Merge branch 'krahets:master' into rust-computational_complexity

.gitignore

@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@
 # Editor
 .vscode/
 .idea/
+cmake-build-debug/
 hello-algo.iml
+*.dSYM/
 
 # mkdocs files
 site/

.prettierrc

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "tabWidth": 4,
-  "useTabs": false
-}

Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+FROM python:3.9.0-alpine
+
+RUN pip install -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple --upgrade pip
+RUN pip install -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple mkdocs-material==9.0.2
+
+WORKDIR /app
+
+COPY codes /app/codes
+COPY docs /app/docs
+COPY mkdocs.yml /app/mkdocs.yml
+
+RUN mkdir ./docs/overrides && mkdocs build
+
+EXPOSE 8000
+
+CMD ["mkdocs", "serve", "-a", "0.0.0.0:8000"]

codes/c/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.10)
+project(hello_algo C)
+
+set(CMAKE_C_STANDARD 11)
+
+include_directories(./include)
+
+add_subdirectory(include)
+add_subdirectory(chapter_computational_complexity)
+add_subdirectory(chapter_array_and_linkedlist)
+add_subdirectory(chapter_sorting)
+add_subdirectory(chapter_tree)

codes/c/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+add_executable(array array.c)
+add_executable(linked_list linked_list.c)

codes/c/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.c

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+/**
+ * File: linked_list.c
+ * Created Time: 2022-01-12
+ * Author: Zero (glj0@outlook.com)
+ */
+
+#include "../include/include.h"
+
+/* 在链表的结点 n0 之后插入结点 P */
+void insert(ListNode* n0, ListNode* P) {
+    ListNode *n1 = n0->next;
+    n0->next = P;
+    P->next = n1;
+}
+
+/* 删除链表的结点 n0 之后的首个结点 */
+// 由于引入了 stdio.h ，此处无法使用 remove 关键词
+// 详见 https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo/pull/244#discussion_r1067863888
+void removeNode(ListNode* n0) {
+    if (!n0->next)
+        return;
+    // n0 -> P -> n1
+    ListNode *P = n0->next;
+    ListNode *n1 = P->next;
+    n0->next = n1;
+    // 释放内存
+    free(P);
+}
+
+/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的结点 */
+ListNode* access(ListNode* head, int index) {
+    while (head && head->next && index) {
+        head = head->next;
+        index--;
+    }
+    return head;
+}
+
+/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个结点 */
+int find(ListNode* head, int target) {
+    int index = 0;
+    while (head) {
+        if (head->val == target)
+            return index;
+        head = head->next;
+        index++;
+    }
+    return -1;
+}
+
+
+/* Driver Code */
+int main() {
+    /* 初始化链表 */
+    // 初始化各个结点 
+    ListNode* n0 = newListNode(1);
+    ListNode* n1 = newListNode(3);
+    ListNode* n2 = newListNode(2);
+    ListNode* n3 = newListNode(5);
+    ListNode* n4 = newListNode(4);
+    // 构建引用指向
+    n0->next = n1;
+    n1->next = n2;
+    n2->next = n3;
+    n3->next = n4;
+    printf("初始化的链表为\r\n"); 
+    printLinkedList(n0);
+
+    /* 插入结点 */
+    insert(n0, newListNode(0));
+    printf("插入结点后的链表为\r\n");
+    printLinkedList(n0);
+
+    /* 删除结点 */
+    removeNode(n0);
+    printf("删除结点后的链表为\r\n");
+    printLinkedList(n0);
+
+    /* 访问结点 */
+    ListNode* node = access(n0, 3);
+    printf("链表中索引 3 处的结点的值 = %d\r\n", node->val);
+
+    /* 查找结点 */
+    int index = find(n0, 2);
+    printf("链表中值为 2 的结点的索引 = %d\r\n", index);
+
+    return 0;
+}

codes/c/chapter_computational_complexity/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+add_executable(time_complexity time_complexity.c )
+add_executable(worst_best_time_complexity worst_best_time_complexity.c)

codes/c/chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.c

@@ -56,11 +56,13 @@ int bubbleSort(int *nums, int n) {
     for (int i = n - 1; i > 0; i--) {
         // 内循环：冒泡操作
         for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
-            // 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
-            int tmp = nums[j];
-            nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
-            nums[j + 1] = tmp;
-            count += 3;  // 元素交换包含 3 个单元操作
+            if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) {
+                // 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
+                int tmp = nums[j];
+                nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
+                nums[j + 1] = tmp;
+                count += 3;  // 元素交换包含 3 个单元操作
+            }
         }
     }
     return count;

codes/c/chapter_computational_complexity/worst_best_time_complexity.c

@@ -49,6 +49,5 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
             nums = NULL;
         }
     }
-    getchar();
     return 0;
 }

codes/c/chapter_sorting/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+add_executable(bubble_sort bubble_sort.c)
+add_executable(insertion_sort insertion_sort.c)

codes/c/chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.c

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #include "../include/include.h"
 
 /* 冒泡排序 */
-void bubble_sort(int nums[], int size) {
+void bubbleSort(int nums[], int size) {
     // 外循环：待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
     for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++)
     {
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ void bubble_sort(int nums[], int size) {
 }
 
 /* 冒泡排序（标志优化）*/
-void bubble_sort_with_flag(int nums[], int size) {
+void bubbleSortWithFlag(int nums[], int size) {
     // 外循环：待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
     for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++)
     {
@@ -50,15 +50,15 @@ void bubble_sort_with_flag(int nums[], int size) {
 /* Driver Code */
 int main() {
     int nums[6] = {4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2};
-    printf("冒泡排序后:\n");
-    bubble_sort(nums, 6);
+    printf("冒泡排序后: ");
+    bubbleSort(nums, 6);
     for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++)
     {
         printf("%d ", nums[i]);
     }
 
-    printf("优化版冒泡排序后:\n");
-    bubble_sort_with_flag(nums, 6);
+    printf("\n优化版冒泡排序后: ");
+    bubbleSortWithFlag(nums, 6);
     for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++)
     {
         printf("%d ", nums[i]);

codes/c/chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.c

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ void insertionSort(int nums[], int size) {
 int main() {
     int nums[] = {4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2};
     insertionSort(nums, 6);
-    printf("插入排序完成后 nums = \n");
+    printf("插入排序完成后 nums = ");
     for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++)
     {
         printf("%d ", nums[i]);

codes/c/chapter_tree/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+add_executable(binary_search binary_tree.c)
+add_executable(binary_tree_bfs binary_tree_bfs.c)
+add_executable(binary_tree_dfs binary_tree_dfs.c)
+add_executable(binary_search_tree binary_search_tree.c)

codes/c/chapter_tree/binary_search_tree.c

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+/**
+ * File: binary_search_tree.c
+ * Created Time: 2023-01-11
+ * Author: Reanon (793584285@qq.com)
+ */
+
+#include "../include/include.h"
+

codes/c/chapter_tree/binary_tree.c

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/**
+ * File: binary_tree.c
+ * Created Time: 2023-01-11
+ * Author: Reanon (793584285@qq.com)
+ */
+
+#include "../include/include.h"
+
+/* Driver Code */
+int main() {
+    /* 初始化二叉树 */
+    // 初始化结点
+    TreeNode* n1 = newTreeNode(1);
+    TreeNode* n2 = newTreeNode(2);
+    TreeNode* n3 = newTreeNode(3);
+    TreeNode* n4 = newTreeNode(4);
+    TreeNode* n5 = newTreeNode(5);
+    // 构建引用指向（即指针）
+    n1->left = n2;
+    n1->right = n3;
+    n2->left = n4;
+    n2->right = n5;
+    printf("初始化二叉树\n");
+    printTree(n1);
+
+    /* 插入与删除结点 */
+    TreeNode* P = newTreeNode(0);
+    // 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入结点 P
+    n1->left = P;
+    P->left = n2;
+    printf("插入结点 P 后\n");
+    printTree(n1);
+
+    // 删除结点 P
+    n1->left = n2;
+    // 释放内存
+    free(P);
+    printf("删除结点 P 后\n");
+    printTree(n1);
+
+    return 0;
+}

codes/c/chapter_tree/binary_tree_bfs.c

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+/**
+ * File: binary_tree_bfs.c
+ * Created Time: 2023-01-11
+ * Author: Reanon (793584285@qq.com)
+ */
+
+#include "../include/include.h"
+
+/* 层序遍历 */
+int *levelOrder(TreeNode *root, int *size) {
+    /* 辅助队列 */
+    int front, rear;
+    int index, *arr;
+    TreeNode *node;
+    TreeNode **queue;
+
+    /* 辅助队列 */
+    queue = (TreeNode **) malloc(sizeof(TreeNode) * MAX_NODE_SIZE);
+    // 队列指针
+    front = 0, rear = 0;
+    // 加入根结点
+    queue[rear++] = root;
+    // 初始化一个列表，用于保存遍历序列
+    /* 辅助数组 */
+    arr = (int *) malloc(sizeof(int) * MAX_NODE_SIZE);
+    // 数组指针
+    index = 0;
+    while (front < rear) {
+        // 队列出队
+        node = queue[front++];
+        // 保存结点
+        arr[index++] = node->val;
+        if (node->left != NULL) {
+            // 左子结点入队
+            queue[rear++] = node->left;
+        }
+        if (node->right != NULL) {
+            // 右子结点入队
+            queue[rear++] = node->right;
+        }
+    }
+    // 更新数组长度的值
+    *size = index;
+    arr = realloc(arr, sizeof(int) * (*size));
+    return arr;
+}
+
+
+/* Driver Code */
+int main() {
+    /* 初始化二叉树 */
+    // 这里借助了一个从数组直接生成二叉树的函数
+    int nums[] = {1, 2, 3, NIL, 5, 6, NIL};
+    int size = sizeof(nums) / sizeof(int);
+    TreeNode *root = arrToTree(nums, size);
+    printf("初始化二叉树\n");
+    printTree(root);
+
+    /* 层序遍历 */
+    // 需要传入数组的长度
+    int *arr = levelOrder(root, &size);
+    printf("层序遍历的结点打印序列 = ");
+    printArray(arr, size);
+
+    return 0;
+}

codes/c/chapter_tree/binary_tree_dfs.c

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+/**
+ * File: binary_tree_dfs.c
+ * Created Time: 2023-01-11
+ * Author: Reanon (793584285@qq.com)
+ */
+
+#include "../include/include.h"
+
+/* 辅助数组，用于存储遍历序列 */
+int *arr;
+
+/* 前序遍历 */
+void preOrder(TreeNode *root, int *size) {
+
+    if (root == NULL) return;
+    // 访问优先级：根结点 -> 左子树 -> 右子树
+    arr[(*size)++] = root->val;
+    preOrder(root->left, size);
+    preOrder(root->right, size);
+}
+
+/* 中序遍历 */
+void inOrder(TreeNode *root, int *size) {
+    if (root == NULL) return;
+    // 访问优先级：左子树 -> 根结点 -> 右子树
+    inOrder(root->left, size);
+    arr[(*size)++] = root->val;
+    inOrder(root->right, size);
+}
+
+/* 后序遍历 */
+void postOrder(TreeNode *root, int *size) {
+    if (root == NULL) return;
+    // 访问优先级：左子树 -> 右子树 -> 根结点
+    postOrder(root->left, size);
+    postOrder(root->right, size);
+    arr[(*size)++] = root->val;
+}
+
+
+/* Driver Code */
+int main() {
+    /* 初始化二叉树 */
+    // 这里借助了一个从数组直接生成二叉树的函数
+    int nums[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7};
+    int size = sizeof(nums) / sizeof(int);
+    TreeNode *root = arrToTree(nums, size);
+    printf("初始化二叉树\n");
+    printTree(root);
+
+    /* 前序遍历 */
+    // 初始化辅助数组
+    arr = (int *) malloc(sizeof(int) * MAX_NODE_SIZE);
+    size = 0;
+    preOrder(root, &size);
+    printf("前序遍历的结点打印序列 = ");
+    printArray(arr, size);
+
+    /* 中序遍历 */
+    size = 0;
+    inOrder(root, &size);
+    printf("中序遍历的结点打印序列 = ");
+    printArray(arr, size);
+
+    /* 后序遍历 */
+    size = 0;
+    postOrder(root, &size);
+    printf("后序遍历的结点打印序列 = ");
+    printArray(arr, size);
+
+    return 0;
+}

codes/c/include/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+add_executable(include
+        include_test.c
+        include.h print_util.h
+        list_node.h tree_node.h)

codes/c/include/PrintUtil.h

@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * File: PrintUtil.h
- * Created Time: 2022-12-21
- * Author: MolDum (moldum@163.com)
- */
-
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-
-// #include "ListNode.h"
-// #include "TreeNode.h"
-
-/**
- * @brief Print an Array
- * 
- * @param arr 
- * @param n 
- */
-
-static void printArray(int* arr, int n)
-{
-    printf("[");
-    for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {
-        printf("%d, ", arr[i]);
-    }
-    printf("%d]\n", arr[n-1]);
-}

codes/c/include/include.h

@@ -1,13 +1,28 @@
 /**
  * File: include.h
  * Created Time: 2022-12-20
- * Author: MolDuM (moldum@163.com)
+ * Author: MolDuM (moldum@163.com)、Reanon (793584285@qq.com)
  */
 
+#ifndef C_INCLUDE_H
+#define C_INCLUDE_H
+
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <time.h>
 
-#include "PrintUtil.h"
+#include "list_node.h"
+#include "tree_node.h"
+#include "print_util.h"
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif // C_INCLUDE_H

codes/c/include/include_test.c

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/**
+ * File: include_test.c
+ * Created Time: 2023-01-10
+ * Author: Reanon (793584285@qq.com)
+ */
+
+#include "include.h"
+
+void testListNode() {
+    int nums[] = {2, 3, 5, 6, 7};
+    int size = sizeof(nums) / sizeof(int);
+    ListNode *head = arrToLinkedList(nums, size);
+    printLinkedList(head);
+
+    ListNode *node = getListNode(head, 5);
+    printf("find node: %d\n", node->val);
+}
+
+void testTreeNode() {
+    int nums[] = {1, 2, 3, NIL, 5, 6, NIL};
+    int size = sizeof(nums) / sizeof(int);
+    TreeNode *root = arrToTree(nums, size);
+
+    // print tree
+    printTree(root);
+
+    // tree to arr
+    int *arr = treeToArr(root);
+    printArray(arr, size);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+    printf("==testListNode==\n");
+    testListNode();
+    printf("==testTreeNode==\n");
+    testTreeNode();
+    return 0;
+}

codes/c/include/list_node.h

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+/**
+ * File: list_node.h
+ * Created Time: 2023-01-09
+ * Author: Reanon (793584285@qq.com)
+ */
+#ifndef LIST_NODE_H
+#define LIST_NODE_H
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @brief Definition for a singly-linked list node
+ *
+ */
+struct ListNode {
+    int val;               // 结点值
+    struct ListNode *next; // 指向下一结点的指针（引用）
+};
+
+// typedef 为 C 语言的关键字，作用是为一种数据类型定义一个新名字
+typedef struct ListNode ListNode;
+
+ListNode *newListNode(int val) {
+    ListNode *node, *next;
+    node = (ListNode *) malloc(sizeof(ListNode));
+    node->val = val;
+    node->next = NULL;
+    return node;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Generate a linked list with a vector
+ *
+ * @param list
+ * @return ListNode*
+ */
+
+ListNode *arrToLinkedList(const int *arr, size_t size) {
+    if (size <= 0) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    ListNode *dummy = newListNode(0);
+    ListNode *node = dummy;
+    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        node->next = newListNode(arr[i]);
+        node = node->next;
+    }
+    return dummy->next;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Get a list node with specific value from a linked list
+ *
+ * @param head
+ * @param val
+ * @return ListNode*
+ */
+ListNode *getListNode(ListNode *head, int val) {
+    while (head != NULL && head->val != val) {
+        head = head->next;
+    }
+    return head;
+}
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif // LIST_NODE_H

