mirror of
https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo.git
synced 2024-12-26 11:56:30 +08:00
build
This commit is contained in:
parent
c0b24f1d8f
commit
ce6ce9b444
5 changed files with 291 additions and 109 deletions
|
@ -950,7 +950,7 @@ comments: true
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// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
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if (size() == capacity())
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extendCapacity();
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// 索引 i 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
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// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
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for (int j = size() - 1; j >= index; j--) {
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nums[j + 1] = nums[j];
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}
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@ -1050,7 +1050,7 @@ comments: true
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# 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
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if self.__size == self.capacity():
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self.extend_capacity()
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# 索引 i 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
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# 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
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for j in range(self.__size - 1, index - 1, -1):
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self.__nums[j + 1] = self.__nums[j]
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self.__nums[index] = num
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@ -1150,7 +1150,7 @@ comments: true
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if l.numsSize == l.numsCapacity {
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l.extendCapacity()
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}
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// 索引 i 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
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// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
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for j := l.numsSize - 1; j >= index; j-- {
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l.nums[j+1] = l.nums[j]
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}
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@ -1776,7 +1776,7 @@ comments: true
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if (index < 0 or index >= self.size()) @panic("索引越界");
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// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
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if (self.size() == self.capacity()) try self.extendCapacity();
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// 索引 i 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
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// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
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var j = self.size() - 1;
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while (j >= index) : (j -= 1) {
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self.nums[j + 1] = self.nums[j];
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@ -265,13 +265,45 @@ index = hash(key) % capacity
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="simple_hash.cs"
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[class]{simple_hash}-[func]{addHash}
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/* 加法哈希 */
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int addHash(string key) {
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long hash = 0;
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const int MODULUS = 1000000007;
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foreach (char c in key) {
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hash = (hash + c) % MODULUS;
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}
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return (int)hash;
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}
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[class]{simple_hash}-[func]{mulHash}
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/* 乘法哈希 */
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int mulHash(string key) {
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long hash = 0;
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const int MODULUS = 1000000007;
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foreach (char c in key) {
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hash = (31 * hash + c) % MODULUS;
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}
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return (int)hash;
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}
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[class]{simple_hash}-[func]{xorHash}
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/* 异或哈希 */
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int xorHash(string key) {
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int hash = 0;
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const int MODULUS = 1000000007;
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foreach (char c in key) {
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hash ^= c;
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}
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return hash & MODULUS;
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}
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[class]{simple_hash}-[func]{rotHash}
