# 二叉树 「二叉树 binary tree」是一种非线性数据结构,代表“祖先”与“后代”之间的派生关系,体现了“一分为二”的分治逻辑。与链表类似,二叉树的基本单元是节点,每个节点包含值、左子节点引用和右子节点引用。 === "Python" ```python title="" class TreeNode: """二叉树节点类""" def __init__(self, val: int): self.val: int = val # 节点值 self.left: TreeNode | None = None # 左子节点引用 self.right: TreeNode | None = None # 右子节点引用 ``` === "C++" ```cpp title="" /* 二叉树节点结构体 */ struct TreeNode { int val; // 节点值 TreeNode *left; // 左子节点指针 TreeNode *right; // 右子节点指针 TreeNode(int x) : val(x), left(nullptr), right(nullptr) {} }; ``` === "Java" ```java title="" /* 二叉树节点类 */ class TreeNode { int val; // 节点值 TreeNode left; // 左子节点引用 TreeNode right; // 右子节点引用 TreeNode(int x) { val = x; } } ``` === "C#" ```csharp title="" /* 二叉树节点类 */ class TreeNode(int? x) { public int? val = x; // 节点值 public TreeNode? left; // 左子节点引用 public TreeNode? right; // 右子节点引用 } ``` === "Go" ```go title="" /* 二叉树节点结构体 */ type TreeNode struct { Val int Left *TreeNode Right *TreeNode } /* 构造方法 */ func NewTreeNode(v int) *TreeNode { return &TreeNode{ Left: nil, // 左子节点指针 Right: nil, // 右子节点指针 Val: v, // 节点值 } } ``` === "Swift" ```swift title="" /* 二叉树节点类 */ class TreeNode { var val: Int // 节点值 var left: TreeNode? // 左子节点引用 var right: TreeNode? // 右子节点引用 init(x: Int) { val = x } } ``` === "JS" ```javascript title="" /* 二叉树节点类 */ class TreeNode { val; // 节点值 left; // 左子节点指针 right; // 右子节点指针 constructor(val, left, right) { this.val = val === undefined ? 0 : val; this.left = left === undefined ? null : left; this.right = right === undefined ? null : right; } } ``` === "TS" ```typescript title="" /* 二叉树节点类 */ class TreeNode { val: number; left: TreeNode | null; right: TreeNode | null; constructor(val?: number, left?: TreeNode | null, right?: TreeNode | null) { this.val = val === undefined ? 0 : val; // 节点值 this.left = left === undefined ? null : left; // 左子节点引用 this.right = right === undefined ? null : right; // 右子节点引用 } } ``` === "Dart" ```dart title="" /* 二叉树节点类 */ class TreeNode { int val; // 节点值 TreeNode? left; // 左子节点引用 TreeNode? right; // 右子节点引用 TreeNode(this.val, [this.left, this.right]); } ``` === "Rust" ```rust title="" use std::rc::Rc; use std::cell::RefCell; /* 二叉树节点结构体 */ struct TreeNode { val: i32, // 节点值 left: Option>>, // 左子节点引用 right: Option>>, // 右子节点引用 } impl TreeNode { /* 构造方法 */ fn new(val: i32) -> Rc> { Rc::new(RefCell::new(Self { val, left: None, right: None })) } } ``` === "C" ```c title="" /* 二叉树节点结构体 */ typedef struct TreeNode { int val; // 节点值 int height; // 节点高度 struct TreeNode *left; // 左子节点指针 struct TreeNode *right; // 右子节点指针 } TreeNode; /* 构造函数 */ TreeNode *newTreeNode(int val) { TreeNode *node; node = (TreeNode *)malloc(sizeof(TreeNode)); node->val = val; node->height = 0; node->left = NULL; node->right = NULL; return node; } ``` === "Kotlin" ```kotlin title="" /* 二叉树节点类 */ class TreeNode(val _val: Int) { // 节点值 val left: TreeNode? = null // 左子节点引用 val right: TreeNode? = null // 右子节点引用 } ``` === "Zig" ```zig title="" ``` 每个节点都有两个引用(指针),分别指向「左子节点 left-child node」和「右子节点 right-child node」,该节点被称为这两个子节点的「父节点 parent node」。