codes/c/include/print_util.h

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+/**
+ * File: print_util.h
+ * Created Time: 2022-12-21
+ * Author: MolDum (moldum@163.com)、Reanon (793584285@qq.com)
+ */
+
+#ifndef PRINT_UTIL_H
+#define PRINT_UTIL_H
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "list_node.h"
+#include "tree_node.h"
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+
+/**
+ * @brief Print an Array
+ *
+ * @param arr
+ * @param size
+ */
+static void printArray(int *arr, int size) {
+    printf("[");
+    for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++) {
+        if (arr[i] != NIL) {
+            printf("%d, ", arr[i]);
+        } else {
+            printf("NULL, ");
+        }
+    }
+    if (arr[size - 1] != NIL) {
+        printf("%d]\n", arr[size - 1]);
+    }else{
+        printf("NULL]\n");
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Print a linked list
+ *
+ * @param head
+ */
+static void printLinkedList(ListNode *node) {
+    if (node == NULL) {
+        return;
+    }
+    while (node->next != NULL) {
+        printf("%d -> ", node->val);
+        node = node->next;
+    }
+    printf("%d\n", node->val);
+}
+
+struct Trunk {
+    struct Trunk *prev;
+    char *str;
+};
+
+typedef struct Trunk Trunk;
+
+Trunk *newTrunk(Trunk *prev, char *str) {
+    Trunk *trunk = (Trunk *) malloc(sizeof(Trunk));
+    trunk->prev = prev;
+    trunk->str = (char *) malloc(sizeof(char) * 10);
+    strcpy(trunk->str, str);
+    return trunk;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Helper function to print branches of the binary tree
+ *
+ * @param trunk
+ */
+void showTrunks(Trunk *trunk) {
+    if (trunk == NULL) {
+        return;
+    }
+    showTrunks(trunk->prev);
+    printf("%s", trunk->str);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Help to print a binary tree, hide more details
+ * @param node
+ * @param prev
+ * @param isLeft
+ */
+static void printTreeHelper(TreeNode *node, Trunk *prev, bool isLeft) {
+    if (node == NULL) {
+        return;
+    }
+    char *prev_str = "    ";
+    Trunk *trunk = newTrunk(prev, prev_str);
+    printTreeHelper(node->right, trunk, true);
+    if (prev == NULL) {
+        trunk->str = "———";
+    } else if (isLeft) {
+        trunk->str = "/———";
+        prev_str = "   |";
+    } else {
+        trunk->str = "\\———";
+        prev->str = prev_str;
+    }
+    showTrunks(trunk);
+    printf("%d\n", node->val);
+
+    if (prev != NULL) {
+        prev->str = prev_str;
+    }
+    trunk->str = "   |";
+
+    printTreeHelper(node->left, trunk, false);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Print a binary tree
+ *
+ * @param head
+ */
+static void printTree(TreeNode *root) {
+    printTreeHelper(root, NULL, false);
+}
+
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif // PRINT_UTIL_H

codes/c/include/tree_node.h

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+/**
+ * File: tree_node.h
+ * Created Time: 2023-01-09
+ * Author: Reanon (793584285@qq.com)
+ */
+
+
+#ifndef TREE_NODE_H
+#define TREE_NODE_H
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#define NIL ('#')
+#define MAX_NODE_SIZE 5000
+
+struct TreeNode {
+    int val;
+    int height;
+    struct TreeNode *left;
+    struct TreeNode *right;
+};
+
+typedef struct TreeNode TreeNode;
+
+
+TreeNode *newTreeNode(int val) {
+    TreeNode *node;
+
+    node = (TreeNode *) malloc(sizeof(TreeNode));
+    node->val = val;
+    node->height = 0;
+    node->left = NULL;
+    node->right = NULL;
+    return node;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Generate a binary tree with an array
+ *
+ * @param arr
+ * @param size
+ * @return TreeNode *
+ */
+TreeNode *arrToTree(const int *arr, size_t size) {
+    if (size <= 0) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    int front, rear, index;
+    TreeNode *root, *node;
+    TreeNode **queue;
+
+    /* 根结点 */
+    root = newTreeNode(arr[0]);
+    /* 辅助队列 */
+    queue = (TreeNode **) malloc(sizeof(TreeNode) * MAX_NODE_SIZE);
+    // 队列指针
+    front = 0, rear = 0;
+    // 将根结点放入队尾
+    queue[rear++] = root;
+    // 记录遍历数组的索引
+    index = 0;
+    while (front < rear) {
+        // 取队列中的头结点，并让头结点出队
+        node = queue[front++];
+        index++;
+        if (index < size) {
+            if (arr[index] != NIL) {
+                node->left = newTreeNode(arr[index]);
+                queue[rear++] = node->left;
+            }
+        }
+        index++;
+        if (index < size) {
+            if (arr[index] != NIL) {
+                node->right = newTreeNode(arr[index]);
+                queue[rear++] = node->right;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return root;
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * @brief Generate a binary tree with an array
+ *
+ * @param arr
+ * @param size
+ * @return TreeNode *
+ */
+int *treeToArr(TreeNode *root) {
+    if (root == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    int front, rear;
+    int index, *arr;
+    TreeNode *node;
+    TreeNode **queue;
+    /* 辅助队列 */
+    queue = (TreeNode **) malloc(sizeof(TreeNode) * MAX_NODE_SIZE);
+    // 队列指针
+    front = 0, rear = 0;
+    // 将根结点放入队尾
+    queue[rear++] = root;
+    /* 辅助数组 */
+    arr = (int *) malloc(sizeof(int) * MAX_NODE_SIZE);
+    // 数组指针
+    index = 0;
+    while (front < rear) {
+        // 取队列中的头结点，并让头结点出队
+        node = queue[front++];
+        if (node != NULL) {
+            arr[index] = node->val;
+            queue[rear++] = node->left;
+            queue[rear++] = node->right;
+        } else {
+            arr[index] = NIL;
+        }
+        index++;
+    }
+    return arr;
+}
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif // TREE_NODE_H

codes/cpp/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.cpp

@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ int* extend(int* nums, int size, int enlarge) {
     for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
         res[i] = nums[i];
     }
+    // 释放内存
+    delete[] nums;
     // 返回扩展后的新数组
     return res;
 }
@@ -82,10 +84,7 @@ int main() {
     
     /* 长度扩展 */
     int enlarge = 3;
-    int* res = extend(nums, size, enlarge);
-    int* temp = nums;
-    nums = res;
-    delete[] temp;
+    nums = extend(nums, size, enlarge);
     size += enlarge;
     cout << "将数组长度扩展至 8 ，得到 nums = ";
     PrintUtil::printArray(nums, size);
@@ -107,5 +106,9 @@ int main() {
     int index = find(nums, size, 3);
     cout << "在 nums 中查找元素 3 ，得到索引 = " << index << endl;
 
+    // 释放内存
+    delete[] arr;
+    delete[] nums;
+
     return 0;
 }

codes/cpp/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.cpp

@@ -83,5 +83,8 @@ int main() {
     int index = find(n0, 2);
     cout << "链表中值为 2 的结点的索引 = " << index << endl;
 
+    // 释放内存
+    freeMemoryLinkedList(n0);
+
     return 0;
 }

codes/cpp/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/my_list.cpp

@@ -20,6 +20,11 @@ public:
         nums = new int[numsCapacity];
     }
 
+    /* 析构函数 */
+    ~MyList() {
+        delete[] nums;
+    }
+
     /* 获取列表长度（即当前元素数量）*/
     int size() {
         return numsSize;
@@ -90,14 +95,14 @@ public:
     void extendCapacity() {
         // 新建一个长度为 size * extendRatio 的数组，并将原数组拷贝到新数组
         int newCapacity = capacity() * extendRatio;
-        int* extend = new int[newCapacity];
+        int* tmp = nums;
+        nums = new int[newCapacity];
         // 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
         for (int i = 0; i < size(); i++) {
-            extend[i] = nums[i];
+            nums[i] = tmp[i];
         }
-        int* temp = nums;
-        nums = extend;
-        delete[] temp;
+        // 释放内存
+        delete[] tmp;
         numsCapacity = newCapacity;
     }
 
@@ -160,5 +165,8 @@ int main() {
     PrintUtil::printVector(vec);
     cout << "容量 = " << list->capacity() << " ，长度 = " << list->size() << endl;
 
+    // 释放内存
+    delete list;
+
     return 0;
 }

codes/cpp/chapter_computational_complexity/leetcode_two_sum.cpp

@@ -56,5 +56,9 @@ int main() {
     cout << "方法二 res = ";
     PrintUtil::printVector(res);
 
+    // 释放内存
+    delete slt1;
+    delete slt2;
+
     return 0;
 }

codes/cpp/chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity.cpp

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ void constant(int n) {
     const int a = 0;
     int b = 0;
     vector<int> nums(10000);
-    ListNode* node = new ListNode(0);
+    ListNode node(0);
     // 循环中的变量占用 O(1) 空间
     for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
         int c = 0;
@@ -34,9 +34,9 @@ void linear(int n) {
     // 长度为 n 的数组占用 O(n) 空间
     vector<int> nums(n);
     // 长度为 n 的列表占用 O(n) 空间
-    vector<ListNode*> nodes;
+    vector<ListNode> nodes;
     for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-        nodes.push_back(new ListNode(i));
+        nodes.push_back(ListNode(i));
     }
     // 长度为 n 的哈希表占用 O(n) 空间
     unordered_map<int, string> map;
@@ -98,5 +98,8 @@ int main() {
     TreeNode* root = buildTree(n);
     PrintUtil::printTree(root);
 
+    // 释放内存
+    freeMemoryTree(root);
+
     return 0;
 }

codes/cpp/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_queue.cpp

@@ -21,6 +21,10 @@ public:
         nums = new int[capacity];
     }
 
+    ~ArrayQueue() {
+        delete[] nums;
+    }
+
     /* 获取队列的容量 */
     int capacity() {
         return cap;
@@ -117,5 +121,8 @@ int main() {
         PrintUtil::printVector(queue->toVector());
     }
 
+    // 释放内存
+    delete queue;
+
     return 0;
 }

codes/cpp/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.cpp

@@ -78,5 +78,8 @@ int main() {
     bool empty = stack->empty();
     cout << "栈是否为空 = " << empty << endl;
 
+    // 释放内存
+    delete stack;
+
     return 0;
 }

codes/cpp/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_queue.cpp

@@ -19,6 +19,11 @@ public:
         queSize = 0;
     }
 
+    ~LinkedListQueue() {
+        delete front;
+        delete rear;
+    }
+
     /* 获取队列的长度 */
     int size() {
         return queSize;
@@ -108,5 +113,8 @@ int main() {
     bool empty = queue->empty();
     cout << "队列是否为空 = " << empty << endl;
 
+    // 释放内存
+    delete queue;
+
     return 0;
 }

codes/cpp/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.cpp

@@ -18,6 +18,10 @@ public:
         stkSize = 0;
     }
 
+    ~LinkedListStack() {
+        freeMemoryLinkedList(stackTop);
+    }
+
     /* 获取栈的长度 */
     int size() {
         return stkSize;
@@ -97,5 +101,8 @@ int main() {
     bool empty = stack->empty();
     cout << "栈是否为空 = " << empty << endl;
 
+    // 释放内存
+    delete stack;
+
     return 0;
 }

codes/cpp/chapter_tree/binary_search_tree.cpp

@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@ public:
         root = buildTree(nums, 0, nums.size() - 1);  // 构建二叉搜索树
     }
 
+    ~BinarySearchTree() {
+        freeMemoryTree(root);
+    }
+
     /* 获取二叉树根结点 */
     TreeNode* getRoot() {
         return root;
@@ -152,5 +156,8 @@ int main() {
     cout << endl << "删除结点 4 后，二叉树为\n" << endl;
     PrintUtil::printTree(bst->getRoot());
 
+    // 释放内存
+    delete bst;
+
     return 0;
 }

codes/cpp/chapter_tree/binary_tree.cpp

@@ -37,5 +37,8 @@ int main() {
     cout << endl << "删除结点 P 后\n" << endl;
     PrintUtil::printTree(n1);
 
+    // 释放内存
+    freeMemoryTree(n1);
+
     return 0;
 }

codes/cpp/include/ListNode.hpp

@@ -48,3 +48,18 @@ ListNode* getListNode(ListNode *head, int val) {
     }
     return head;
 }
+
+/**
+ * @brief Free the memory allocated to a linked list
+ * 
+ * @param cur 
+ */
+void freeMemoryLinkedList(ListNode *cur) {
+    // 释放内存
+    ListNode *pre;
+    while (cur != nullptr) {
+        pre = cur;
+        cur = cur->next;
+        delete pre;
+    }
+}

codes/cpp/include/TreeNode.hpp

@@ -68,3 +68,16 @@ TreeNode *getTreeNode(TreeNode *root, int val) {
     TreeNode *right = getTreeNode(root->right, val);
     return left != nullptr ? left : right;
 }
+
+/**
+ * @brief Free the memory allocated to a tree
+ * 
+ * @param root 
+ */
+void freeMemoryTree(TreeNode *root) {
+    if (root == nullptr) return;
+    freeMemoryTree(root->left);    
+    freeMemoryTree(root->right);
+    // 释放内存
+    delete root;    
+}

codes/cpp/include/include.hpp

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 #include <unordered_set>
 #include <set>
 #include <random>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <algorithm>
 