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/* 旋转哈希 */
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int rotHash(string key) {
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long hash = 0;
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const int MODULUS = 1000000007;
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foreach (char c in key) {
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hash = ((hash << 4) ^ (hash >> 28) ^ c) % MODULUS;
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}
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return (int)hash;
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}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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@ -473,7 +505,29 @@ $$
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="built_in_hash.cs"
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int num = 3;
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int hashNum = num.GetHashCode();
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// 整数 3 的哈希值为 3;
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bool bol = true;
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int hashBol = bol.GetHashCode();
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// 布尔量 true 的哈希值为 1;
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double dec = 3.14159;
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int hashDec = dec.GetHashCode();
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// 小数 3.14159 的哈希值为 -1340954729;
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string str = "Hello 算法";
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int hashStr = str.GetHashCode();
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// 字符串 Hello 算法 的哈希值为 -586107568;
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object[] arr = { 12836, "小哈" };
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int hashTup = arr.GetHashCode();
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// 数组 [12836, 小哈] 的哈希值为 42931033;
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ListNode obj = new ListNode(0);
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int hashObj = obj.GetHashCode();
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// 节点对象 0 的哈希值为 39053774;
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```
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=== "Swift"
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@ -40,17 +40,6 @@ comments: true
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=== "Java"
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```java title="hash_map_chaining.java"
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/* 键值对 */
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class Pair {
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public int key;
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public String val;
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public Pair(int key, String val) {
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this.key = key;
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this.val = val;
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}
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}
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/* 链式地址哈希表 */
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class HashMapChaining {
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int size; // 键值对数量
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@ -163,17 +152,6 @@ comments: true
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="hash_map_chaining.cpp"
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/* 键值对 */
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struct Pair {
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public:
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int key;
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string val;
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Pair(int key, string val) {
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this->key = key;
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this->val = val;
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}
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};
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/* 链式地址哈希表 */
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class HashMapChaining {
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private:
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@ -280,13 +258,6 @@ comments: true
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=== "Python"
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```python title="hash_map_chaining.py"
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class Pair:
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"""键值对"""
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def __init__(self, key: int, val: str):
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self.key = key
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self.val = val
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class HashMapChaining:
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"""链式地址哈希表"""
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@ -370,8 +341,6 @@ comments: true
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=== "Go"
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```go title="hash_map_chaining.go"
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[class]{pair}-[func]{}
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/* 链式地址哈希表 */
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type hashMapChaining struct {
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size int // 键值对数量
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@ -499,61 +468,147 @@ comments: true
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=== "JavaScript"
