codelineno-0-10"></a> <span class="c1"># State transition: gradually solve larger subproblems from smaller ones</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11" href="#__codelineno-0-11"></a> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12" href="#__codelineno-0-12"></a> <span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">min</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13" href="#__codelineno-0-13"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">]</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.cpp</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1" href="#__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="cm">/* Climbing stairs with minimum cost: Dynamic programming */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2" href="#__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">minCostClimbingStairsDP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3" href="#__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4" href="#__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5" href="#__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6" href="#__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Initialize dp table, used to store subproblem solutions</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7" href="#__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8" href="#__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Initial state: preset the smallest subproblem solution</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9" href="#__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10" href="#__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11" href="#__codelineno-1-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// State transition: gradually solve larger subproblems from smaller ones</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12" href="#__codelineno-1-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-13" name="__codelineno-1-13" href="#__codelineno-1-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">min</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">],</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">])</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-14" name="__codelineno-1-14" href="#__codelineno-1-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-15" name="__codelineno-1-15" href="#__codelineno-1-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-16" name="__codelineno-1-16" href="#__codelineno-1-16"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.java</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1" href="#__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="cm">/* Climbing stairs with minimum cost: Dynamic programming */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2" href="#__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">minCostClimbingStairsDP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3" href="#__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">length</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4" href="#__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5" href="#__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6" href="#__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Initialize dp table, used to store subproblem solutions</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7" href="#__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8" href="#__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Initial state: preset the smallest subproblem solution</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9" href="#__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10" href="#__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11" href="#__codelineno-2-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// State transition: gradually solve larger subproblems from smaller ones</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12" href="#__codelineno-2-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-13" name="__codelineno-2-13" href="#__codelineno-2-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">min</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-14" name="__codelineno-2-14" href="#__codelineno-2-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-15" name="__codelineno-2-15" href="#__codelineno-2-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-16" name="__codelineno-2-16" href="#__codelineno-2-16"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.cs</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1" href="#__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="na">[class]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">MinCostClimbingStairsDP</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.go</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1" href="#__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="nx">minCostClimbingStairsDP</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.swift</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1" href="#__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">minCostClimbingStairsDP</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.js</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1" href="#__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="nx">minCostClimbingStairsDP</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.ts</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1" href="#__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="nx">minCostClimbingStairsDP</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.dart</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1" href="#__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">minCostClimbingStairsDP</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.rs</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1" href="#__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.c</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1" href="#__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">minCostClimbingStairsDP</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.kt</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1" href="#__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">minCostClimbingStairsDP</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1" href="#__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.zig</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1" href="#__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">minCostClimbingStairsDP</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Figure 14-7 shows the dynamic programming process for the above code.</p>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../dp_problem_features.assets/min_cost_cs_dp.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Dynamic programming process for minimum cost of climbing stairs" class="animation-figure" src="../dp_problem_features.assets/min_cost_cs_dp.png" /></a></p>