 #include "ListNode.hpp"
 #include "TreeNode.hpp"

codes/go/chapter_heap/heap.go

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// File: intHeap.go
+// Created Time: 2023-01-12
+// Author: Reanon (793584285@qq.com)
+
+package chapter_heap
+
+// Go 语言中可以通过实现 heap.Interface 来构建整数大顶堆
+// 实现 heap.Interface 需要同时实现 sort.Interface
+type intHeap []any
+
+// Push heap.Interface 的方法，实现推入元素到堆
+func (h *intHeap) Push(x any) {
+	// Push 和 Pop 使用 pointer receiver 作为参数
+	// 因为它们不仅会对切片的内容进行调整，还会修改切片的长度。
+	*h = append(*h, x.(int))
+}
+
+// Pop heap.Interface 的方法，实现弹出堆顶元素
+func (h *intHeap) Pop() any {
+	// 待出堆元素存放在最后
+	last := (*h)[len(*h)-1]
+	*h = (*h)[:len(*h)-1]
+	return last
+}
+
+// Len sort.Interface 的方法
+func (h *intHeap) Len() int {
+	return len(*h)
+}
+
+// Less sort.Interface 的方法
+func (h *intHeap) Less(i, j int) bool {
+	// 如果实现小顶堆，则需要调整为小于号
+	return (*h)[i].(int) > (*h)[j].(int)
+}
+
+// Swap sort.Interface 的方法
+func (h *intHeap) Swap(i, j int) {
+	(*h)[i], (*h)[j] = (*h)[j], (*h)[i]
+}
+
+// Top 获取堆顶元素
+func (h *intHeap) Top() any {
+	return (*h)[0]
+}

codes/go/chapter_heap/heap_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+// File: heap_test.go
+// Created Time: 2023-01-12
+// Author: Reanon (793584285@qq.com)
+
+package chapter_heap
+
+import (
+	"container/heap"
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+
+	. "github.com/krahets/hello-algo/pkg"
+)
+
+func testPush(h *intHeap, val int) {
+	// 调用 heap.Interface 的方法，来添加元素
+	heap.Push(h, val)
+	fmt.Printf("\n元素 %d 入堆后 \n", val)
+	PrintHeap(*h)
+}
+
+func testPop(h *intHeap) {
+	// 调用 heap.Interface 的方法，来移除元素
+	val := heap.Pop(h)
+	fmt.Printf("\n堆顶元素 %d 出堆后 \n", val)
+	PrintHeap(*h)
+}
+
+func TestHeap(t *testing.T) {
+	/* 初始化堆 */
+	// 初始化大顶堆
+	maxHeap := &intHeap{}
+	heap.Init(maxHeap)
+	/* 元素入堆 */
+	testPush(maxHeap, 1)
+	testPush(maxHeap, 3)
+	testPush(maxHeap, 2)
+	testPush(maxHeap, 5)
+	testPush(maxHeap, 4)
+
+	/* 获取堆顶元素 */
+	top := maxHeap.Top()
+	fmt.Printf("堆顶元素为 %d\n", top)
+
+	/* 堆顶元素出堆 */
+	testPop(maxHeap)
+	testPop(maxHeap)
+	testPop(maxHeap)
+	testPop(maxHeap)
+	testPop(maxHeap)
+
+	/* 获取堆大小 */
+	size := len(*maxHeap)
+	fmt.Printf("堆元素数量为 %d\n", size)
+
+	/* 判断堆是否为空 */
+	isEmpty := len(*maxHeap) == 0
+	fmt.Printf("堆是否为空 %t\n", isEmpty)
+}
+
+func TestMyHeap(t *testing.T) {
+	/* 初始化堆 */
+	// 初始化大顶堆
+	maxHeap := newMaxHeap([]any{9, 8, 6, 6, 7, 5, 2, 1, 4, 3, 6, 2})
+	fmt.Printf("输入数组并建堆后\n")
+	maxHeap.print()
+
+	/* 获取堆顶元素 */
+	peek := maxHeap.peek()
+	fmt.Printf("\n堆顶元素为 %d\n", peek)
+
+	/* 元素入堆 */
+	val := 7
+	maxHeap.push(val)
+	fmt.Printf("\n元素 %d 入堆后\n", val)
+	maxHeap.print()
+
+	/* 堆顶元素出堆 */
+	peek = maxHeap.poll()
+	fmt.Printf("\n堆顶元素 %d 出堆后\n", peek)
+	maxHeap.print()
+
+	/* 获取堆大小 */
+	size := maxHeap.size()
+	fmt.Printf("\n堆元素数量为 %d\n", size)
+
+	/* 判断堆是否为空 */
+	isEmpty := maxHeap.isEmpty()
+	fmt.Printf("\n堆是否为空 %t\n", isEmpty)
+}

codes/go/chapter_heap/my_heap.go

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+// File: my_heap.go
+// Created Time: 2023-01-12
+// Author: Reanon (793584285@qq.com)
+
+package chapter_heap
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	. "github.com/krahets/hello-algo/pkg"
+)
+
+type maxHeap struct {
+	// 使用切片而非数组，这样无需考虑扩容问题
+	data []any
+}
+
+/* 构造函数，建立空堆 */
+func newHeap() *maxHeap {
+	return &maxHeap{
+		data: make([]any, 0),
+	}
+}
+
+/* 构造函数，根据切片建堆 */
+func newMaxHeap(nums []any) *maxHeap {
+	// 所有元素入堆
+	h := &maxHeap{data: nums}
+	for i := len(h.data) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		// 堆化除叶结点以外的其他所有结点
+		h.siftDown(i)
+	}
+	return h
+}
+
+/* 获取左子结点索引 */
+func (h *maxHeap) left(i int) int {
+	return 2*i + 1
+}
+
+/* 获取右子结点索引 */
+func (h *maxHeap) right(i int) int {
+	return 2*i + 2
+}
+
+/* 获取父结点索引 */
+func (h *maxHeap) parent(i int) int {
+	// 向下整除
+	return (i - 1) / 2
+}
+
+/* 交换元素 */
+func (h *maxHeap) swap(i, j int) {
+	h.data[i], h.data[j] = h.data[j], h.data[i]
+}
+
+/* 获取堆大小 */
+func (h *maxHeap) size() int {
+	return len(h.data)
+}
+
+/* 判断堆是否为空 */
+func (h *maxHeap) isEmpty() bool {
+	return len(h.data) == 0
+}
+
+/* 访问堆顶元素 */
+func (h *maxHeap) peek() any {
+	return h.data[0]
+}
+
+/* 元素入堆 */
+func (h *maxHeap) push(val any) {
+	// 添加结点
+	h.data = append(h.data, val)
+	// 从底至顶堆化
+	h.siftUp(len(h.data) - 1)
+}
+
+/* 从结点 i 开始，从底至顶堆化 */
+func (h *maxHeap) siftUp(i int) {
+	for true {
+		// 获取结点 i 的父结点
+		p := h.parent(i)
+		// 当“越过根结点”或“结点无需修复”时，结束堆化
+		if p < 0 || h.data[i].(int) <= h.data[p].(int) {
+			break
+		}
+		// 交换两结点
+		h.swap(i, p)
+		// 循环向上堆化
+		i = p
+	}
+}
+
+/* 元素出堆 */
+func (h *maxHeap) poll() any {
+	// 判空处理
+	if h.isEmpty() {
+		fmt.Println("error")
+	}
+	// 交换根结点与最右叶结点（即交换首元素与尾元素）
+	h.swap(0, h.size()-1)
+	// 删除结点
+	val := h.data[len(h.data)-1]
+	h.data = h.data[:len(h.data)-1]
+	// 从顶至底堆化
+	h.siftDown(0)
+
+	// 返回堆顶元素
+	return val
+}
+
+/* 从结点 i 开始，从顶至底堆化 */
+func (h *maxHeap) siftDown(i int) {
+	for true {
+		// 判断结点 i, l, r 中值最大的结点，记为 max
+		l, r, max := h.left(i), h.right(i), i
+		if l < h.size() && h.data[l].(int) > h.data[max].(int) {
+			max = l
+		}
+		if r < h.size() && h.data[r].(int) > h.data[max].(int) {
+			max = r
+		}
+		// 若结点 i 最大或索引 l, r 越界，则无需继续堆化，跳出
+		if max == i {
+			break
+		}
+		// 交换两结点
+		h.swap(i, max)
+		// 循环向下堆化
+		i = max
+	}
+}
+
+/* 打印堆（二叉树） */
+func (h *maxHeap) print() {
+	PrintHeap(h.data)
+}

codes/go/chapter_tree/binary_search_tree_test.go

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ func TestBinarySearchTree(t *testing.T) {
 	fmt.Println("\n二叉树的根结点为:", node.Val)
 
 	// 查找结点
-	node = bst.Search(7)
+	node = bst.search(7)
 	fmt.Println("查找到的结点对象为", node, "，结点值 =", node.Val)
 
 	// 插入结点

codes/go/pkg/print_utils.go

@@ -29,6 +29,22 @@ func PrintList(list *list.List) {
 	fmt.Print(e.Value, "]\n")
 }
 
+// PrintMap Print a hash map
+func PrintMap[K comparable, V any](m map[K]V) {
+	for key, value := range m {
+		fmt.Println(key, "->", value)
+	}
+}
+
+// PrintHeap Print a heap
+func PrintHeap(h []any) {
+	fmt.Printf("堆的数组表示：")
+	fmt.Printf("%v", h)
+	fmt.Printf("\n堆的树状表示：\n")
+	root := ArrToTree(h)
+	PrintTree(root)
+}
+
 // PrintLinkedList Print a linked list
 func PrintLinkedList(node *ListNode) {
 	if node == nil {
@@ -97,10 +113,3 @@ func showTrunk(t *trunk) {
 	showTrunk(t.prev)
 	fmt.Print(t.str)
 }
-
-// PrintMap Print a hash map
-func PrintMap[K comparable, V any](m map[K]V) {
-	for key, value := range m {
-		fmt.Println(key, "->", value)
-	}
-}

codes/java/chapter_hashing/array_hash_map.java

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
  */
 
 package chapter_hashing;
+
 import java.util.*;
 
 /* 键值对 int->String */

codes/java/chapter_hashing/hash_map.java

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
  */
 
 package chapter_hashing;
+
 import java.util.*;
 import include.*;
 

codes/java/chapter_heap/heap.java

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+/**
+ * File: my_heap.java
+ * Created Time: 2023-01-07
+ * Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
+ */
+
+package chapter_heap;
+
+import include.*;
+import java.util.*;
+
+
+public class heap {
+    public static void testPush(Queue<Integer> heap, int val) {
+        heap.add(val); // 元素入堆
+        System.out.format("\n元素 %d 入堆后\n", val);
+        PrintUtil.printHeap(heap);
+    }
+
+    public static void testPoll(Queue<Integer> heap) {
+        int val = heap.poll(); // 堆顶元素出堆
+        System.out.format("\n堆顶元素 %d 出堆后\n", val);
+        PrintUtil.printHeap(heap);
+    }
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        /* 初始化堆 */
+        // 初始化小顶堆
+        Queue<Integer> minHeap = new PriorityQueue<>();
+        // 初始化大顶堆（使用 lambda 表达式修改 Comparator 即可）
+        Queue<Integer> maxHeap = new PriorityQueue<>((a, b) -> { return b - a; });
+
+        System.out.println("\n以下测试样例为大顶堆");
+
+        /* 元素入堆 */
+        testPush(maxHeap, 1);
+        testPush(maxHeap, 3);
+        testPush(maxHeap, 2);
+        testPush(maxHeap, 5);
+        testPush(maxHeap, 4);
+
+        /* 获取堆顶元素 */
+        int peek = maxHeap.peek();
+        System.out.format("\n堆顶元素为 %d\n", peek);
+
+        /* 堆顶元素出堆 */
+        testPoll(maxHeap);
+        testPoll(maxHeap);
+        testPoll(maxHeap);
+        testPoll(maxHeap);
+        testPoll(maxHeap);
+
+        /* 获取堆大小 */
+        int size = maxHeap.size();
+        System.out.format("\n堆元素数量为 %d\n", size);
+
+        /* 判断堆是否为空 */
+        boolean isEmpty = maxHeap.isEmpty();
+        System.out.format("\n堆是否为空 %b\n", isEmpty);
+
+        /* 输入列表并建堆 */
+        // 时间复杂度为 O(n) ，而非 O(nlogn)
+        minHeap = new PriorityQueue<>(Arrays.asList(1, 3, 2, 5, 4));
+        System.out.println("\n输入列表并建立小顶堆后");
+        PrintUtil.printHeap(minHeap);
+    }
+}

codes/java/chapter_heap/my_heap.java

@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+/**
+ * File: my_heap.java
+ * Created Time: 2023-01-07
+ * Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
+ */
+
+package chapter_heap;
+
+import include.*;
+import java.util.*;
+
+class MaxHeap {
+    // 使用列表而非数组，这样无需考虑扩容问题
+    private List<Integer> maxHeap;
+
+    /* 构造函数，建立空堆 */
+    public MaxHeap() {
+        maxHeap = new ArrayList<>();
+    }
+
+    /* 构造函数，根据输入列表建堆 */
+    public MaxHeap(List<Integer> nums) {
+        // 所有元素入堆
+        maxHeap = new ArrayList<>(nums);
+        // 堆化除叶结点以外的其他所有结点
+        for (int i = parent(size() - 1); i >= 0; i--) {
+            siftDown(i);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* 获取左子结点索引 */
+    private int left(int i) {
+        return 2 * i + 1;
+    }
+
+    /* 获取右子结点索引 */
+    private int right(int i) {
+        return 2 * i + 2;
+    }
+
+    /* 获取父结点索引 */
+    private int parent(int i) {
+        return (i - 1) / 2; // 向下整除
+    }
+
+    /* 交换元素 */
+    private void swap(int i, int j) {
+        int a = maxHeap.get(i), 
+            b = maxHeap.get(j),
+            tmp = a;
+        maxHeap.set(i, b);
+        maxHeap.set(j, tmp);
+    }
+
+    /* 获取堆大小 */
+    public int size() {
+        return maxHeap.size();
+    }
+
+    /* 判断堆是否为空 */
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        return size() == 0;
+    }
+
+    /* 访问堆顶元素 */
+    public int peek() {
+        return maxHeap.get(0);
+    }
+
+    /* 元素入堆 */
+    public void push(int val) {
+        // 添加结点
+        maxHeap.add(val);
+        // 从底至顶堆化
+        siftUp(size() - 1);
+    }
+
+    /* 从结点 i 开始，从底至顶堆化 */
+    private void siftUp(int i) {
+        while (true) {
+            // 获取结点 i 的父结点
+            int p = parent(i);
+            // 当“越过根结点”或“结点无需修复”时，结束堆化
+            if (p < 0 || maxHeap.get(i) <= maxHeap.get(p))
+                break;
+            // 交换两结点
+            swap(i, p);
+            // 循环向上堆化
+            i = p;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* 元素出堆 */
+    public int poll() {
+        // 判空处理
+        if (isEmpty())
+            throw new EmptyStackException();
+        // 交换根结点与最右叶结点（即交换首元素与尾元素）
+        swap(0, size() - 1);
+        // 删除结点
+        int val = maxHeap.remove(size() - 1);
+        // 从顶至底堆化
+        siftDown(0);
+        // 返回堆顶元素
+        return val;
+    }
+
+    /* 从结点 i 开始，从顶至底堆化 */
+    private void siftDown(int i) {
+        while (true) {
+            // 判断结点 i, l, r 中值最大的结点，记为 ma
+            int l = left(i), r = right(i), ma = i;
+            if (l < size() && maxHeap.get(l) > maxHeap.get(ma))
+                ma = l;
+            if (r < size() && maxHeap.get(r) > maxHeap.get(ma))
+                ma = r;
+            // 若结点 i 最大或索引 l, r 越界，则无需继续堆化，跳出
+            if (ma == i) break;
+            // 交换两结点
+            swap(i, ma);
+            // 循环向下堆化
+            i = ma;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* 打印堆（二叉树） */
+    public void print() {
+        Queue<Integer> queue = new PriorityQueue<>((a, b) -> { return b - a; });
+        queue.addAll(maxHeap);
+        PrintUtil.printHeap(queue);
+    }
+}
+
+
+public class my_heap {
+    public static void testPush(MaxHeap maxHeap, int val) {
+        maxHeap.push(val);  // 元素入堆
+        System.out.format("\n添加元素 %d 后\n", val);
+        maxHeap.print();
+    }
+
+    public static void testPoll(MaxHeap maxHeap) {
+        int val = maxHeap.poll(); // 堆顶元素出堆
+        System.out.format("\n出堆元素为 %d\n", val);
+        maxHeap.print();
+    }
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        /* 初始化大顶堆 */
+        MaxHeap maxHeap = new MaxHeap(Arrays.asList(9, 8, 6, 6, 7, 5, 2, 1, 4, 3, 6, 2));
+        System.out.println("\n输入列表并建堆后");
+        maxHeap.print();
+
+        /* 获取堆顶元素 */
+        int peek = maxHeap.peek();
+        System.out.format("\n堆顶元素为 %d\n", peek);
+
+        /* 元素入堆 */
+        int val = 7;
+        maxHeap.push(val);
+        System.out.format("\n元素 %d 入堆后\n", val);
+        maxHeap.print();
+
+        /* 堆顶元素出堆 */
+        peek = maxHeap.poll();
+        System.out.format("\n堆顶元素 %d 出堆后\n", peek);
+        maxHeap.print();
+
+        /* 获取堆大小 */
+        int size = maxHeap.size();
+        System.out.format("\n堆元素数量为 %d\n", size);
+
+        /* 判断堆是否为空 */
+        boolean isEmpty = maxHeap.isEmpty();
+        System.out.format("\n堆是否为空 %b\n", isEmpty);
+    }
+}

codes/java/chapter_tree/binary_tree_bfs.java

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ public class binary_tree_bfs {
     public static void main(String[] args) {
         /* 初始化二叉树 */
         // 这里借助了一个从数组直接生成二叉树的函数
-        TreeNode root = TreeNode.arrToTree(new Integer[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 });
+        TreeNode root = TreeNode.listToTree(Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7));
         System.out.println("\n初始化二叉树\n");
         PrintUtil.printTree(root);
 

codes/java/chapter_tree/binary_tree_dfs.java

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ public class binary_tree_dfs {
     public static void main(String[] args) {
         /* 初始化二叉树 */
         // 这里借助了一个从数组直接生成二叉树的函数
-        TreeNode root = TreeNode.arrToTree(new Integer[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 });
+        TreeNode root = TreeNode.listToTree(Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7));
         System.out.println("\n初始化二叉树\n");
         PrintUtil.printTree(root);
 

codes/java/include/PrintUtil.java

@@ -105,10 +105,16 @@ public class PrintUtil {
         }
     }
 
-    public static void printHeap(PriorityQueue<Integer> queue) {
-        Integer[] nums = (Integer[])queue.toArray();
-        TreeNode root = TreeNode.arrToTree(nums);
-        
+    /**
+     * Print a heap (PriorityQueue)
+     * @param queue
+     */
+    public static void printHeap(Queue<Integer> queue) {
+        List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>(queue);
+        System.out.print("堆的数组表示：");
+        System.out.println(list);
+        System.out.println("堆的树状表示：");
+        TreeNode root = TreeNode.listToTree(list);
         printTree(root);
     }
 }

codes/java/include/TreeNode.java

@@ -23,26 +23,27 @@ public class TreeNode {
 
     /**
      * Generate a binary tree given an array
-     * @param arr
+     * @param list
      * @return
      */
-    public static TreeNode arrToTree(Integer[] arr) {
-        if (arr.length == 0)
+    public static TreeNode listToTree(List<Integer> list) {
+        int size = list.size();
+        if (size == 0)
             return null;
         