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```javascript title="hash_map_chaining.js"
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[class]{Pair}-[func]{}
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[class]{HashMapChaining}-[func]{}
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```
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=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title="hash_map_chaining.ts"
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[class]{Pair}-[func]{}
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[class]{HashMapChaining}-[func]{}
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="hash_map_chaining.c"
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[class]{pair}-[func]{}
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[class]{hashMapChaining}-[func]{}
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="hash_map_chaining.cs"
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[class]{Pair}-[func]{}
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/* 链式地址哈希表 */
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class HashMapChaining {
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int size; // 键值对数量
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int capacity; // 哈希表容量
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double loadThres; // 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
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int extendRatio; // 扩容倍数
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List<List<Pair>> buckets; // 桶数组
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[class]{HashMapChaining}-[func]{}
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/* 构造方法 */
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public HashMapChaining() {
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size = 0;
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capacity = 4;
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loadThres = 2 / 3.0;
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extendRatio = 2;
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buckets = new List<List<Pair>>(capacity);
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for (int i = 0; i < capacity; i++) {
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buckets.Add(new List<Pair>());
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}
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}
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/* 哈希函数 */
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private int hashFunc(int key) {
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return key % capacity;
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}
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/* 负载因子 */
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private double loadFactor() {
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return (double)size / capacity;
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}
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/* 查询操作 */
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public string get(int key) {
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int index = hashFunc(key);
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// 遍历桶,若找到 key 则返回对应 val
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foreach (Pair pair in buckets[index]) {
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if (pair.key == key) {
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return pair.val;
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}
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}
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// 若未找到 key 则返回 null
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return null;
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}
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/* 添加操作 */
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public void put(int key, string val) {
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// 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
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if (loadFactor() > loadThres) {
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extend();
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}
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int index = hashFunc(key);
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// 遍历桶,若遇到指定 key ,则更新对应 val 并返回
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foreach (Pair pair in buckets[index]) {
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if (pair.key == key) {
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pair.val = val;
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return;
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}
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}
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// 若无该 key ,则将键值对添加至尾部
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buckets[index].Add(new Pair(key, val));
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size++;
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}
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/* 删除操作 */
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public void remove(int key) {
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int index = hashFunc(key);
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// 遍历桶,从中删除键值对
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foreach (Pair pair in buckets[index].ToList()) {
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if (pair.key == key) {
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buckets[index].Remove(pair);
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}
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}