当给定一个二叉树的节点时,我们将该节点的左子节点及其以下节点形成的树称为该节点的「左子树 left subtree」,同理可得「右子树 right subtree」。 **在二叉树中,除叶节点外,其他所有节点都包含子节点和非空子树**。如下图所示,如果将“节点 2”视为父节点,则其左子节点和右子节点分别是“节点 4”和“节点 5”,左子树是“节点 4 及其以下节点形成的树”,右子树是“节点 5 及其以下节点形成的树”。 ![父节点、子节点、子树](binary_tree.assets/binary_tree_definition.png) ## 二叉树常见术语 二叉树的常用术语如下图所示。 - 「根节点 root node」:位于二叉树顶层的节点,没有父节点。 - 「叶节点 leaf node」:没有子节点的节点,其两个指针均指向 `None` 。 - 「边 edge」:连接两个节点的线段,即节点引用(指针)。 - 节点所在的「层 level」:从顶至底递增,根节点所在层为 1 。 - 节点的「度 degree」:节点的子节点的数量。在二叉树中,度的取值范围是 0、1、2 。 - 二叉树的「高度 height」:从根节点到最远叶节点所经过的边的数量。 - 节点的「深度 depth」:从根节点到该节点所经过的边的数量。 - 节点的「高度 height」:从距离该节点最远的叶节点到该节点所经过的边的数量。 ![二叉树的常用术语](binary_tree.assets/binary_tree_terminology.png) !!! tip 请注意,我们通常将“高度”和“深度”定义为“经过的边的数量”,但有些题目或教材可能会将其定义为“经过的节点的数量”。在这种情况下,高度和深度都需要加 1 。 ## 二叉树基本操作 ### 初始化二叉树 与链表类似,首先初始化节点,然后构建引用(指针)。 === "Python" ```python title="binary_tree.py" # 初始化二叉树 # 初始化节点 n1 = TreeNode(val=1) n2 = TreeNode(val=2) n3 = TreeNode(val=3) n4 = TreeNode(val=4) n5 = TreeNode(val=5) # 构建节点之间的引用(指针) n1.left = n2 n1.right = n3 n2.left = n4 n2.right = n5 ``` === "C++" ```cpp title="binary_tree.cpp" /* 初始化二叉树 */ // 初始化节点 TreeNode* n1 = new TreeNode(1); TreeNode* n2 = new TreeNode(2); TreeNode* n3 = new TreeNode(3); TreeNode* n4 = new TreeNode(4); TreeNode* n5 = new TreeNode(5); // 构建节点之间的引用(指针) n1->left = n2; n1->right = n3; n2->left = n4; n2->right = n5; ``` === "Java" ```java title="binary_tree.java" // 初始化节点 TreeNode n1 = new TreeNode(1); TreeNode n2 = new TreeNode(2); TreeNode n3 = new TreeNode(3); TreeNode n4 = new TreeNode(4); TreeNode n5 = new TreeNode(5); // 构建节点之间的引用(指针) n1.left = n2; n1.right = n3; n2.left = n4; n2.right = n5; ``` === "C#" ```csharp title="binary_tree.cs" /* 初始化二叉树 */ // 初始化节点 TreeNode n1 = new(1); TreeNode n2 = new(2); TreeNode n3 = new(3); TreeNode n4 = new(4); TreeNode n5 = new(5); // 构建节点之间的引用(指针) n1.left = n2; n1.right = n3; n2.left = n4; n2.right = n5; ``` === "Go" ```go title="binary_tree.go" /* 初始化二叉树 */ // 初始化节点 n1 := NewTreeNode(1) n2 := NewTreeNode(2) n3 := NewTreeNode(3) n4 := NewTreeNode(4) n5 := NewTreeNode(5) // 构建节点之间的引用(指针) n1.Left = n2 n1.Right = n3 n2.Left = n4 n2.Right = n5 ``` === "Swift" ```swift title="binary_tree.swift" // 初始化节点 let n1 = TreeNode(x: 1) let n2 = TreeNode(x: 2) let n3 = TreeNode(x: 3) let n4 = TreeNode(x: 4) let n5 = TreeNode(x: 5) // 构建节点之间的引用(指针) n1.left = n2 n1.right = n3 n2.left = n4 n2.right = n5 ``` === "JS" ```javascript title="binary_tree.js" /* 初始化二叉树 */ // 初始化节点 let n1 = new TreeNode(1), n2 = new TreeNode(2), n3 = new TreeNode(3), n4 = new TreeNode(4), n5 = new TreeNode(5); // 构建节点之间的引用(指针) n1.left = n2; n1.right = n3; n2.left = n4; n2.right = n5; ``` === "TS" ```typescript title="binary_tree.ts" /* 初始化二叉树 */ // 初始化节点 let n1 = new TreeNode(1), n2 = new TreeNode(2), n3 = new TreeNode(3), n4 = new TreeNode(4), n5 = new TreeNode(5); // 构建节点之间的引用(指针) n1.left = n2; n1.right = n3; n2.left = n4; n2.right = n5; ``` === "Dart" ```dart title="binary_tree.dart" /* 初始化二叉树 */ // 初始化节点 TreeNode n1 = new TreeNode(1); TreeNode n2 = new TreeNode(2); TreeNode n3 = new TreeNode(3); TreeNode n4 = new TreeNode(4); TreeNode n5 = new TreeNode(5); // 构建节点之间的引用(指针) n1.left = n2; n1.right = n3; n2.left = n4; n2.right = n5; ``` === "Rust" ```rust title="binary_tree.rs" // 初始化节点 let n1 = TreeNode::new(1); let n2 = TreeNode::new(2); let n3 = TreeNode::new(3); let n4 = TreeNode::new(4); let n5 = TreeNode::new(5); // 构建节点之间的引用(指针) n1.borrow_mut().left = Some(n2.clone()); n1.borrow_mut().right = Some(n3); n2.borrow_mut().left = Some(n4); n2.borrow_mut().right = Some(n5); ``` === "C" ```c title="binary_tree.c" /* 初始化二叉树 */ // 初始化节点 TreeNode *n1 = newTreeNode(1); TreeNode *n2 = newTreeNode(2); TreeNode *n3 = newTreeNode(3); TreeNode *n4 = newTreeNode(4); TreeNode *n5 = newTreeNode(5); // 构建节点之间的引用(指针) n1->left = n2; n1->right = n3; n2->left = n4; n2->right = n5; ``` === "Kotlin" ```kotlin title="binary_tree.kt" // 初始化节点 val n1 = TreeNode(1) val n2 = TreeNode(2) val n3 = TreeNode(3) val n4 = TreeNode(4) val n5 = TreeNode(5) // 构建节点之间的引用(指针) n1.left = n2 n1.right = n3 n2.left = n4 n2.right = n5 ``` === "Zig" ```zig title="binary_tree.zig" ``` ??? pythontutor "可视化运行" https://pythontutor.com/render.html#code=class%20TreeNode%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%89%E6%A0%91%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E7%B1%BB%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20def%20__init__%28self,%20val%3A%20int%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.val%3A%20int%20%3D%20val%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%80%BC%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.left%3A%20TreeNode%20%7C%20None%20%3D%20None%20%20%23%20%E5%B7%A6%E5%AD%90%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.right%3A%20TreeNode%20%7C%20None%20%3D%20None%20%23%20%E5%8F%B3%E5%AD%90%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%89%E6%A0%91%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20n1%20%3D%20TreeNode%28val%3D1%29%0A%20%20%20%20n2%20%3D%20TreeNode%28val%3D2%29%0A%20%20%20%20n3%20%3D%20TreeNode%28val%3D3%29%0A%20%20%20%20n4%20%3D%20TreeNode%28val%3D4%29%0A%20%20%20%20n5%20%3D%20TreeNode%28val%3D5%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%9E%84%E5%BB%BA%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E4%B9%8B%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%EF%BC%88%E6%8C%87%E9%92%88%EF%BC%89%0A%20%20%20%20n1.left%20%3D%20n2%0A%20%20%20%20n1.right%20%3D%20n3%0A%20%20%20%20n2.left%20%3D%20n4%0A%20%20%20%20n2.right%20%3D%20n5&cumulative=false&curInstr=3&heapPrimitives=nevernest&mode=display&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false ### 插入与删除节点 与链表类似,在二叉树中插入与删除节点可以通过修改指针来实现。