-        TreeNode root = new TreeNode(arr[0]);
+        TreeNode root = new TreeNode(list.get(0));
         Queue<TreeNode> queue = new LinkedList<>() {{ add(root); }};
         int i = 0;
         while(!queue.isEmpty()) {
             TreeNode node = queue.poll();
-            if (++i >= arr.length) break;
-            if(arr[i] != null) {
-                node.left = new TreeNode(arr[i]);
+            if (++i >= size) break;
+            if (list.get(i) != null) {
+                node.left = new TreeNode(list.get(i));
                 queue.add(node.left);
             }
-            if (++i >= arr.length) break;
-            if(arr[i] != null) {
-                node.right = new TreeNode(arr[i]);
+            if (++i >= size) break;
+            if (list.get(i) != null) {
+                node.right = new TreeNode(list.get(i));
                 queue.add(node.right);
             }
         }

codes/javascript/chapter_searching/hashing_search.js

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/**
+ * File: hashing_search.js
+ * Created Time: 2022-12-29
+ * Author: Zhuo Qinyue (1403450829@qq.com)
+ */
+
+const PrintUtil = require("../include/PrintUtil");
+const ListNode = require("../include/ListNode");
+
+
+/* 哈希查找（数组） */
+function hashingSearch(map, target) {
+    // 哈希表的 key: 目标元素，value: 索引
+    // 若哈希表中无此 key ，返回 -1
+    return map.has(target) ? map.get(target) : -1;
+}
+
+/* 哈希查找（链表） */
+function hashingSearch1(map, target) {
+    // 哈希表的 key: 目标结点值，value: 结点对象
+    // 若哈希表中无此 key ，返回 null
+    return map.has(target) ? map.get(target) : null;
+}
+
+function main() {
+    const target = 3;
+
+    /* 哈希查找（数组） */
+    const nums = [1, 5, 3, 2, 4, 7, 5, 9, 10, 8];
+    // 初始化哈希表
+    const map = new Map();
+    for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
+      map.set(nums[i], i);  // key: 元素，value: 索引
+    }
+    const index = hashingSearch(map, target);
+    console.log("目标元素 3 的索引 = " + index);
+
+    /* 哈希查找（链表） */
+    let head = new ListNode().arrToLinkedList(nums)
+    // 初始化哈希表
+    const map1 = new Map();
+    while (head != null) {
+      map1.set(head.val, head);  // key: 结点值，value: 结点
+      head = head.next;
+    }
+    const node = hashingSearch1(map1, target);
+    console.log("目标结点值 3 的对应结点对象为" );
+    PrintUtil.printLinkedList(node);
+}
+
+main();

codes/javascript/chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.js

@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ function bubbleSort(nums) {
         // 内循环：冒泡操作
         for (let j = 0; j < i; j++) {
             if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) {
-            // 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
-            let tmp = nums[j];
-            nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
-            nums[j + 1] = tmp;
+                // 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
+                let tmp = nums[j];
+                nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
+                nums[j + 1] = tmp;
             }
         }
     }
@@ -40,10 +40,10 @@ function bubbleSortWithFlag(nums) {
 }
 
 /* Driver Code */
-var nums = [4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2]
-bubbleSort(nums)
-console.log("排序后数组 nums =", nums)
+const nums = [4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2];
+bubbleSort(nums);
+console.log("排序后数组 nums =", nums);
 
-var nums1 = [4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2]
-bubbleSortWithFlag(nums1)
-console.log("排序后数组 nums =", nums1)
+const nums1 = [4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2];
+bubbleSortWithFlag(nums1);
+console.log("排序后数组 nums =", nums1);

codes/javascript/chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.js

@@ -19,6 +19,6 @@ function insertionSort(nums) {
 }
 
 /* Driver Code */
-var nums = [4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2]
-insertionSort(nums)
-console.log("排序后数组 nums =", nums)
+const nums = [4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2];
+insertionSort(nums);
+console.log('排序后数组 nums =', nums);

codes/javascript/chapter_sorting/merge_sort.js

@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@
  */
 
 /**
-* 合并左子数组和右子数组
-* 左子数组区间 [left, mid]
-* 右子数组区间 [mid + 1, right]
-*/
+ * 合并左子数组和右子数组
+ * 左子数组区间 [left, mid]
+ * 右子数组区间 [mid + 1, right]
+ */
 function merge(nums, left, mid, right) {
     // 初始化辅助数组
     let tmp = nums.slice(left, right + 1);   
@@ -46,6 +46,6 @@ function mergeSort(nums, left, right) {
 }
 
 /* Driver Code */
-var nums = [ 7, 3, 2, 6, 0, 1, 5, 4 ]
+const nums = [ 7, 3, 2, 6, 0, 1, 5, 4 ]
 mergeSort(nums, 0, nums.length - 1)
-console.log("归并排序完成后 nums =", nums)
+console.log('归并排序完成后 nums =', nums)

codes/javascript/chapter_sorting/quick_sort.js

@@ -8,38 +8,38 @@
 class QuickSort {
     /* 元素交换 */
     swap(nums, i, j) {
-        let tmp = nums[i]
-        nums[i] = nums[j]
-        nums[j] = tmp
+        let tmp = nums[i];
+        nums[i] = nums[j];
+        nums[j] = tmp;
     }
 
     /* 哨兵划分 */
-    partition(nums, left, right){
+    partition(nums, left, right) {
         // 以 nums[left] 作为基准数
-        let i = left, j = right
-        while(i < j){
-            while(i < j && nums[j] >= nums[left]){
-                j -= 1  // 从右向左找首个小于基准数的元素
+        let i = left, j = right;
+        while (i < j) {
+            while (i < j && nums[j] >= nums[left]) {
+                j -= 1; // 从右向左找首个小于基准数的元素
             }
-            while(i < j && nums[i] <= nums[left]){
-                i += 1  // 从左向右找首个大于基准数的元素
+            while (i < j && nums[i] <= nums[left]) {
+                i += 1; // 从左向右找首个大于基准数的元素
             }
             // 元素交换
-            this.swap(nums, i, j) // 交换这两个元素
+            this.swap(nums, i, j); // 交换这两个元素
         }
-        this.swap(nums, i, left)  // 将基准数交换至两子数组的分界线
-        return i  // 返回基准数的索引
+        this.swap(nums, i, left); // 将基准数交换至两子数组的分界线
+        return i; // 返回基准数的索引
     }
 
     /* 快速排序 */
-    quickSort(nums, left, right){
+    quickSort(nums, left, right) {
         // 子数组长度为 1 时终止递归
-        if(left >= right) return
+        if (left >= right) return;
         // 哨兵划分
-        const pivot = this.partition(nums, left, right)
+        const pivot = this.partition(nums, left, right);
         // 递归左子数组、右子数组
-        this.quickSort(nums, left, pivot - 1)
-        this.quickSort(nums, pivot + 1, right)
+        this.quickSort(nums, left, pivot - 1);
+        this.quickSort(nums, pivot + 1, right);
     }
 }
 
@@ -47,21 +47,18 @@ class QuickSort {
 class QuickSortMedian {
     /* 元素交换 */
     swap(nums, i, j) {
-        let tmp = nums[i]
-        nums[i] = nums[j]
-        nums[j] = tmp
+        let tmp = nums[i];
+        nums[i] = nums[j];
+        nums[j] = tmp;
     }
 
     /* 选取三个元素的中位数 */
     medianThree(nums, left, mid, right) {
         // 使用了异或操作来简化代码
         // 异或规则为 0 ^ 0 = 1 ^ 1 = 0, 0 ^ 1 = 1 ^ 0 = 1
-        if ((nums[left] > nums[mid]) ^ (nums[left] > nums[right]))
-            return left;
-        else if ((nums[mid] < nums[left]) ^ (nums[mid] < nums[right]))
-            return mid;
-        else
-            return right;
+        if ((nums[left] > nums[mid]) ^ (nums[left] > nums[right])) return left;
+        else if ((nums[mid] < nums[left]) ^ (nums[mid] < nums[right])) return mid;
+        else return right;
     }
 
     /* 哨兵划分（三数取中值） */
@@ -73,14 +70,12 @@ class QuickSortMedian {
         // 以 nums[left] 作为基准数
         let i = left, j = right;
         while (i < j) {
-            while (i < j && nums[j] >= nums[left])
-                j--;          // 从右向左找首个小于基准数的元素
-            while (i < j && nums[i] <= nums[left])
-                i++;          // 从左向右找首个大于基准数的元素
+            while (i < j && nums[j] >= nums[left]) j--; // 从右向左找首个小于基准数的元素
+            while (i < j && nums[i] <= nums[left]) i++; // 从左向右找首个大于基准数的元素
             this.swap(nums, i, j); // 交换这两个元素
         }
-        this.swap(nums, i, left);  // 将基准数交换至两子数组的分界线
-        return i;             // 返回基准数的索引
+        this.swap(nums, i, left); // 将基准数交换至两子数组的分界线
+        return i; // 返回基准数的索引
     }
 
     /* 快速排序 */
@@ -99,9 +94,9 @@ class QuickSortMedian {
 class QuickSortTailCall {
     /* 元素交换 */
     swap(nums, i, j) {
-        let tmp = nums[i]
-        nums[i] = nums[j]
-        nums[j] = tmp
+        let tmp = nums[i];
+        nums[i] = nums[j];
+        nums[j] = tmp;
     }
 
     /* 哨兵划分 */
@@ -109,13 +104,11 @@ class QuickSortTailCall {
         // 以 nums[left] 作为基准数
         let i = left, j = right;
         while (i < j) {
-            while (i < j && nums[j] >= nums[left])
-                j--;          // 从右向左找首个小于基准数的元素
-            while (i < j && nums[i] <= nums[left])
-                i++;          // 从左向右找首个大于基准数的元素
+            while (i < j && nums[j] >= nums[left]) j--; // 从右向左找首个小于基准数的元素
+            while (i < j && nums[i] <= nums[left]) i++; // 从左向右找首个大于基准数的元素
             this.swap(nums, i, j); // 交换这两个元素
         }
-        this.swap(nums, i, left);  // 将基准数交换至两子数组的分界线
+        this.swap(nums, i, left); // 将基准数交换至两子数组的分界线
         return i; // 返回基准数的索引
     }
 
@@ -127,8 +120,8 @@ class QuickSortTailCall {
             let pivot = this.partition(nums, left, right);
             // 对两个子数组中较短的那个执行快排
             if (pivot - left < right - pivot) {
-                this.quickSort(nums, left, pivot - 1);  // 递归排序左子数组
-                left = pivot + 1;  // 剩余待排序区间为 [pivot + 1, right]
+                this.quickSort(nums, left, pivot - 1); // 递归排序左子数组
+                left = pivot + 1; // 剩余待排序区间为 [pivot + 1, right]
             } else {
                 this.quickSort(nums, pivot + 1, right); // 递归排序右子数组
                 right = pivot - 1; // 剩余待排序区间为 [left, pivot - 1]
@@ -139,19 +132,19 @@ class QuickSortTailCall {
 
 /* Driver Code */
 /* 快速排序  */
-var nums = [4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2]
-var quickSort = new QuickSort()
-quickSort.quickSort(nums, 0, nums.length - 1)
-console.log("快速排序完成后 nums =", nums)
+const nums = [4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2];
+const quickSort = new QuickSort();
+quickSort.quickSort(nums, 0, nums.length - 1);
+console.log('快速排序完成后 nums =', nums);
 
 /* 快速排序（中位基准数优化） */
-nums1 = [4, 1, 3, 1, 5,2]
-var quickSortMedian = new QuickSort()
-quickSortMedian.quickSort(nums1, 0, nums1.length - 1)
-console.log("快速排序（中位基准数优化）完成后 nums =", nums1)
+const nums1 = [4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2];
+const quickSortMedian = new QuickSort();
+quickSortMedian.quickSort(nums1, 0, nums1.length - 1);
+console.log('快速排序（中位基准数优化）完成后 nums =', nums1);
 