<p align="center"> Figure 14-7 &nbsp; Dynamic programming process for minimum cost of climbing stairs </p>
<p>This problem can also be space-optimized, compressing one dimension to zero, reducing the space complexity from <span class="arithmatex">\(O(n)\)</span> to <span class="arithmatex">\(O(1)\)</span>:</p>
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<div class="tabbed-content">
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.py</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1" href="#__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp_comp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2" href="#__codelineno-14-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Climbing stairs with minimum cost: Space-optimized dynamic programming&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3" href="#__codelineno-14-3"></a> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4" href="#__codelineno-14-4"></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5" href="#__codelineno-14-5"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-6" name="__codelineno-14-6" href="#__codelineno-14-6"></a> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-7" name="__codelineno-14-7" href="#__codelineno-14-7"></a> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-8" name="__codelineno-14-8" href="#__codelineno-14-8"></a> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">min</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-9" name="__codelineno-14-9" href="#__codelineno-14-9"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">b</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.cpp</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1" href="#__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="cm">/* Climbing stairs with minimum cost: Space-optimized dynamic programming */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2" href="#__codelineno-15-2"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">minCostClimbingStairsDPComp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3" href="#__codelineno-15-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-4" name="__codelineno-15-4" href="#__codelineno-15-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-5" name="__codelineno-15-5" href="#__codelineno-15-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-6" name="__codelineno-15-6" href="#__codelineno-15-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">],</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-7" name="__codelineno-15-7" href="#__codelineno-15-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-8" name="__codelineno-15-8" href="#__codelineno-15-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-9" name="__codelineno-15-9" href="#__codelineno-15-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">min</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-10" name="__codelineno-15-10" href="#__codelineno-15-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-11" name="__codelineno-15-11" href="#__codelineno-15-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-12" name="__codelineno-15-12" href="#__codelineno-15-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-13" name="__codelineno-15-13" href="#__codelineno-15-13"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.java</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1" href="#__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="cm">/* Climbing stairs with minimum cost: Space-optimized dynamic programming */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-2" name="__codelineno-16-2" href="#__codelineno-16-2"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">minCostClimbingStairsDPComp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-3" name="__codelineno-16-3" href="#__codelineno-16-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">length</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-4" name="__codelineno-16-4" href="#__codelineno-16-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-5" name="__codelineno-16-5" href="#__codelineno-16-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-6" name="__codelineno-16-6" href="#__codelineno-16-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-7" name="__codelineno-16-7" href="#__codelineno-16-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-8" name="__codelineno-16-8" href="#__codelineno-16-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-9" name="__codelineno-16-9" href="#__codelineno-16-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">min</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cost</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-10" name="__codelineno-16-10" href="#__codelineno-16-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-11" name="__codelineno-16-11" href="#__codelineno-16-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-12" name="__codelineno-16-12" href="#__codelineno-16-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-13" name="__codelineno-16-13" href="#__codelineno-16-13"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.cs</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1" href="#__codelineno-17-1"></a><span class="na">[class]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">MinCostClimbingStairsDPComp</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.go</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1" href="#__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="nx">minCostClimbingStairsDPComp</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.swift</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1" href="#__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">minCostClimbingStairsDPComp</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.js</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-20-1" name="__codelineno-20-1" href="#__codelineno-20-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="nx">minCostClimbingStairsDPComp</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.ts</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-21-1" name="__codelineno-21-1" href="#__codelineno-21-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="nx">minCostClimbingStairsDPComp</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.dart</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-22-1" name="__codelineno-22-1" href