下图给出了一个示例。 ![在二叉树中插入与删除节点](binary_tree.assets/binary_tree_add_remove.png) === "Python" ```python title="binary_tree.py" # 插入与删除节点 p = TreeNode(0) # 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P n1.left = p p.left = n2 # 删除节点 P n1.left = n2 ``` === "C++" ```cpp title="binary_tree.cpp" /* 插入与删除节点 */ TreeNode* P = new TreeNode(0); // 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P n1->left = P; P->left = n2; // 删除节点 P n1->left = n2; ``` === "Java" ```java title="binary_tree.java" TreeNode P = new TreeNode(0); // 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P n1.left = P; P.left = n2; // 删除节点 P n1.left = n2; ``` === "C#" ```csharp title="binary_tree.cs" /* 插入与删除节点 */ TreeNode P = new(0); // 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P n1.left = P; P.left = n2; // 删除节点 P n1.left = n2; ``` === "Go" ```go title="binary_tree.go" /* 插入与删除节点 */ // 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P p := NewTreeNode(0) n1.Left = p p.Left = n2 // 删除节点 P n1.Left = n2 ``` === "Swift" ```swift title="binary_tree.swift" let P = TreeNode(x: 0) // 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P n1.left = P P.left = n2 // 删除节点 P n1.left = n2 ``` === "JS" ```javascript title="binary_tree.js" /* 插入与删除节点 */ let P = new TreeNode(0); // 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P n1.left = P; P.left = n2; // 删除节点 P n1.left = n2; ``` === "TS" ```typescript title="binary_tree.ts" /* 插入与删除节点 */ const P = new TreeNode(0); // 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P n1.left = P; P.left = n2; // 删除节点 P n1.left = n2; ``` === "Dart" ```dart title="binary_tree.dart" /* 插入与删除节点 */ TreeNode P = new TreeNode(0); // 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P n1.left = P; P.left = n2; // 删除节点 P n1.left = n2; ``` === "Rust" ```rust title="binary_tree.rs" let p = TreeNode::new(0); // 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P n1.borrow_mut().left = Some(p.clone()); p.borrow_mut().left = Some(n2.clone()); // 删除节点 p n1.borrow_mut().left = Some(n2); ``` === "C" ```c title="binary_tree.c" /* 插入与删除节点 */ TreeNode *P = newTreeNode(0); // 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P n1->left = P; P->left = n2; // 删除节点 P n1->left = n2; ``` === "Kotlin" ```kotlin title="binary_tree.kt" val P = TreeNode(0) // 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P n1.left = P P.left = n2 // 删除节点 P n1.left = n2 ``` === "Zig" ```zig title="binary_tree.zig" ``` ??? pythontutor "可视化运行" https://pythontutor.com/render.html#code=class%20TreeNode%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%89%E6%A0%91%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E7%B1%BB%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20def%20__init__%28self,%20val%3A%20int%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.val%3A%20int%20%3D%20val%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%80%BC%