 /* 快速排序（尾递归优化） */
-nums2 = [4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2]
-var quickSortTailCall = new QuickSort()
-quickSortTailCall.quickSort(nums2, 0, nums2.length - 1)
-console.log("快速排序（尾递归优化）完成后 nums =", nums2)
+const nums2 = [4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2];
+const quickSortTailCall = new QuickSort();
+quickSortTailCall.quickSort(nums2, 0, nums2.length - 1);
+console.log('快速排序（尾递归优化）完成后 nums =', nums2);

codes/swift/Package.swift

@@ -13,6 +13,13 @@ let package = Package(
         .executable(name: "linked_list", targets: ["linked_list"]),
         .executable(name: "list", targets: ["list"]),
         .executable(name: "my_list", targets: ["my_list"]),
+        .executable(name: "stack", targets: ["stack"]),
+        .executable(name: "linkedlist_stack", targets: ["linkedlist_stack"]),
+        .executable(name: "array_stack", targets: ["array_stack"]),
+        .executable(name: "queue", targets: ["queue"]),
+        .executable(name: "linkedlist_queue", targets: ["linkedlist_queue"]),
+        .executable(name: "array_queue", targets: ["array_queue"]),
+        .executable(name: "deque", targets: ["deque"]),
     ],
     targets: [
         .target(name: "utils", path: "utils"),
@@ -24,5 +31,12 @@ let package = Package(
         .executableTarget(name: "linked_list", dependencies: ["utils"], path: "chapter_array_and_linkedlist", sources: ["linked_list.swift"]),
         .executableTarget(name: "list", path: "chapter_array_and_linkedlist", sources: ["list.swift"]),
         .executableTarget(name: "my_list", path: "chapter_array_and_linkedlist", sources: ["my_list.swift"]),
+        .executableTarget(name: "stack", path: "chapter_stack_and_queue", sources: ["stack.swift"]),
+        .executableTarget(name: "linkedlist_stack", dependencies: ["utils"], path: "chapter_stack_and_queue", sources: ["linkedlist_stack.swift"]),
+        .executableTarget(name: "array_stack", path: "chapter_stack_and_queue", sources: ["array_stack.swift"]),
+        .executableTarget(name: "queue", path: "chapter_stack_and_queue", sources: ["queue.swift"]),
+        .executableTarget(name: "linkedlist_queue", dependencies: ["utils"], path: "chapter_stack_and_queue", sources: ["linkedlist_queue.swift"]),
+        .executableTarget(name: "array_queue", path: "chapter_stack_and_queue", sources: ["array_queue.swift"]),
+        .executableTarget(name: "deque", path: "chapter_stack_and_queue", sources: ["deque.swift"]),
     ]
 )

codes/swift/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_queue.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+/**
+ * File: array_queue.swift
+ * Created Time: 2023-01-11
+ * Author: nuomi1 (nuomi1@qq.com)
+ */
+
+/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
+class ArrayQueue {
+    private var nums: [Int] // 用于存储队列元素的数组
+    private var front = 0 // 头指针，指向队首
+    private var rear = 0 // 尾指针，指向队尾 + 1
+
+    init(capacity: Int) {
+        // 初始化数组
+        nums = Array(repeating: 0, count: capacity)
+    }
+
+    /* 获取队列的容量 */
+    func capacity() -> Int {
+        nums.count
+    }
+
+    /* 获取队列的长度 */
+    func size() -> Int {
+        let capacity = capacity()
+        // 由于将数组看作为环形，可能 rear < front ，因此需要取余数
+        return (capacity + rear - front) % capacity
+    }
+
+    /* 判断队列是否为空 */
+    func isEmpty() -> Bool {
+        rear - front == 0
+    }
+
+    /* 入队 */
+    func offer(num: Int) {
+        if size() == capacity() {
+            print("队列已满")
+            return
+        }
+        // 尾结点后添加 num
+        nums[rear] = num
+        // 尾指针向后移动一位，越过尾部后返回到数组头部
+        rear = (rear + 1) % capacity()
+    }
+
+    /* 出队 */
+    @discardableResult
+    func poll() -> Int {
+        let num = peek()
+        // 队头指针向后移动一位，若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
+        front = (front + 1) % capacity()
+        return num
+    }
+
+    /* 访问队首元素 */
+    func peek() -> Int {
+        if isEmpty() {
+            fatalError("队列为空")
+        }
+        return nums[front]
+    }
+
+    /* 返回数组 */
+    func toArray() -> [Int] {
+        let size = size()
+        let capacity = capacity()
+        // 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
+        var res = Array(repeating: 0, count: size)
+        for (i, j) in sequence(first: (0, front), next: { $0 < size - 1 ? ($0 + 1, $1 + 1) : nil }) {
+            res[i] = nums[j % capacity]
+        }
+        return res
+    }
+}
+
+@main
+enum _ArrayQueue {
+    /* Driver Code */
+    static func main() {
+        /* 初始化队列 */
+        let capacity = 10
+        let queue = ArrayQueue(capacity: capacity)
+
+        /* 元素入队 */
+        queue.offer(num: 1)
+        queue.offer(num: 3)
+        queue.offer(num: 2)
+        queue.offer(num: 5)
+        queue.offer(num: 4)
+        print("队列 queue = \(queue.toArray())")
+
+        /* 访问队首元素 */
+        let peek = queue.peek()
+        print("队首元素 peek = \(peek)")
+
+        /* 元素出队 */
+        let poll = queue.poll()
+        print("出队元素 poll = \(poll)，出队后 queue = \(queue.toArray())")
+
+        /* 获取队列的长度 */
+        let size = queue.size()
+        print("队列长度 size = \(size)")
+
+        /* 判断队列是否为空 */
+        let isEmpty = queue.isEmpty()
+        print("队列是否为空 = \(isEmpty)")
+
+        /* 测试环形数组 */
+        for i in 0 ..< 10 {
+            queue.offer(num: i)
+            queue.poll()
+            print("第 \(i) 轮入队 + 出队后 queue = \(queue.toArray())")
+        }
+    }
+}

codes/swift/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+/**
+ * File: array_stack.swift
+ * Created Time: 2023-01-09
+ * Author: nuomi1 (nuomi1@qq.com)
+ */
+
+/* 基于数组实现的栈 */
+class ArrayStack {
+    private var stack: [Int]
+
+    init() {
+        // 初始化列表（动态数组）
+        stack = []
+    }
+
+    /* 获取栈的长度 */
+    func size() -> Int {
+        stack.count
+    }
+
+    /* 判断栈是否为空 */
+    func isEmpty() -> Bool {
+        stack.isEmpty
+    }
+
+    /* 入栈 */
+    func push(num: Int) {
+        stack.append(num)
+    }
+
+    /* 出栈 */
+    @discardableResult
+    func pop() -> Int {
+        if isEmpty() {
+            fatalError("栈为空")
+        }
+        return stack.removeLast()
+    }
+
+    /* 访问栈顶元素 */
+    func peek() -> Int {
+        if isEmpty() {
+            fatalError("栈为空")
+        }
+        return stack.last!
+    }
+
+    /* 将 List 转化为 Array 并返回 */
+    func toArray() -> [Int] {
+        stack
+    }
+}
+
+@main
+enum _ArrayStack {
+    /* Driver Code */
+    static func main() {
+        /* 初始化栈 */
+        let stack = ArrayStack()
+
+        /* 元素入栈 */
+        stack.push(num: 1)
+        stack.push(num: 3)
+        stack.push(num: 2)
+        stack.push(num: 5)
+        stack.push(num: 4)
+        print("栈 stack = \(stack.toArray())")
+
+        /* 访问栈顶元素 */
+        let peek = stack.peek()
+        print("栈顶元素 peek = \(peek)")
+
+        /* 元素出栈 */
+        let pop = stack.pop()
+        print("出栈元素 pop = \(pop)，出栈后 stack = \(stack.toArray())")
+
+        /* 获取栈的长度 */
+        let size = stack.size()
+        print("栈的长度 size = \(size)")
+
+        /* 判断是否为空 */
+        let isEmpty = stack.isEmpty()
+        print("栈是否为空 = \(isEmpty)")
+    }
+}

codes/swift/chapter_stack_and_queue/deque.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/**
+ * File: deque.swift
+ * Created Time: 2023-01-14
+ * Author: nuomi1 (nuomi1@qq.com)
+ */
+
+@main
+enum Deque {
+    /* Driver Code */
+    static func main() {
+        /* 初始化双向队列 */
+        // Swift 没有内置的双向队列类，可以把 Array 当作双向队列来使用
+        var deque: [Int] = []
+
+        /* 元素入队 */
+        deque.append(2)
+        deque.append(5)
+        deque.append(4)
+        deque.insert(3, at: 0)
+        deque.insert(1, at: 0)
+        print("双向队列 deque = \(deque)")
+
+        /* 访问元素 */
+        let peekFirst = deque.first!
+        print("队首元素 peekFirst = \(peekFirst)")
+        let peekLast = deque.last!
+        print("队尾元素 peekLast = \(peekLast)")
+
+        /* 元素出队 */
+        // 使用 Array 模拟时 pollFirst 的复杂度为 O(n)
+        let pollFirst = deque.removeFirst()
+        print("队首出队元素 pollFirst = \(pollFirst)，队首出队后 deque = \(deque)")
+        let pollLast = deque.removeLast()
+        print("队尾出队元素 pollLast = \(pollLast)，队尾出队后 deque = \(deque)")
+
+        /* 获取双向队列的长度 */
+        let size = deque.count
+        print("双向队列长度 size = \(size)")
+
+        /* 判断双向队列是否为空 */
+        let isEmpty = deque.isEmpty
+        print("双向队列是否为空 = \(isEmpty)")
+    }
+}

codes/swift/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_queue.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+/**
+ * File: linkedlist_queue.swift
+ * Created Time: 2023-01-11
+ * Author: nuomi1 (nuomi1@qq.com)
+ */
+
+import utils
+
+/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
+class LinkedListQueue {
+    private var front: ListNode? // 头结点
+    private var rear: ListNode? // 尾结点
+    private var _size = 0
+
+    init() {}
+
+    /* 获取队列的长度 */
+    func size() -> Int {
+        _size
+    }
+
+    /* 判断队列是否为空 */
+    func isEmpty() -> Bool {
+        size() == 0
+    }
+
+    /* 入队 */
+    func offer(num: Int) {
+        // 尾结点后添加 num
+        let node = ListNode(x: num)
+        // 如果队列为空，则令头、尾结点都指向该结点
+        if front == nil {
+            front = node
+            rear = node
+        }
+        // 如果队列不为空，则将该结点添加到尾结点后
+        else {
+            rear?.next = node
+            rear = node
+        }
+        _size += 1
+    }
+
+    /* 出队 */
+    @discardableResult
+    func poll() -> Int {
+        let num = peek()
+        // 删除头结点
+        front = front?.next
+        _size -= 1
+        return num
+    }
+
+    /* 访问队首元素 */
+    func peek() -> Int {
+        if isEmpty() {
+            fatalError("队列为空")
+        }
+        return front!.val
+    }
+
+    /* 将链表转化为 Array 并返回 */
+    func toArray() -> [Int] {
+        var node = front
+        var res = Array(repeating: 0, count: size())
+        for i in res.indices {
+            res[i] = node!.val
+            node = node?.next
+        }
+        return res
+    }
+}
+
+@main
+enum _LinkedListQueue {
+    /* Driver Code */
+    static func main() {
+        /* 初始化队列 */
+        let queue = LinkedListQueue()
+
+        /* 元素入队 */
+        queue.offer(num: 1)
+        queue.offer(num: 3)
+        queue.offer(num: 2)
+        queue.offer(num: 5)
+        queue.offer(num: 4)
+        print("队列 queue = \(queue.toArray())")
+
+        /* 访问队首元素 */
+        let peek = queue.peek()
+        print("队首元素 peek = \(peek)")
+
+        /* 元素出队 */
+        let poll = queue.poll()
+        print("出队元素 poll = \(poll)，出队后 queue = \(queue.toArray())")
+
+        /* 获取队列的长度 */
+        let size = queue.size()
+        print("队列长度 size = \(size)")
+
+        /* 判断队列是否为空 */
+        let isEmpty = queue.isEmpty()
+        print("队列是否为空 = \(isEmpty)")
+    }
+}

codes/swift/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+/**
+ * File: linkedlist_stack.swift
+ * Created Time: 2023-01-09
+ * Author: nuomi1 (nuomi1@qq.com)
+ */
+
+import utils
+
+/* 基于链表实现的栈 */
+class LinkedListStack {
+    private var _peek: ListNode? // 将头结点作为栈顶
+    private var _size = 0 // 栈的长度
+
+    init() {}
+
+    /* 获取栈的长度 */
+    func size() -> Int {
+        _size
+    }
+
+    /* 判断栈是否为空 */
+    func isEmpty() -> Bool {
+        size() == 0
+    }
+
+    /* 入栈 */
+    func push(num: Int) {
+        let node = ListNode(x: num)
+        node.next = _peek
+        _peek = node
+        _size += 1
+    }
+
+    /* 出栈 */
+    @discardableResult
+    func pop() -> Int {
+        let num = peek()
+        _peek = _peek?.next
+        _size -= 1
+        return num
+    }
+
+    /* 访问栈顶元素 */
+    func peek() -> Int {
+        if isEmpty() {
+            fatalError("栈为空")
+        }
+        return _peek!.val
+    }
+
+    /* 将 List 转化为 Array 并返回 */
+    func toArray() -> [Int] {
+        var node = _peek
+        var res = Array(repeating: 0, count: _size)
+        for i in sequence(first: res.count - 1, next: { $0 >= 0 + 1 ? $0 - 1 : nil }) {
+            res[i] = node!.val
+            node = node?.next
+        }
+        return res
+    }
+}
+
+@main
+enum _LinkedListStack {
+    /* Driver Code */
+    static func main() {
+        /* 初始化栈 */
+        let stack = LinkedListStack()
+
+        /* 元素入栈 */
+        stack.push(num: 1)
+        stack.push(num: 3)
+        stack.push(num: 2)
+        stack.push(num: 5)
+        stack.push(num: 4)
+        print("栈 stack = \(stack.toArray())")
+
+        /* 访问栈顶元素 */
+        let peek = stack.peek()
+        print("栈顶元素 peek = \(peek)")
+
+        /* 元素出栈 */
+        let pop = stack.pop()
+        print("出栈元素 pop = \(pop)，出栈后 stack = \(stack.toArray())")
+
+        /* 获取栈的长度 */
+        let size = stack.size()
+        print("栈的长度 size = \(size)")
+
+        /* 判断是否为空 */
+        let isEmpty = stack.isEmpty()
+        print("栈是否为空 = \(isEmpty)")
+    }
+}

codes/swift/chapter_stack_and_queue/queue.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/**
+ * File: queue.swift
+ * Created Time: 2023-01-11
+ * Author: nuomi1 (nuomi1@qq.com)
+ */
+
+@main
+enum Queue {
+    /* Driver Code */
+    static func main() {
+        /* 初始化队列 */
+        // Swift 没有内置的队列类，可以把 Array 当作队列来使用
+        var queue: [Int] = []
+
+        /* 元素入队 */
+        queue.append(1)
+        queue.append(3)
+        queue.append(2)
+        queue.append(5)
+        queue.append(4)
+        print("队列 queue = \(queue)")
+
+        /* 访问队首元素 */
+        let peek = queue.first!
+        print("队首元素 peek = \(peek)")
+
+        /* 元素出队 */
+        // 使用 Array 模拟时 poll 的复杂度为 O(n)
+        let pool = queue.removeFirst()
+        print("出队元素 poll = \(pool)，出队后 queue = \(queue)")
+
+        /* 获取队列的长度 */
+        let size = queue.count
+        print("队列长度 size = \(size)")
+
+        /* 判断队列是否为空 */
+        let isEmpty = queue.isEmpty
+        print("队列是否为空 = \(isEmpty)")
+    }
+}

codes/swift/chapter_stack_and_queue/stack.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/**
+ * File: stack.swift
+ * Created Time: 2023-01-09
+ * Author: nuomi1 (nuomi1@qq.com)
+ */
+
+@main
+enum Stack {
+    /* Driver Code */
+    static func main() {
+        /* 初始化栈 */
+        // Swift 没有内置的栈类，可以把 Array 当作栈来使用
+        var stack: [Int] = []
+
+        /* 元素入栈 */
+        stack.append(1)
+        stack.append(3)
+        stack.append(2)
+        stack.append(5)
+        stack.append(4)
+        print("栈 stack = \(stack)")
+
+        /* 访问栈顶元素 */
+        let peek = stack.last!
+        print("栈顶元素 peek = \(peek)")
+
+        /* 元素出栈 */
+        let pop = stack.removeLast()
+        print("出栈元素 pop = \(pop)，出栈后 stack = \(stack)")
+
+        /* 获取栈的长度 */
+        let size = stack.count
+        print("栈的长度 size = \(size)")
+
+        /* 判断是否为空 */
+        let isEmpty = stack.isEmpty
+        print("栈是否为空 = \(isEmpty)")
+    }
+}