="#__codelineno-22-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">minCostClimbingStairsDPComp</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.rs</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-23-1" name="__codelineno-23-1" href="#__codelineno-23-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp_comp</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.c</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-24-1" name="__codelineno-24-1" href="#__codelineno-24-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">minCostClimbingStairsDPComp</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.kt</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-25-1" name="__codelineno-25-1" href="#__codelineno-25-1"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">minCostClimbingStairsDPComp</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-26-1" name="__codelineno-26-1" href="#__codelineno-26-1"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp_comp</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.zig</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-27-1" name="__codelineno-27-1" href="#__codelineno-27-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">minCostClimbingStairsDPComp</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 id="1422-statelessness">14.2.2 &nbsp; Statelessness<a class="headerlink" href="#1422-statelessness" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Statelessness is one of the important characteristics that make dynamic programming effective in solving problems. Its definition is: <strong>Given a certain state, its future development is only related to the current state and unrelated to all past states experienced</strong>.</p>
<p>Taking the stair climbing problem as an example, given state <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span>, it will develop into states <span class="arithmatex">\(i+1\)</span> and <span class="arithmatex">\(i+2\)</span>, corresponding to jumping 1 step and 2 steps respectively. When making these two choices, we do not need to consider the states before state <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span>, as they do not affect the future of state <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span>.</p>
<p>However, if we add a constraint to the stair climbing problem, the situation changes.</p>
<div class="admonition question">
<p class="admonition-title">Stair climbing with constraints</p>
<p>Given a staircase with <span class="arithmatex">\(n\)</span> steps, you can go up 1 or 2 steps each time, <strong>but you cannot jump 1 step twice in a row</strong>. How many ways are there to climb to the top?</p>
</div>
<p>As shown in Figure 14-8, there are only 2 feasible options for climbing to the 3<sup>rd</sup> step, among which the option of jumping 1 step three times in a row does not meet the constraint condition and is therefore discarded.</p>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../dp_problem_features.assets/climbing_stairs_constraint_example.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Number of feasible options for climbing to the 3rd step with constraints" class="animation-figure" src="../dp_problem_features.assets/climbing_stairs_constraint_example.png" /></a></p>
<p align="center"> Figure 14-8 &nbsp; Number of feasible options for climbing to the 3rd step with constraints </p>
<p>In this problem, if the last round was a jump of 1 step, then the next round must be a jump of 2 steps. This means that <strong>the next step choice cannot be independently determined by the current state (current stair step), but also depends on the previous state (last round's stair step)</strong>.</p>
<p>It is not difficult to find that this problem no longer satisfies statelessness, and the state transition equation <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i] = dp[i-1] + dp[i-2]\)</span> also fails, because <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i-1]\)</span> represents this round's jump of 1 step, but it includes many "last round was a jump of 1 step" options, which, to meet the constraint, cannot be directly included in <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i]\)</span>.</p>
<p>For this, we need to expand the state definition: <strong>State <span class="arithmatex">\([i, j]\)</span> represents being on the <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span>-th step and the last round was a jump of <span class="arithmatex">\(j\)</span> steps</strong>, where <span class="arithmatex">\(j \in \{1, 2\}\)</span>. This state definition effectively distinguishes whether the last round was a jump of 1 step or 2 steps, and we can judge accordingly where the current state came from.</p>
<ul>
<li>When the last round was a jump of 1 step, the round before last could only choose to jump 2 steps, that is, <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i, 1]\)</span> can only be transferred from <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i-1, 2]\)</span>.</li>
<li>When the last round was a jump of 2 steps, the round before last could choose to jump 1 step or 2 steps, that is, <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i, 2]\)</span> can be transferred from <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i-2, 1]\)</span> or <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i-2, 2]\)</span>.</li>
</ul>
<p>As shown in Figure 14-9, <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i, j]\)</span> represents the number of solutions for state <span class="arithmatex">\([i, j]\)</span>. At this point, the state transition equation is:</p>
<div class="arithmatex">\[
\begin{cases}
dp[i, 1] = dp[i-1, 2] \\
dp[i, 2] = dp[i-2, 1] + dp[i-2, 2]
\end{cases}
\]</div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../dp_problem_features.assets/climbing_stairs_constraint_state_transfer.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Recursive relationship considering constraints" class="animation-figure" src="../dp_problem_features.assets/climbing_stairs_constraint_state_transfer.png" /></a></p>
<p align="center"> Figure 14-9 &nbsp; Recursive relationship considering constraints </p>
<p>In the end, returning <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[n, 1] + dp[n, 2]\)</span> will do, the sum of the two representing the total number of solutions for climbing to the <span class="arithmatex">\(n\)</span>-th step:</p>