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.left%3A%20TreeNode%20%7C%20None%20%3D%20None%20%20%23%20%E5%B7%A6%E5%AD%90%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.right%3A%20TreeNode%20%7C%20None%20%3D%20None%20%23%20%E5%8F%B3%E5%AD%90%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%89%E6%A0%91%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20n1%20%3D%20TreeNode%28val%3D1%29%0A%20%20%20%20n2%20%3D%20TreeNode%28val%3D2%29%0A%20%20%20%20n3%20%3D%20TreeNode%28val%3D3%29%0A%20%20%20%20n4%20%3D%20TreeNode%28val%3D4%29%0A%20%20%20%20n5%20%3D%20TreeNode%28val%3D5%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%9E%84%E5%BB%BA%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E4%B9%8B%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%EF%BC%88%E6%8C%87%E9%92%88%EF%BC%89%0A%20%20%20%20n1.left%20%3D%20n2%0A%20%20%20%20n1.right%20%3D%20n3%0A%20%20%20%20n2.left%20%3D%20n4%0A%20%20%20%20n2.right%20%3D%20n5%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%8F%92%E5%85%A5%E4%B8%8E%E5%88%A0%E9%99%A4%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20p%20%3D%20TreeNode%280%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%9C%A8%20n1%20-%3E%20n2%20%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E6%8F%92%E5%85%A5%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%20P%0A%20%20%20%20n1.left%20%3D%20p%0A%20%20%20%20p.left%20%3D%20n2%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%A0%E9%99%A4%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%20P%0A%20%20%20%20n1.left%20%3D%20n2&cumulative=false&curInstr=37&heapPrimitives=nevernest&mode=display&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false !!! note 需要注意的是,插入节点可能会改变二叉树的原有逻辑结构,而删除节点通常意味着删除该节点及其所有子树。因此,在二叉树中,插入与删除通常是由一套操作配合完成的,以实现有实际意义的操作。 ## 常见二叉树类型 ### 完美二叉树 如下图所示,「完美二叉树 perfect binary tree」所有层的节点都被完全填满。在完美二叉树中,叶节点的度为 $0$ ,其余所有节点的度都为 $2$ ;若树的高度为 $h$ ,则节点总数为 $2^{h+1} - 1$ ,呈现标准的指数级关系,反映了自然界中常见的细胞分裂现象。 !!! tip 请注意,在中文社区中,完美二叉树常被称为「满二叉树」。 ![完美二叉树](binary_tree.assets/perfect_binary_tree.png) ### 完全二叉树 如下图所示,「完全二叉树 complete binary tree」只有最底层的节点未被填满,且最底层节点尽量靠左填充。 ![完全二叉树](binary_tree.assets/complete_binary_tree.png) ### 完满二叉树 如下图所示,「完满二叉树 full binary tree」除了叶节点之外,其余所有节点都有两个子节点。 ![完满二叉树](binary_tree.assets/full_binary_tree.png) ### 平衡二叉树 如下图所示,「平衡二叉树 balanced binary tree」中任意节点的左子树和右子树的高度之差的绝对值不超过 1 。 ![平衡二叉树](binary_tree.assets/balanced_binary_tree.png) ## 二叉树的退化 下图展示了二叉树的理想结构与退化结构。当二叉树的每层节点都被填满时,达到“完美二叉树”;而当所有节点都偏向一侧时,二叉树退化为“链表”。 - 完美二叉树是理想情况,可以充分发挥二叉树“分治”的优势。 - 链表则是另一个极端,各项操作都变为线性操作,时间复杂度退化至 $O(n)$ 。 ![二叉树的最佳结构与最差结构](binary_tree.assets/binary_tree_best_worst_cases.png) 如下表所示,在最佳结构和最差结构下,二叉树的叶节点数量、节点总数、高度等达到极大值或极小值。

  二叉树的最佳结构与最差结构

| | 完美二叉树 | 链表 | | --------------------------- | ------------------ | ------- | | 第 $i$ 层的节点数量 | $2^{i-1}$ | $1$ | | 高度为 $h$ 的树的叶节点数量 | $2^h$ | $1$ | | 高度为 $h$ 的树的节点总数 | $2^{h+1} - 1$ | $h + 1$ | | 节点总数为 $n$ 的树的高度 | $\log_2 (n+1) - 1$ | $n - 1$ |