codes/typescript/chapter_searching/hashing_search.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/**
+ * File: hashing_search.js
+ * Created Time: 2022-12-29
+ * Author: Zhuo Qinyue (1403450829@qq.com)
+ */
+
+import { printLinkedList } from "../module/PrintUtil";
+import ListNode from "../module/ListNode";
+
+
+/* 哈希查找（数组） */
+function hashingSearch(map: Map<number, number>, target: number): number {
+    // 哈希表的 key: 目标元素，value: 索引
+    // 若哈希表中无此 key ，返回 -1
+    return map.has(target) ? map.get(target) as number : -1;
+}
+
+/* 哈希查找（链表） */
+function hashingSearch1(map: Map<number, ListNode>, target: number): ListNode | null {
+    // 哈希表的 key: 目标结点值，value: 结点对象
+    // 若哈希表中无此 key ，返回 null
+    return map.has(target) ? map.get(target) as ListNode : null;
+}
+
+function main() {
+    const target = 3;
+
+    /* 哈希查找（数组） */
+    const nums = [1, 5, 3, 2, 4, 7, 5, 9, 10, 8];
+    // 初始化哈希表
+    const map = new Map();
+    for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
+      map.set(nums[i], i);  // key: 元素，value: 索引
+    }
+    const index = hashingSearch(map, target);
+    console.log("目标元素 3 的索引 = " + index);
+
+    /* 哈希查找（链表） */
+    let head = new ListNode().arrToLinkedList(nums)
+    // 初始化哈希表
+    const map1 = new Map();
+    while (head != null) {
+      map1.set(head.val, head);  // key: 结点值，value: 结点
+      head = head.next;
+    }
+    const node = hashingSearch1(map1, target);
+    console.log("目标结点值 3 的对应结点对象为");
+    printLinkedList(node);
+}
+
+main();

codes/typescript/chapter_searching/linear_search.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/**
+ * File: linear_search.ts
+ * Created Time: 2023-01-07
+ * Author: Daniel (better.sunjian@gmail.com)
+ */
+
+import ListNode from '../module/ListNode.ts';
+
+/* 线性查找（数组）*/
+function linearSearchArray(nums: number[], target: number): number {
+    // 遍历数组
+    for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
+        // 找到目标元素，返回其索引
+        if (nums[i] === target) {
+            return i;
+        }
+    }
+    // 未找到目标元素，返回 -1
+    return -1;
+}
+
+/* 线性查找（链表）*/
+function linearSearchLinkedList(head: ListNode | null, target: number): ListNode | null {
+    // 遍历链表
+    while (head) {
+        // 找到目标结点，返回之
+        if (head.val === target) {
+            return head;
+        }
+        head = head.next;
+    }
+    // 未找到目标结点，返回 null
+    return null;
+}
+
+/* Driver Code */
+const target = 3;
+
+/* 在数组中执行线性查找 */
+const nums = [ 1, 5, 3, 2, 4, 7, 5, 9, 10, 8 ];
+const index = linearSearchArray(nums, target);
+console.log('目标元素 3 的索引 =', index);
+
+/* 在链表中执行线性查找 */
+const head = ListNode.arrToLinkedList(nums);
+const node = linearSearchLinkedList(head, target);
+console.log('目标结点值 3 的对应结点对象为', node);

codes/typescript/chapter_sorting/merge_sort.ts

@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@ function merge(nums: number[], left: number, mid: number, right: number): void {
         // 若“左子数组已全部合并完”，则选取右子数组元素，并且 j++
         if (i > leftEnd) {
             nums[k] = tmp[j++];
-            // 否则，若“右子数组已全部合并完”或“左子数组元素 <= 右子数组元素”，则选取左子数组元素，并且 i++
+        // 否则，若“右子数组已全部合并完”或“左子数组元素 <= 右子数组元素”，则选取左子数组元素，并且 i++
         } else if (j > rightEnd || tmp[i] <= tmp[j]) {
             nums[k] = tmp[i++];
-            // 否则，若“左右子数组都未全部合并完”且“左子数组元素 > 右子数组元素”，则选取右子数组元素，并且 j++
+        // 否则，若“左右子数组都未全部合并完”且“左子数组元素 > 右子数组元素”，则选取右子数组元素，并且 j++
         } else {
             nums[k] = tmp[j++];
         }

codes/typescript/module/ListNode.ts

@@ -14,4 +14,19 @@ export default class ListNode {
         this.val = val === undefined ? 0 : val;
         this.next = next === undefined ? null : next;
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Generate a linked list with an array
+     * @param arr
+     * @return
+     */
+    arrToLinkedList(arr: number[]): ListNode | null {
+        const dum: ListNode = new ListNode(0);
+        let head = dum;
+        for (const val of arr) {
+            head.next = new ListNode(val);
+            head = head.next;
+        }
+        return dum.next;
+    }
 }

codes/zig/build.zig

@@ -1,46 +1,232 @@
+// File: build.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-07
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
 const std = @import("std");
 
-// zig version 0.10.0
+// Zig Version: 0.10.0
+// Build Command: zig build
 pub fn build(b: *std.build.Builder) void {
     const target = b.standardTargetOptions(.{});
     const mode = b.standardReleaseOptions();
 
-    // "chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.zig"
-    // Run Command: zig build run_time_complexity
-    const exe_time_complexity = b.addExecutable("time_complexity", "chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.zig");
-    exe_time_complexity.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
-    exe_time_complexity.setTarget(target);
-    exe_time_complexity.setBuildMode(mode);
-    exe_time_complexity.install();
-    const run_cmd_time_complexity = exe_time_complexity.run();
-    run_cmd_time_complexity.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
-    if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_time_complexity.addArgs(args);
-    const run_step_time_complexity = b.step("run_time_complexity", "Run time_complexity");
-    run_step_time_complexity.dependOn(&run_cmd_time_complexity.step);
+    // Section: "Time Complexity"
+        // Source File: "chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.zig"
+        // Run Command: zig build run_time_complexity
+        const exe_time_complexity = b.addExecutable("time_complexity", "chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.zig");
+        exe_time_complexity.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
+        exe_time_complexity.setTarget(target);
+        exe_time_complexity.setBuildMode(mode);
+        exe_time_complexity.install();
+        const run_cmd_time_complexity = exe_time_complexity.run();
+        run_cmd_time_complexity.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
+        if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_time_complexity.addArgs(args);
+        const run_step_time_complexity = b.step("run_time_complexity", "Run time_complexity");
+        run_step_time_complexity.dependOn(&run_cmd_time_complexity.step);
 
-    // "chapter_computational_complexity/worst_best_time_complexity.zig"
-    // Run Command: zig build run_worst_best_time_complexity
-    const exe_worst_best_time_complexity = b.addExecutable("worst_best_time_complexity", "chapter_computational_complexity/worst_best_time_complexity.zig");
-    exe_worst_best_time_complexity.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
-    exe_worst_best_time_complexity.setTarget(target);
-    exe_worst_best_time_complexity.setBuildMode(mode);
-    exe_worst_best_time_complexity.install();
-    const run_cmd_worst_best_time_complexity = exe_worst_best_time_complexity.run();
-    run_cmd_worst_best_time_complexity.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
-    if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_worst_best_time_complexity.addArgs(args);
-    const run_step_worst_best_time_complexity = b.step("run_worst_best_time_complexity", "Run worst_best_time_complexity");
-    run_step_worst_best_time_complexity.dependOn(&run_cmd_worst_best_time_complexity.step);
+        // Source File: "chapter_computational_complexity/worst_best_time_complexity.zig"
+        // Run Command: zig build run_worst_best_time_complexity
+        const exe_worst_best_time_complexity = b.addExecutable("worst_best_time_complexity", "chapter_computational_complexity/worst_best_time_complexity.zig");
+        exe_worst_best_time_complexity.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
+        exe_worst_best_time_complexity.setTarget(target);
+        exe_worst_best_time_complexity.setBuildMode(mode);
+        exe_worst_best_time_complexity.install();
+        const run_cmd_worst_best_time_complexity = exe_worst_best_time_complexity.run();
+        run_cmd_worst_best_time_complexity.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
+        if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_worst_best_time_complexity.addArgs(args);
+        const run_step_worst_best_time_complexity = b.step("run_worst_best_time_complexity", "Run worst_best_time_complexity");
+        run_step_worst_best_time_complexity.dependOn(&run_cmd_worst_best_time_complexity.step);
 
-    // "chapter_computational_complexity/leetcode_two_sum.zig"
-    // Run Command: zig build run_leetcode_two_sum
-    const exe_leetcode_two_sum = b.addExecutable("leetcode_two_sum", "chapter_computational_complexity/leetcode_two_sum.zig");
-    exe_leetcode_two_sum.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
-    exe_leetcode_two_sum.setTarget(target);
-    exe_leetcode_two_sum.setBuildMode(mode);
-    exe_leetcode_two_sum.install();
-    const run_cmd_leetcode_two_sum = exe_leetcode_two_sum.run();
-    run_cmd_leetcode_two_sum.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
-    if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_leetcode_two_sum.addArgs(args);
-    const run_step_leetcode_two_sum = b.step("run_leetcode_two_sum", "Run leetcode_two_sum");
-    run_step_leetcode_two_sum.dependOn(&run_cmd_leetcode_two_sum.step);
+    // Section: "Space Complexity"
+        // Source File: "chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity.zig"
+        // Run Command: zig build run_space_complexity
+        const exe_space_complexity = b.addExecutable("space_complexity", "chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity.zig");
+        exe_space_complexity.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
+        exe_space_complexity.setTarget(target);
+        exe_space_complexity.setBuildMode(mode);
+        exe_space_complexity.install();
+        const run_cmd_space_complexity = exe_space_complexity.run();
+        run_cmd_space_complexity.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
+        if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_space_complexity.addArgs(args);
+        const run_step_space_complexity = b.step("run_space_complexity", "Run space_complexity");
+        run_step_space_complexity.dependOn(&run_cmd_space_complexity.step);
+
+    // Section: "Space Time Tradeoff"
+        // Source File: "chapter_computational_complexity/leetcode_two_sum.zig"
+        // Run Command: zig build run_leetcode_two_sum
+        const exe_leetcode_two_sum = b.addExecutable("leetcode_two_sum", "chapter_computational_complexity/leetcode_two_sum.zig");
+        exe_leetcode_two_sum.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
+        exe_leetcode_two_sum.setTarget(target);
+        exe_leetcode_two_sum.setBuildMode(mode);
+        exe_leetcode_two_sum.install();
+        const run_cmd_leetcode_two_sum = exe_leetcode_two_sum.run();
+        run_cmd_leetcode_two_sum.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
+        if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_leetcode_two_sum.addArgs(args);
+        const run_step_leetcode_two_sum = b.step("run_leetcode_two_sum", "Run leetcode_two_sum");
+        run_step_leetcode_two_sum.dependOn(&run_cmd_leetcode_two_sum.step);
+
+    // Section: "Array"
+        // Source File: "chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.zig"
+        // Run Command: zig build run_array
+        const exe_array = b.addExecutable("array", "chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.zig");
+        exe_array.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
+        exe_array.setTarget(target);
+        exe_array.setBuildMode(mode);
+        exe_array.install();
+        const run_cmd_array = exe_array.run();
+        run_cmd_array.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
+        if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_array.addArgs(args);
+        const run_step_array = b.step("run_array", "Run array");
+        run_step_array.dependOn(&run_cmd_array.step);
+
+    // Section: "LinkedList"
+        // Source File: "chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.zig"
+        // Run Command: zig build run_linked_list
+        const exe_linked_list = b.addExecutable("linked_list", "chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.zig");
+        exe_linked_list.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
+        exe_linked_list.setTarget(target);
+        exe_linked_list.setBuildMode(mode);
+        exe_linked_list.install();
+        const run_cmd_linked_list = exe_linked_list.run();
+        run_cmd_linked_list.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
+        if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_linked_list.addArgs(args);
+        const run_step_linked_list = b.step("run_linked_list", "Run linked_list");
+        run_step_linked_list.dependOn(&run_cmd_linked_list.step);
+
+    // Section: "List"
+        // Source File: "chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list.zig"
+        // Run Command: zig build run_list
+        const exe_list = b.addExecutable("list", "chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list.zig");
+        exe_list.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
+        exe_list.setTarget(target);
+        exe_list.setBuildMode(mode);
+        exe_list.install();
+        const run_cmd_list = exe_list.run();
+        run_cmd_list.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
+        if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_list.addArgs(args);
+        const run_step_list = b.step("run_list", "Run list");
+        run_step_list.dependOn(&run_cmd_list.step);
+
+        // Source File: "chapter_array_and_linkedlist/my_list.zig"
+        // Run Command: zig build run_my_list
+        const exe_my_list = b.addExecutable("my_list", "chapter_array_and_linkedlist/my_list.zig");
+        exe_my_list.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
+        exe_my_list.setTarget(target);
+        exe_my_list.setBuildMode(mode);
+        exe_my_list.install();
+        const run_cmd_my_list = exe_my_list.run();
+        run_cmd_my_list.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
+        if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_my_list.addArgs(args);
+        const run_step_my_list = b.step("run_my_list", "Run my_list");
+        run_step_my_list.dependOn(&run_cmd_my_list.step);
+
+    // Section: "Stack"
+        // Source File: "chapter_stack_and_queue/stack.zig"
+        // Run Command: zig build run_stack
+        const exe_stack = b.addExecutable("stack", "chapter_stack_and_queue/stack.zig");
+        exe_stack.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
+        exe_stack.setTarget(target);
+        exe_stack.setBuildMode(mode);
+        exe_stack.install();
+        const run_cmd_stack = exe_stack.run();
+        run_cmd_stack.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
+        if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_stack.addArgs(args);
+        const run_step_stack = b.step("run_stack", "Run stack");
+        run_step_stack.dependOn(&run_cmd_stack.step);
+
+        // Source File: "chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.zig"
+        // Run Command: zig build run_linkedlist_stack
+        const exe_linkedlist_stack = b.addExecutable("linkedlist_stack", "chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.zig");
+        exe_linkedlist_stack.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
+        exe_linkedlist_stack.setTarget(target);
+        exe_linkedlist_stack.setBuildMode(mode);
+        exe_linkedlist_stack.install();
+        const run_cmd_linkedlist_stack = exe_linkedlist_stack.run();
+        run_cmd_linkedlist_stack.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
+        if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_linkedlist_stack.addArgs(args);
+        const run_step_linkedlist_stack = b.step("run_linkedlist_stack", "Run linkedlist_stack");
+        run_step_linkedlist_stack.dependOn(&run_cmd_linkedlist_stack.step);
+
+        // Source File: "chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.zig"
+        // Run Command: zig build run_array_stack
+        const exe_array_stack = b.addExecutable("array_stack", "chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.zig");
+        exe_array_stack.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
+        exe_array_stack.setTarget(target);
+        exe_array_stack.setBuildMode(mode);
+        exe_array_stack.install();
+        const run_cmd_array_stack = exe_linkedlist_stack.run();
+        run_cmd_array_stack.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
+        if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_array_stack.addArgs(args);
+        const run_step_array_stack = b.step("run_array_stack", "Run array_stack");
+        run_step_array_stack.dependOn(&run_cmd_array_stack.step);      
+
+    // Section: "Hash Map"
+        // Source File: "chapter_hashing/hash_map.zig"
+        // Run Command: zig build run_hash_map
+        const exe_hash_map = b.addExecutable("hash_map", "chapter_hashing/hash_map.zig");
+        exe_hash_map.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
+        exe_hash_map.setTarget(target);
+        exe_hash_map.setBuildMode(mode);
+        exe_hash_map.install();
+        const run_cmd_hash_map = exe_hash_map.run();
+        run_cmd_hash_map.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
+        if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_hash_map.addArgs(args);
+        const run_step_hash_map= b.step("run_hash_map", "Run hash_map");
+        run_step_hash_map.dependOn(&run_cmd_hash_map.step);
+
+    // Section: "Binary Tree"
+        // Source File: "chapter_tree/binary_tree.zig"
+        // Run Command: zig build run_binary_tree
+        const exe_binary_tree = b.addExecutable("hash_map", "chapter_tree/binary_tree.zig");
+        exe_binary_tree.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
+        exe_binary_tree.setTarget(target);
+        exe_binary_tree.setBuildMode(mode);
+        exe_binary_tree.install();
+        const run_cmd_binary_tree = exe_binary_tree.run();
+        run_cmd_binary_tree.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
+        if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_binary_tree.addArgs(args);
+        const run_step_binary_tree= b.step("run_binary_tree", "Run binary_tree");
+        run_step_binary_tree.dependOn(&run_cmd_binary_tree.step);
+        
+    // Section: "Linear Search"
+        // Source File: "chapter_searching/linear_search.zig"
+        // Run Command: zig build run_linear_search
+        const exe_linear_search = b.addExecutable("linear_search", "chapter_searching/linear_search.zig");
+        exe_linear_search.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
+        exe_linear_search.setTarget(target);
+        exe_linear_search.setBuildMode(mode);
+        exe_linear_search.install();
+        const run_cmd_linear_search = exe_linear_search.run();
+        run_cmd_linear_search.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
+        if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_linear_search.addArgs(args);
+        const run_step_linear_search= b.step("run_linear_search", "Run linear_search");
+        run_step_linear_search.dependOn(&run_cmd_linear_search.step);
+
+    // Section: "Bubble Sort"
+        // Source File: "chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.zig"
+        // Run Command: zig build run_bubble_sort
+        const exe_bubble_sort = b.addExecutable("bubble_sort", "chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.zig");
+        exe_bubble_sort.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
+        exe_bubble_sort.setTarget(target);
+        exe_bubble_sort.setBuildMode(mode);
+        exe_bubble_sort.install();
+        const run_cmd_bubble_sort = exe_bubble_sort.run();
+        run_cmd_bubble_sort.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
+        if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_bubble_sort.addArgs(args);
+        const run_step_bubble_sort = b.step("run_bubble_sort", "Run bubble_sort");
+        run_step_bubble_sort.dependOn(&run_cmd_bubble_sort.step);
+
+    // Section: "Insertion Sort"
+        // Source File: "chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.zig"
+        // Run Command: zig build run_insertion_sort
+        const exe_insertion_sort = b.addExecutable("insertion_sort", "chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.zig");
+        exe_insertion_sort.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
+        exe_insertion_sort.setTarget(target);
+        exe_insertion_sort.setBuildMode(mode);
+        exe_insertion_sort.install();
+        const run_cmd_insertion_sort = exe_insertion_sort.run();
+        run_cmd_insertion_sort.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
+        if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_insertion_sort.addArgs(args);
+        const run_step_insertion_sort = b.step("run_insertion_sort", "Run insertion_sort");
+        run_step_insertion_sort.dependOn(&run_cmd_insertion_sort.step);
 }