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size--;
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}
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/* 扩容哈希表 */
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private void extend() {
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// 暂存原哈希表
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List<List<Pair>> bucketsTmp = buckets;
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// 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
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capacity *= extendRatio;
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buckets = new List<List<Pair>>(capacity);
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for (int i = 0; i < capacity; i++) {
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buckets.Add(new List<Pair>());
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}
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size = 0;
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// 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
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foreach (List<Pair> bucket in bucketsTmp) {
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foreach (Pair pair in bucket) {
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put(pair.key, pair.val);
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}
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}
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}
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/* 打印哈希表 */
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public void print() {
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foreach (List<Pair> bucket in buckets) {
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List<string> res = new List<string>();
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foreach (Pair pair in bucket) {
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res.Add(pair.key + " -> " + pair.val);
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||||
}
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||||
foreach (string kv in res) {
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Console.WriteLine(kv);
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||||
}
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||||
}
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||||
}
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||||
}
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```
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||||
|
||||
=== "Swift"
|
||||
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```swift title="hash_map_chaining.swift"
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[class]{Pair}-[func]{}
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||||
|
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[class]{HashMapChaining}-[func]{}
|
||||
```
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||||
|
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=== "Zig"
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||||
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```zig title="hash_map_chaining.zig"
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||||
[class]{Pair}-[func]{}
|
||||
|
||||
[class]{HashMapChaining}-[func]{}
|
||||
```
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||||
|
||||
=== "Dart"
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||||
|
||||
```dart title="hash_map_chaining.dart"
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||||
/* 键值对 */
|
||||
class Pair {
|
||||
int key;
|
||||
String val;
|
||||
Pair(this.key, this.val);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 链式地址哈希表 */
|
||||
class HashMapChaining {
|
||||
late int size; // 键值对数量
|
||||
|
@ -687,17 +742,6 @@ comments: true
|
|||
=== "Java"
|
||||
|
||||
```java title="hash_map_open_addressing.java"
|
||||
/* 键值对 */
|
||||
class Pair {
|
||||
public int key;
|
||||
public String val;
|
||||
|
||||
public Pair(int key, String val) {
|
||||
this.key = key;
|
||||
this.val = val;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 开放寻址哈希表 */
|
||||
class HashMapOpenAddressing {
|
||||
private int size; // 键值对数量
|
||||
|
@ -821,15 +865,6 @@ comments: true
|
|||
=== "C++"
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp title="hash_map_open_addressing.cpp"
|
||||
/* 键值对 */
|
||||
struct Pair {
|
||||
int key;
|
||||
string val;
|
||||
|
||||
Pair(int k, string v) : key(k), val(v) {
|
||||
}
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
/* 开放寻址哈希表 */
|
||||
class HashMapOpenAddressing {
|
||||
private:
|
||||
|
@ -955,13 +990,6 @@ comments: true
|
|||
=== "Python"
|
||||
|
||||
```python title="hash_map_open_addressing.py"
|
||||
class Pair:
|
||||
"""键值对"""
|
||||
|
||||
def __init__(self, key: int, val: str):
|
||||
self.key = key
|
||||
self.val = val
|
||||
|
||||
class HashMapOpenAddressing:
|
||||
"""开放寻址哈希表"""
|
||||
|
||||
|
@ -1057,8 +1085,6 @@ comments: true
|
|||
=== "Go"
|
||||
|
||||
```go title="hash_map_open_addressing.go"
|
||||
[class]{pair}-[func]{}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 链式地址哈希表 */
|
||||
type hashMapOpenAddressing struct {
|
||||
size int // 键值对数量
|
||||
|
@ -1195,61 +1221,159 @@ comments: true
|
|||
=== "JavaScript"
|
||||
|
||||
```javascript title="hash_map_open_addressing.js"
|
||||
[class]{Pair}-[func]{}
|
||||
|
||||
[class]{HashMapOpenAddressing}-[func]{}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "TypeScript"
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript title="hash_map_open_addressing.ts"
|
||||
[class]{Pair}-[func]{}
|
||||
|
||||
[class]{HashMapOpenAddressing}-[func]{}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "C"
|
||||
|
||||
```c title="hash_map_open_addressing.c"
|
||||
[class]{pair}-[func]{}
|
||||
|
||||
[class]{hashMapOpenAddressing}-[func]{}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "C#"