<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="3:14"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_3_1" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_2" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_3" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_4" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_5" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_6" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_7" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_8" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_9" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_10" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_11" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_12" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_13" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_14" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_3_1">Python</label><label for="__tabbed_3_2">C++</label><label for="__tabbed_3_3">Java</label><label for="__tabbed_3_4">C#</label><label for="__tabbed_3_5">Go</label><label for="__tabbed_3_6">Swift</label><label for="__tabbed_3_7">JS</label><label for="__tabbed_3_8">TS</label><label for="__tabbed_3_9">Dart</label><label for="__tabbed_3_10">Rust</label><label for="__tabbed_3_11">C</label><label for="__tabbed_3_12">Kotlin</label><label for="__tabbed_3_13">Ruby</label><label for="__tabbed_3_14">Zig</label></div>
<div class="tabbed-content">
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.py</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-28-1" name="__codelineno-28-1" href="#__codelineno-28-1"></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">climbing_stairs_constraint_dp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-2" name="__codelineno-28-2" href="#__codelineno-28-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Constrained climbing stairs: Dynamic programming&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-3" name="__codelineno-28-3" href="#__codelineno-28-3"></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-4" name="__codelineno-28-4" href="#__codelineno-28-4"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-5" name="__codelineno-28-5" href="#__codelineno-28-5"></a> <span class="c1"># Initialize dp table, used to store subproblem solutions</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-6" name="__codelineno-28-6" href="#__codelineno-28-6"></a> <span class="n">dp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">3</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-7" name="__codelineno-28-7" href="#__codelineno-28-7"></a> <span class="c1"># Initial state: preset the smallest subproblem solution</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-8" name="__codelineno-28-8" href="#__codelineno-28-8"></a> <span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-9" name="__codelineno-28-9" href="#__codelineno-28-9"></a> <span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-10" name="__codelineno-28-10" href="#__codelineno-28-10"></a> <span class="c1"># State transition: gradually solve larger subproblems from smaller ones</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-11" name="__codelineno-28-11" href="#__codelineno-28-11"></a> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-12" name="__codelineno-28-12" href="#__codelineno-28-12"></a> <span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-13" name="__codelineno-28-13" href="#__codelineno-28-13"></a> <span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-14" name="__codelineno-28-14" href="#__codelineno-28-14"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.cpp</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-29-1" name="__codelineno-29-1" href="#__codelineno-29-1"></a><span class="cm">/* Constrained climbing stairs: Dynamic programming */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-29-2" name="__codelineno-29-2" href="#__codelineno-29-2"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">climbingStairsConstraintDP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-29-3" name="__codelineno-29-3" href="#__codelineno-29-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-29-4" name="__codelineno-29-4" href="#__codelineno-29-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-29-5" name="__codelineno-29-5" href="#__codelineno-29-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-29-6" name="__codelineno-29-6" href="#__codelineno-29-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Initialize dp table, used to store subproblem solutions</span>
<a id="__codelineno-29-7" name="__codelineno-29-7" href="#__codelineno-29-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">));</span>
<a id="__codelineno-29-8" name="__codelineno-29-8" href="#__codelineno-29-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Initial state: preset the smallest subproblem solution</span>
<a id="__codelineno-29-9" name="__codelineno-29-9" href="#__codelineno-29-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-29-10" name="__codelineno-29-10" href="#__codelineno-29-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-29-11" name="__codelineno-29-11" href="#__codelineno-29-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-29-12" name="__codelineno-29-12" href="#__codelineno-29-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-29-13" name="__codelineno-29-13" href="#__codelineno-29-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// State transition: gradually solve larger subproblems from smaller ones</span>
<a id="__codelineno-29-14" name="__codelineno-29-14" href="#__codelineno-29-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-29-15" name="__codelineno-29-15" href="#__codelineno-29-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-29-16" name="__codelineno-29-16" href="#__codelineno-29-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-29-17" name="__codelineno-29-17" href="#__codelineno-29-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-29-18" name="__codelineno-29-18" href="#__codelineno-29-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-29-19" name="__codelineno-29-19" href="#__codelineno-29-19"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.java</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-30-1" name="__codelineno-30-1" href="#__codelineno-30-1"></a><span class="cm">/* Constrained climbing stairs: Dynamic programming */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-30-2" name="__codelineno-30-2" href="#__codelineno-30-2"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">climbingStairsConstraintDP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-30-3" name="__codelineno-30-3" href="#__codelineno-30-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-30-4" name="__codelineno-30-4" href="#__codelineno-30-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-30-5" name="__codelineno-30-5" href="#__codelineno-30-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-30-6" name="__codelineno-30-6" href="#__codelineno-30-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Initialize dp table, used to store subproblem solutions</span>