codes/zig/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+// File: array.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-07
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const inc = @import("include");
+
+// 随机返回一个数组元素
+pub fn randomAccess(nums: []i32) i32 {
+    // 在区间 [0, nums.len) 中随机抽取一个整数
+    var randomIndex = std.crypto.random.intRangeLessThan(usize, 0, nums.len);
+    // 获取并返回随机元素
+    var randomNum = nums[randomIndex];
+    return randomNum;
+}
+
+// 扩展数组长度
+pub fn extend(mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator, nums: []i32, enlarge: usize) ![]i32 {
+    // 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
+    var res = try mem_allocator.alloc(i32, nums.len + enlarge);
+    std.mem.set(i32, res, 0);
+    // 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
+    std.mem.copy(i32, res, nums);
+    // 返回扩展后的新数组
+    return res;
+}
+
+// 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num
+pub fn insert(nums: []i32, num: i32, index: usize) void {
+    // 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
+    var i = nums.len - 1;
+    while (i > index) : (i -= 1) {
+        nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
+    }
+    // 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
+    nums[index] = num;
+}
+
+// 删除索引 index 处元素
+pub fn remove(nums: []i32, index: usize) void {
+    // 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
+    var i = index;
+    while (i < nums.len - 1) : (i += 1) {
+        nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
+    }
+}
+
+// 遍历数组
+pub fn traverse(nums: []i32) void {
+    var count: i32 = 0;
+    // 通过索引遍历数组
+    var i: i32 = 0;
+    while (i < nums.len) : (i += 1) {
+        count += 1;
+    }
+    count = 0;
+    // 直接遍历数组
+    for (nums) |_| {
+        count += 1;
+    }
+}
+
+// 在数组中查找指定元素
+pub fn find(nums: []i32, target: i32) i32 {
+    for (nums) |num, i| {
+        if (num == target) return @intCast(i32, i);
+    }
+    return -1;
+}
+
+// Driver Code
+pub fn main() !void {
+    // 初始化数组
+    const size: i32 = 5;
+    var arr = [_]i32{0} ** size;
+    std.debug.print("数组 arr = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, &arr);
+
+    var array = [_]i32{ 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
+    std.debug.print("\n数组 nums = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, &array);
+
+    // 随机访问
+    var randomNum = randomAccess(&array);
+    std.debug.print("\n在 nums 中获取随机元素 {}", .{randomNum});
+
+    // 长度扩展
+    var known_at_runtime_zero: usize = 0;
+    var nums: []i32 = array[known_at_runtime_zero..array.len];
+    var mem_arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(std.heap.page_allocator);
+    defer mem_arena.deinit();
+    const mem_allocator = mem_arena.allocator();
+    nums = try extend(mem_allocator, nums, 3);
+    std.debug.print("\n将数组长度扩展至 8 ，得到 nums = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, nums);
+
+    // 插入元素
+    insert(nums, 6, 3);
+    std.debug.print("\n在索引 3 处插入数字 6 ，得到 nums = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, nums);
+
+    // 删除元素
+    remove(nums, 2);
+    std.debug.print("\n删除索引 2 处的元素，得到 nums = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, nums);
+
+    // 遍历数组
+    traverse(nums);
+
+    // 查找元素
+    var index = find(nums, 3);
+    std.debug.print("\n在 nums 中查找元素 3 ，得到索引 = {}\n", .{index});
+
+    const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
+    _ = getchar;
+}
+

codes/zig/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+// File: linked_list.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-07
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const inc = @import("include");
+
+// 在链表的结点 n0 之后插入结点 P
+pub fn insert(n0: ?*inc.ListNode(i32), P: ?*inc.ListNode(i32)) void {
+    var n1 = n0.?.next;
+    n0.?.next = P;
+    P.?.next = n1;
+}
+
+// 删除链表的结点 n0 之后的首个结点
+pub fn remove(n0: ?*inc.ListNode(i32)) void {
+    if (n0.?.next == null) return;
+    // n0 -> P -> n1
+    var P = n0.?.next;
+    var n1 = P.?.next;
+    n0.?.next = n1;
+}
+
+// 访问链表中索引为 index 的结点
+pub fn access(node: ?*inc.ListNode(i32), index: i32) ?*inc.ListNode(i32) {
+    var head = node;
+    var i: i32 = 0;
+    while (i < index) : (i += 1) {
+        head = head.?.next;
+        if (head == null) return null;
+    }
+    return head;
+}
+
+// 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个结点
+pub fn find(node: ?*inc.ListNode(i32), target: i32) i32 {
+    var head = node;
+    var index: i32 = 0;
+    while (head != null) {
+        if (head.?.val == target) return index;
+        head = head.?.next;
+        index += 1;
+    }
+    return -1;
+}
+
+// Driver Code
+pub fn main() !void {
+    // 初始化链表
+    // 初始化各个结点 
+    var n0 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 1};
+    var n1 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 3};
+    var n2 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 2};
+    var n3 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 5};
+    var n4 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 4};
+    // 构建引用指向
+    n0.next = &n1;
+    n1.next = &n2;
+    n2.next = &n3;
+    n3.next = &n4;
+    std.debug.print("初始化的链表为", .{});
+    try inc.PrintUtil.printLinkedList(i32, &n0);
+
+    // 插入结点
+    var tmp = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 0};
+    insert(&n0, &tmp);
+    std.debug.print("插入结点后的链表为", .{});
+    try inc.PrintUtil.printLinkedList(i32, &n0);
+
+    // 删除结点
+    remove(&n0);
+    std.debug.print("删除结点后的链表为", .{});
+    try inc.PrintUtil.printLinkedList(i32, &n0);
+
+    // 访问结点
+    var node = access(&n0, 3);
+    std.debug.print("链表中索引 3 处的结点的值 = {}\n", .{node.?.val});
+
+    // 查找结点
+    var index = find(&n0, 2);
+    std.debug.print("链表中值为 2 的结点的索引 = {}\n", .{index});
+
+    const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
+    _ = getchar;
+}

codes/zig/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+// File: list.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-07
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const inc = @import("include");
+
+// Driver Code
+pub fn main() !void {
+    // 初始化列表
+    var list = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
+    // 延迟释放内存
+    defer list.deinit();
+    try list.appendSlice(&[_]i32{ 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 });
+    std.debug.print("列表 list = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, list);
+
+    // 访问元素
+    var num = list.items[1];
+    std.debug.print("\n访问索引 1 处的元素，得到 num = {}", .{num});
+
+    // 更新元素
+    list.items[1] = 0;
+    std.debug.print("\n将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0 ，得到 list = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, list);
+
+    // 清空列表
+    list.clearRetainingCapacity();
+    std.debug.print("\n清空列表后 list = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, list);
+
+    // 尾部添加元素
+    try list.append(1);
+    try list.append(3);
+    try list.append(2);
+    try list.append(5);
+    try list.append(4);
+    std.debug.print("\n添加元素后 list = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, list);
+
+    // 中间插入元素
+    try list.insert(3, 6);
+    std.debug.print("\n在索引 3 处插入数字 6 ，得到 list = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, list);
+
+    // 删除元素
+    var value = list.orderedRemove(3);
+    _ = value;
+    std.debug.print("\n删除索引 3 处的元素，得到 list = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, list);
+
+    // 通过索引遍历列表
+    var count: i32 = 0;
+    var i: i32 = 0;
+    while (i < list.items.len) : (i += 1) {
+        count += 1;
+    }
+
+    // 直接遍历列表元素
+    count = 0;
+    for (list.items) |_| {
+        count += 1;
+    }
+
+    // 拼接两个列表
+    var list1 = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
+    defer list1.deinit();
+    try list1.appendSlice(&[_]i32{ 6, 8, 7, 10, 9 });
+    try list.insertSlice(list.items.len, list1.items);
+    std.debug.print("\n将列表 list1 拼接到 list 之后，得到 list = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, list);
+
+    // 排序列表
+    std.sort.sort(i32, list.items, {}, comptime std.sort.asc(i32));
+    std.debug.print("\n排序列表后 list = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, list);
+
+    const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
+    _ = getchar;
+}
+

codes/zig/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/my_list.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+// File: my_list.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-08
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const inc = @import("include");
+
+// 列表类简易实现
+// 编译期泛型
+pub fn MyList(comptime T: type) type {
+    return struct {
+        const Self = @This();
+        
+        nums: []T = undefined,                          // 数组（存储列表元素）
+        numsCapacity: usize = 10,                       // 列表容量
+        numSize: usize = 0,                             // 列表长度（即当前元素数量）
+        extendRatio: usize = 2,                         // 每次列表扩容的倍数
+        mem_arena: ?std.heap.ArenaAllocator = null,
+        mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator = undefined,   // 内存分配器
+
+        // 构造函数（分配内存+初始化列表）
+        pub fn init(self: *Self, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) !void {
+            if (self.mem_arena == null) {
+                self.mem_arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(allocator);
+                self.mem_allocator = self.mem_arena.?.allocator();
+            }
+            self.nums = try self.mem_allocator.alloc(T, self.numsCapacity);
+            std.mem.set(T, self.nums, @as(T, 0));
+        }
+
+        // 析构函数（释放内存）
+        pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
+            if (self.mem_arena == null) return;
+            self.mem_arena.?.deinit();
+        }
+
+        // 获取列表长度（即当前元素数量）
+        pub fn size(self: *Self) usize {
+            return self.numSize;
+        }
+
+        // 获取列表容量
+        pub fn capacity(self: *Self) usize {
+            return self.numsCapacity;
+        }
+
+        // 访问元素
+        pub fn get(self: *Self, index: usize) T {
+            // 索引如果越界则抛出异常，下同
+            if (index >= self.size()) @panic("索引越界");
+            return self.nums[index];
+        }  
+
+        // 更新元素
+        pub fn set(self: *Self, index: usize, num: T) void {
+            // 索引如果越界则抛出异常，下同
+            if (index >= self.size()) @panic("索引越界");
+            self.nums[index] = num;
+        }  
+
+        // 尾部添加元素
+        pub fn add(self: *Self, num: T) !void {
+            // 元素数量超出容量时，触发扩容机制
+            if (self.size() == self.capacity()) try self.extendCapacity();
+            self.nums[self.size()] = num;
+            // 更新元素数量
+            self.numSize += 1;
+        }  
+
+        // 中间插入元素
+        pub fn insert(self: *Self, index: usize, num: T) !void {
+            if (index >= self.size()) @panic("索引越界");
+            // 元素数量超出容量时，触发扩容机制
+            if (self.size() == self.capacity()) try self.extendCapacity();
+            // 索引 i 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
+            var j = self.size() - 1;
+            while (j >= index) : (j -= 1) {
+                self.nums[j + 1] = self.nums[j];
+            }
+            self.nums[index] = num;
+            // 更新元素数量
+            self.numSize += 1;
+        }
+
+        // 删除元素
+        pub fn remove(self: *Self, index: usize) T {
+            if (index >= self.size()) @panic("索引越界");
+            var num = self.nums[index];
+            // 索引 i 之后的元素都向前移动一位
+            var j = index;
+            while (j < self.size() - 1) : (j += 1) {
+                self.nums[j] = self.nums[j + 1];
+            }
+            // 更新元素数量
+            self.numSize -= 1;
+            // 返回被删除元素
+            return num;
+        }
+
+        // 列表扩容
+        pub fn extendCapacity(self: *Self) !void {
+            // 新建一个长度为 size * extendRatio 的数组，并将原数组拷贝到新数组
+            var newCapacity = self.capacity() * self.extendRatio;
+            var extend = try self.mem_allocator.alloc(T, newCapacity);
+            std.mem.set(T, extend, @as(T, 0));
+            // 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
+            std.mem.copy(T, extend, self.nums);
+            self.nums = extend;
+            // 更新列表容量
+            self.numsCapacity = newCapacity;
+        }
+
+        // 将列表转换为数组
+        pub fn toArray(self: *Self) ![]T {
+            // 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
+            var nums = try self.mem_allocator.alloc(T, self.size());
+            std.mem.set(T, nums, @as(T, 0));
+            for (nums) |*num, i| {
+                num.* = self.get(i);
+            }
+            return nums;
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+// Driver Code
+pub fn main() !void {
+    // 初始化列表
+    var list = MyList(i32){};
+    try list.init(std.heap.page_allocator);
+    // 延迟释放内存
+    defer list.deinit();
+
+    // 尾部添加元素
+    try list.add(1);
+    try list.add(3);
+    try list.add(2);
+    try list.add(5);
+    try list.add(4);
+    std.debug.print("列表 list = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, try list.toArray());
+    std.debug.print(" ，容量 = {} ，长度 = {}", .{list.capacity(), list.size()});
+
+    // 中间插入元素
+    try list.insert(3, 6);
+    std.debug.print("\n在索引 3 处插入数字 6 ，得到 list = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, try list.toArray());
+
+    // 删除元素
+    _ = list.remove(3);
+    std.debug.print("\n删除索引 3 处的元素，得到 list = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, try list.toArray());
+
+    // 访问元素
+    var num = list.get(1);
+    std.debug.print("\n访问索引 1 处的元素，得到 num = {}", .{num});
+
+    // 更新元素
+    list.set(1, 0);
+    std.debug.print("\n将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0 ，得到 list = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, try list.toArray());
+
+    // 测试扩容机制
+    list.set(1, 0);
+    var i: i32 = 0;
+    while (i < 10) : (i += 1) {
+        // 在 i = 5 时，列表长度将超出列表容量，此时触发扩容机制
+        try list.add(i);
+    }
+    std.debug.print("\n扩容后的列表 list = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, try list.toArray());
+    std.debug.print(" ，容量 = {} ，长度 = {}\n", .{list.capacity(), list.size()});
+
+    const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
+    _ = getchar;
+}
+