|
||||
|
||||
```csharp title="hash_map_open_addressing.cs"
|
||||
[class]{Pair}-[func]{}
|
||||
/* 开放寻址哈希表 */
|
||||
class HashMapOpenAddressing {
|
||||
int size; // 键值对数量
|
||||
int capacity; // 哈希表容量
|
||||
double loadThres; // 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
|
||||
int extendRatio; // 扩容倍数
|
||||
Pair[] buckets; // 桶数组
|
||||
Pair removed; // 删除标记
|
||||
|
||||
[class]{HashMapOpenAddressing}-[func]{}
|
||||
/* 构造方法 */
|
||||
public HashMapOpenAddressing() {
|
||||
size = 0;
|
||||
capacity = 4;
|
||||
loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0;
|
||||
extendRatio = 2;
|
||||
buckets = new Pair[capacity];
|
||||
removed = new Pair(-1, "-1");
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 哈希函数 */
|
||||
private int hashFunc(int key) {
|
||||
return key % capacity;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 负载因子 */
|
||||
private double loadFactor() {
|
||||
return (double)size / capacity;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 查询操作 */
|
||||
public string get(int key) {
|
||||
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
||||
// 线性探测,从 index 开始向后遍历
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < capacity; i++) {
|
||||
// 计算桶索引,越过尾部返回头部
|
||||
int j = (index + i) % capacity;
|
||||
// 若遇到空桶,说明无此 key ,则返回 null
|
||||
if (buckets[j] == null)
|
||||
return null;
|
||||
// 若遇到指定 key ,则返回对应 val
|
||||
if (buckets[j].key == key && buckets[j] != removed)
|
||||
return buckets[j].val;
|
||||
}
|
||||
return null;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 添加操作 */
|
||||
public void put(int key, string val) {
|
||||
// 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
|
||||
if (loadFactor() > loadThres) {
|
||||
extend();
|
||||
}
|
||||
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
||||
// 线性探测,从 index 开始向后遍历
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < capacity; i++) {
|
||||
// 计算桶索引,越过尾部返回头部
|
||||
int j = (index + i) % capacity;
|
||||
// 若遇到空桶、或带有删除标记的桶,则将键值对放入该桶
|
||||
if (buckets[j] == null || buckets[j] == removed) {
|
||||
buckets[j] = new Pair(key, val);
|
||||
size += 1;
|
||||
return;
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 若遇到指定 key ,则更新对应 val
|
||||
if (buckets[j].key == key) {
|
||||
buckets[j].val = val;
|
||||
return;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 删除操作 */
|
||||
public void remove(int key) {
|
||||
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
||||
// 线性探测,从 index 开始向后遍历
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < capacity; i++) {
|
||||
// 计算桶索引,越过尾部返回头部
|
||||
int j = (index + i) % capacity;
|
||||
// 若遇到空桶,说明无此 key ,则直接返回
|
||||
if (buckets[j] == null) {
|
||||
return;
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 若遇到指定 key ,则标记删除并返回
|
||||
if (buckets[j].key == key) {
|
||||
buckets[j] = removed;
|
||||
size -= 1;
|
||||
return;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 扩容哈希表 */
|
||||
private void extend() {
|
||||
// 暂存原哈希表
|
||||
Pair[] bucketsTmp = buckets;
|
||||
// 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
|
||||
capacity *= extendRatio;
|
||||
buckets = new Pair[capacity];
|
||||
size = 0;
|
||||
// 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
|
||||
foreach (Pair pair in bucketsTmp) {
|
||||
if (pair != null && pair != removed) {
|
||||
put(pair.key, pair.val);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
||||
public void print() {
|
||||
foreach (Pair pair in buckets) {
|
||||
if (pair != null) {
|
||||
Console.WriteLine(pair.key + " -> " + pair.val);
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("null");
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Swift"
|
||||
|
||||
```swift title="hash_map_open_addressing.swift"
|
||||
[class]{Pair}-[func]{}
|
||||
|
||||
[class]{HashMapOpenAddressing}-[func]{}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Zig"
|
||||
|
||||
```zig title="hash_map_open_addressing.zig"
|
||||
[class]{Pair}-[func]{}
|
||||
|
||||
[class]{HashMapOpenAddressing}-[func]{}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Dart"
|
||||
|
||||
```dart title="hash_map_open_addressing.dart"
|
||||
/* 键值对 */
|
||||
class Pair {
|
||||
int key;
|
||||
String val;
|
||||
Pair(this.key, this.val);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 开放寻址哈希表 */
|
||||
class HashMapOpenAddressing {
|
||||
late int _size; // 键值对数量
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ comments: true
|
|||
|
||||
给定一个长度为 $n$ 的有序数组 `nums` ,数组可能包含重复元素。请查找并返回元素 `target` 在数组中首次出现的索引。若数组中不包含该元素,则返回 $-1$ 。
|
||||
|
||||
## 10.2.1. 简单方法
|
||||
## 10.2.1. 线性方法
|
||||
|
||||
为了查找数组中最左边的 `target` ,我们可以分为两步:
|
||||
|
||||
|
@ -21,11 +21,11 @@ comments: true
|
|||
|
||||
<p align="center"> Fig. 线性查找最左边的元素 </p>
|
||||
|
||||
这个方法虽然有效,但由于包含线性查找,**其时间复杂度可能会劣化至 $O(n)$** 。
|
||||
这个方法虽然有效,但由于包含线性查找,时间复杂度为 $O(n)$ ,当存在很多重复的 `target` 时效率较低。
|
||||
|
||||
## 10.2.2. 二分方法
|
||||
|
||||
实际上,我们可以仅通过二分查找解决以上问题。整体算法流程不变,先计算中点索引 $m$ ,再判断 `target` 和 `nums[m]` 大小关系:
|
||||
考虑仅使用二分查找解决该问题。整体算法流程不变,先计算中点索引 $m$ ,再判断 `target` 和 `nums[m]` 大小关系:
|
||||
|
||||
- 当 `nums[m] < target` 或 `nums[m] > target` 时,说明还没有找到 `target` ,因此采取与上节代码相同的缩小区间操作,**从而使指针 $i$ 和 $j$ 向 `target` 靠近**。
|
||||
- 当 `nums[m] == target` 时,说明“小于 `target` 的元素”在区间 $[i, m - 1]$ 中,因此采用 $j = m - 1$ 来缩小区间,**从而使指针 $j$ 向小于 `target` 的元素靠近**。
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -44,6 +44,10 @@ comments: true
|
|||
|
||||
回顾原始的快速排序,我们有可能会连续地递归长度较大的数组,最差情况下为 $n, n - 1, n - 2, ..., 2, 1$ ,从而递归深度为 $n$ 。尾递归优化可以避免这种情况的出现。
|
||||
|
||||
!!! question "当数组中所有元素都相等时,快速排序的时间复杂度是 $O(n^2)$ 吗?该如何处理这种退化情况?"
|
||||
|
||||
是的。这种情况可以考虑通过哨兵划分将数组划分为三个部分:小于、等于、大于基准数。仅向下递归小于和大于的两部分。在该方法下,输入元素全部相等的数组,仅一轮哨兵划分即可完成排序。
|
||||
|
||||
!!! question "桶排序的最差时间复杂度为什么是 $O(n^2)$ ?"
|
||||
|
||||
最差情况下,所有元素被分至同一个桶中。如果我们采用一个 $O(n^2)$ 算法来排序这些元素,则时间复杂度为 $O(n^2)$ 。
|
||||
|
|
Loading…
Reference in a new issue