<a id="__codelineno-30-7" name="__codelineno-30-7" href="#__codelineno-30-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">[][]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-30-8" name="__codelineno-30-8" href="#__codelineno-30-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Initial state: preset the smallest subproblem solution</span>
<a id="__codelineno-30-9" name="__codelineno-30-9" href="#__codelineno-30-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-30-10" name="__codelineno-30-10" href="#__codelineno-30-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-30-11" name="__codelineno-30-11" href="#__codelineno-30-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-30-12" name="__codelineno-30-12" href="#__codelineno-30-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-30-13" name="__codelineno-30-13" href="#__codelineno-30-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// State transition: gradually solve larger subproblems from smaller ones</span>
<a id="__codelineno-30-14" name="__codelineno-30-14" href="#__codelineno-30-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-30-15" name="__codelineno-30-15" href="#__codelineno-30-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-30-16" name="__codelineno-30-16" href="#__codelineno-30-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-30-17" name="__codelineno-30-17" href="#__codelineno-30-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-30-18" name="__codelineno-30-18" href="#__codelineno-30-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dp</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-30-19" name="__codelineno-30-19" href="#__codelineno-30-19"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.cs</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-31-1" name="__codelineno-31-1" href="#__codelineno-31-1"></a><span class="na">[class]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">climbing_stairs_constraint_dp</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">ClimbingStairsConstraintDP</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.go</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-32-1" name="__codelineno-32-1" href="#__codelineno-32-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="nx">climbingStairsConstraintDP</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.swift</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-33-1" name="__codelineno-33-1" href="#__codelineno-33-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">climbingStairsConstraintDP</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.js</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-34-1" name="__codelineno-34-1" href="#__codelineno-34-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="nx">climbingStairsConstraintDP</span><span class="p">}</span>
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.ts</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-35-1" name="__codelineno-35-1" href="#__codelineno-35-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="kd">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="nx">climbingStairsConstraintDP</span><span class="p">}</span>
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.dart</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-36-1" name="__codelineno-36-1" href="#__codelineno-36-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">climbingStairsConstraintDP</span><span class="p">}</span>
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.rs</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-37-1" name="__codelineno-37-1" href="#__codelineno-37-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">climbing_stairs_constraint_dp</span><span class="p">}</span>
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.c</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-38-1" name="__codelineno-38-1" href="#__codelineno-38-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">climbingStairsConstraintDP</span><span class="p">}</span>
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.kt</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-39-1" name="__codelineno-39-1" href="#__codelineno-39-1"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">climbingStairsConstraintDP</span><span class="p">}</span>
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-40-1" name="__codelineno-40-1" href="#__codelineno-40-1"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">climbing_stairs_constraint_dp</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.zig</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-41-1" name="__codelineno-41-1" href="#__codelineno-41-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">climbingStairsConstraintDP</span><span class="p">}</span>
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<p>In the above cases, since we only need to consider the previous state, we can still meet the statelessness by expanding the state definition. However, some problems have very serious "state effects".</p>
<div class="admonition question">
<p class="admonition-title">Stair climbing with obstacle generation</p>
<p>Given a staircase with <span class="arithmatex">\(n\)</span> steps, you can go up 1 or 2 steps each time. <strong>It is stipulated that when climbing to the <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span>-th step, the system automatically places an obstacle on the <span class="arithmatex">\(2i\)</span>-th step, and thereafter all rounds are not allowed to jump to the <span class="arithmatex">\(2i\)</span>-th step</strong>. For example, if the first two rounds jump to the 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> steps, then later you cannot jump to the 4<sup>th</sup> and 6<sup>th</sup> steps. How many ways are there to climb to the top?</p>
</div>
<p>In this problem, the next jump depends on all past states, as each jump places obstacles on higher steps, affecting future jumps. For such problems, dynamic programming often struggles to solve.</p>
<p>In fact, many complex combinatorial optimization problems (such as the traveling salesman problem) do not satisfy statelessness. For these kinds of problems, we usually choose to use other methods, such as heuristic search, genetic algorithms, reinforcement learning, etc., to obtain usable local optimal solutions within a limited time.</p>
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