codes/zig/chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+// File: space_complexity.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-07
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const inc = @import("include");
+
+// 函数
+fn function() i32 {
+    // do something
+    return 0;
+}
+
+// 常数阶
+fn constant(n: i32) void {
+    // 常量、变量、对象占用 O(1) 空间
+    const a: i32 = 0;
+    var b: i32 = 0;
+    var nums = [_]i32{0}**10000;
+    var node = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 0};
+    var i: i32 = 0;
+    // 循环中的变量占用 O(1) 空间
+    while (i < n) : (i += 1) {
+        var c: i32 = 0;
+        _ = c;
+    }
+    // 循环中的函数占用 O(1) 空间
+    i = 0;
+    while (i < n) : (i += 1) {
+        _ = function();
+    }
+    _ = a;
+    _ = b;
+    _ = nums;
+    _ = node;
+}
+
+// 线性阶
+fn linear(comptime n: i32) !void {
+    // 长度为 n 的数组占用 O(n) 空间
+    var nums = [_]i32{0}**n;
+    // 长度为 n 的列表占用 O(n) 空间
+    var nodes = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
+    defer nodes.deinit();
+    var i: i32 = 0;
+    while (i < n) : (i += 1) {
+        try nodes.append(i);
+    }
+    // 长度为 n 的哈希表占用 O(n) 空间
+    var map = std.AutoArrayHashMap(i32, []const u8).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
+    defer map.deinit();
+    var j: i32 = 0;
+    while (j < n) : (j += 1) {
+        const string = try std.fmt.allocPrint(std.heap.page_allocator, "{d}", .{j});
+        defer std.heap.page_allocator.free(string);
+        try map.put(i, string);
+    }
+    _ = nums;
+}
+
+// 线性阶（递归实现）
+fn linearRecur(comptime n: i32) void {
+    std.debug.print("递归 n = {}\n", .{n});
+    if (n == 1) return;
+    linearRecur(n - 1);
+}
+
+// 平方阶
+fn quadratic(n: i32) !void {
+    // 二维列表占用 O(n^2) 空间
+    var nodes = std.ArrayList(std.ArrayList(i32)).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
+    defer nodes.deinit();
+    var i: i32 = 0;
+    while (i < n) : (i += 1) {
+        var tmp = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
+        defer tmp.deinit();
+        var j: i32 = 0;
+        while (j < n) : (j += 1) {
+            try tmp.append(0);
+        }
+        try nodes.append(tmp);
+    }
+}
+
+// 平方阶（递归实现）
+fn quadraticRecur(comptime n: i32) i32 {
+    if (n <= 0) return 0;
+    var nums = [_]i32{0}**n;
+    std.debug.print("递归 n = {} 中的 nums 长度 = {}\n", .{n, nums.len});
+    return quadraticRecur(n - 1);
+}
+
+// 指数阶（建立满二叉树）
+fn buildTree(mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator, n: i32) !?*inc.TreeNode(i32) {
+    if (n == 0) return null;
+    const root = try mem_allocator.create(inc.TreeNode(i32));
+    root.init(0);
+    root.left = try buildTree(mem_allocator, n - 1);
+    root.right = try buildTree(mem_allocator, n - 1);
+    return root;
+}
+
+// Driver Code
+pub fn main() !void {
+    const n: i32 = 5;
+    // 常数阶
+    constant(n);
+    // 线性阶
+    try linear(n);
+    linearRecur(n);
+    // 平方阶
+    try quadratic(n);
+    _ = quadraticRecur(n);
+    // 指数阶
+    var mem_arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(std.heap.page_allocator);
+    defer mem_arena.deinit();
+    var root = blk_root: {
+        const mem_allocator = mem_arena.allocator();
+        break :blk_root try buildTree(mem_allocator, n);
+    };
+    try inc.PrintUtil.printTree(root, null, false);
+
+    const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
+    _ = getchar;
+}

codes/zig/chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.zig

@@ -59,11 +59,13 @@ fn bubbleSort(nums: []i32) i32 {
         var j: usize = 0;
         // 内循环：冒泡操作
         while (j < i) : (j += 1) {
-            // 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
-            var tmp = nums[j];
-            nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
-            nums[j + 1] = tmp;
-            count += 3;  // 元素交换包含 3 个单元操作
+            if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) {
+                // 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
+                var tmp = nums[j];
+                nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
+                nums[j + 1] = tmp;
+                count += 3;  // 元素交换包含 3 个单元操作
+            }
         }
     }
     return count;
@@ -138,7 +140,7 @@ fn factorialRecur(n: i32) i32 {
 }
 
 // Driver Code
-pub fn main() void {
+pub fn main() !void {
     // 可以修改 n 运行，体会一下各种复杂度的操作数量变化趋势
     const n: i32 = 8;
     std.debug.print("输入数据大小 n = {}\n", .{n});

codes/zig/chapter_computational_complexity/worst_best_time_complexity.zig

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ pub fn findOne(nums: []i32) i32 {
 }
 
 // Driver Code
-pub fn main() void {
+pub fn main() !void {
     var i: i32 = 0;
     while (i < 10) : (i += 1) {
         const n: usize = 100;

codes/zig/chapter_hashing/hash_map.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// File: hash_map.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-13
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const inc = @import("include");
+
+// Driver Code
+pub fn main() !void {
+    // 初始化哈希表
+    var map = std.AutoHashMap(i32, []const u8).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
+    // 延迟释放内存
+    defer map.deinit();
+
+    // 添加操作
+    // 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
+    try map.put(12836, "小哈");
+    try map.put(15937, "小啰");
+    try map.put(16750, "小算");
+    try map.put(13276, "小法");
+    try map.put(10583, "小鸭");
+    std.debug.print("\n添加完成后，哈希表为\nKey -> Value\n", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printHashMap(i32, []const u8, map);
+
+    // 查询操作
+    // 向哈希表输入键 key ，得到值 value
+    var name = map.get(15937).?;
+    std.debug.print("\n输入学号 15937 ，查询到姓名 {s}\n", .{name});
+
+    // 删除操作
+    // 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
+    _ = map.remove(10583);
+    std.debug.print("\n删除 10583 后，哈希表为\nKey -> Value\n", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printHashMap(i32, []const u8, map);
+
+    // 遍历哈希表
+    std.debug.print("\n遍历键值对 Key->Value\n", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printHashMap(i32, []const u8, map);
+
+    std.debug.print("\n单独遍历键 Key\n", .{});
+    var it = map.iterator();
+    while (it.next()) |kv| {
+        std.debug.print("{}\n", .{kv.key_ptr.*});
+    }
+
+    std.debug.print("\n单独遍历值 value\n", .{});
+    it = map.iterator();
+    while (it.next()) |kv| {
+        std.debug.print("{s}\n", .{kv.value_ptr.*});
+    }
+
+    const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
+    _ = getchar;
+}
+

codes/zig/chapter_searching/linear_search.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// File: linear_search.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-13
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const inc = @import("include");
+
+// 线性查找（数组）
+fn linearSearchList(comptime T: type, nums: std.ArrayList(T), target: T) T {
+    // 遍历数组
+    for (nums.items) |num, i| {
+        // 找到目标元素， 返回其索引
+        if (num == target) {
+            return @intCast(T, i);
+        }
+    }
+    // 未找到目标元素，返回 -1
+    return -1;
+}
+
+// 线性查找（链表）
+pub fn linearSearchLinkedList(comptime T: type, node: ?*inc.ListNode(T), target: T) ?*inc.ListNode(T) {
+    var head = node;
+    // 遍历链表
+    while (head != null) {
+        // 找到目标结点，返回之
+        if (head.?.val == target) return head;
+        head = head.?.next;
+    }
+    return null;
+}
+
+// Driver Code
+pub fn main() !void {
+    var target: i32 = 3;
+
+    // 在数组中执行线性查找
+    var nums = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
+    defer nums.deinit();
+    try nums.appendSlice(&[_]i32{ 1, 5, 3, 2, 4, 7, 5, 9, 10, 8 });
+    var index = linearSearchList(i32, nums, target);
+    std.debug.print("目标元素 3 的索引 = {}\n", .{index});
+
+    // 在链表中执行线性查找
+    var mem_arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(std.heap.page_allocator);
+    defer mem_arena.deinit();
+    const mem_allocator = mem_arena.allocator();
+    var head = try inc.ListUtil.listToLinkedList(i32, mem_allocator, nums);
+    var node = linearSearchLinkedList(i32, head, target);
+    std.debug.print("目标结点值 3 的对应结点对象为 ", .{});
+    try inc.PrintUtil.printLinkedList(i32, node);
+
+    const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
+    _ = getchar;
+}
+

codes/zig/chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+// File: bubble_sort.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-08
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const inc = @import("include");
+
+// 冒泡排序
+fn bubbleSort(nums: []i32) void {
+    // 外循环：待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
+    var i: usize = nums.len - 1;
+    while (i > 0) : (i -= 1) {
+        var j: usize = 0;
+        // 内循环：冒泡操作
+        while (j < i) : (j += 1) {
+            if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) {
+                // 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
+                var tmp = nums[j];
+                nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
+                nums[j + 1] = tmp;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// 冒泡排序（标志优化）
+fn bubbleSortWithFlag(nums: []i32) void {
+    // 外循环：待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
+    var i: usize = nums.len - 1;
+    while (i > 0) : (i -= 1) {
+        var flag = false;   // 初始化标志位
+        var j: usize = 0;
+        // 内循环：冒泡操作
+        while (j < i) : (j += 1) {
+            if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) {
+                // 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
+                var tmp = nums[j];
+                nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
+                nums[j + 1] = tmp;
+                flag = true;
+            }
+        }
+        if (!flag) break;   // 此轮冒泡未交换任何元素，直接跳出
+    }
+}
+
+// Driver Code
+pub fn main() !void {
+    var nums = [_]i32{ 4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2 };
+    bubbleSort(&nums);
+    std.debug.print("冒泡排序完成后 nums = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, &nums);
+
+    var nums1 = [_]i32{ 4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2 };
+    bubbleSortWithFlag(&nums1);
+    std.debug.print("\n冒泡排序完成后 nums1 = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, &nums1);
+    
+    const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
+    _ = getchar;
+}
+

codes/zig/chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// File: insertion_sort.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-08
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const inc = @import("include");
+
+// 插入排序
+fn insertionSort(nums: []i32) void {
+    // 外循环：base = nums[1], nums[2], ..., nums[n-1]
+    var i: usize = 1;
+    while (i < nums.len) : (i += 1) {
+        var base = nums[i];
+        var j: usize = i;
+        // 内循环：将 base 插入到左边的正确位置
+        while (j >= 1 and nums[j - 1] > base) : (j -= 1) {
+            nums[j] = nums[j - 1];  // 1. 将 nums[j] 向右移动一位
+        }
+        nums[j] = base;             // 2. 将 base 赋值到正确位置
+    }
+}
+
+// Driver Code
+pub fn main() !void {
+    var nums = [_]i32{ 4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2 };
+    insertionSort(&nums);
+    std.debug.print("插入排序完成后 nums = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, &nums);
+    
+    const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
+    _ = getchar;
+}
+

codes/zig/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+// File: array_stack.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-08
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const inc = @import("include");
+
+// 基于数组实现的栈
+// 编译期泛型
+pub fn ArrayStack(comptime T: type) type {
+    return struct {
+        const Self = @This();
+
+        stack: ?std.ArrayList(T) = null,     
+
+        // 构造函数（分配内存+初始化栈）
+        pub fn init(self: *Self, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) void {
+            if (self.stack == null) {
+                self.stack = std.ArrayList(T).init(allocator);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 析构函数（释放内存）
+        pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
+            if (self.stack == null) return;
+            self.stack.?.deinit();
+        }
+
+        // 获取栈的长度
+        pub fn size(self: *Self) usize {
+            return self.stack.?.items.len;
+        }
+
+        // 判断栈是否为空
+        pub fn empty(self: *Self) bool {
+            return self.size() == 0;
+        }
+
+        // 访问栈顶元素
+        pub fn top(self: *Self) T {
+            if (self.size() == 0) @panic("栈为空");
+            return self.stack.?.items[self.size() - 1];
+        }  
+
+        // 入栈
+        pub fn push(self: *Self, num: T) !void {
+            try self.stack.?.append(num);
+        } 
+
+        // 出栈
+        pub fn pop(self: *Self) T {
+            var num = self.stack.?.pop();
+            return num;
+        } 
+
+        // 返回 ArrayList
+        pub fn toList(self: *Self) std.ArrayList(T) {
+            return self.stack.?;
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+// Driver Code
+pub fn main() !void {
+    // 初始化栈
+    var stack = ArrayStack(i32){};
+    stack.init(std.heap.page_allocator);
+    // 延迟释放内存
+    defer stack.deinit();
+
+    // 元素入栈
+    try stack.push(1);
+    try stack.push(3);
+    try stack.push(2);
+    try stack.push(5);
+    try stack.push(4);
+    std.debug.print("栈 stack = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, stack.toList());
+
+    // 访问栈顶元素
+    var top = stack.top();
+    std.debug.print("\n栈顶元素 top = {}", .{top});
+
+    // 元素出栈
+    top = stack.pop();
+    std.debug.print("\n出栈元素 pop = {}，出栈后 stack = ", .{top});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, stack.toList());
+
+    // 获取栈的长度
+    var size = stack.size();
+    std.debug.print("\n栈的长度 size = {}", .{size});
+
+    // 判断栈是否为空
+    var empty = stack.empty();
+    std.debug.print("\n栈是否为空 = {}", .{empty});
+
+    const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
+    _ = getchar;
+}

codes/zig/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+// File: linkedlist_stack.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-08
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const inc = @import("include");
+
+// 基于链表实现的栈
+// 编译期泛型
+pub fn LinkedListStack(comptime T: type) type {
+    return struct {
+        const Self = @This();
+
+        stackTop: ?*inc.ListNode(T) = null,             // 将头结点作为栈顶
+        stkSize: usize = 0,                             // 栈的长度
+        mem_arena: ?std.heap.ArenaAllocator = null,
+        mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator = undefined,   // 内存分配器
+
+        // 构造函数（分配内存+初始化栈）
+        pub fn init(self: *Self, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) !void {
+            if (self.mem_arena == null) {
+                self.mem_arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(allocator);
+                self.mem_allocator = self.mem_arena.?.allocator();
+            }
+            self.stackTop = null;
+            self.stkSize = 0;
+        }
+
+        // 析构函数（释放内存）
+        pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
+            if (self.mem_arena == null) return;
+            self.mem_arena.?.deinit();
+        }
+
+        // 获取栈的长度
+        pub fn size(self: *Self) usize {
+            return self.stkSize;
+        }
+
+        // 判断栈是否为空
+        pub fn empty(self: *Self) bool {
+            return self.size() == 0;
+        }
+
+        // 访问栈顶元素
+        pub fn top(self: *Self) T {
+            if (self.size() == 0) @panic("栈为空");
+            return self.stackTop.?.val;
+        }  
+
+        // 入栈
+        pub fn push(self: *Self, num: T) !void {
+            var node = try self.mem_allocator.create(inc.ListNode(T));
+            node.init(num);
+            node.next = self.stackTop;
+            self.stackTop = node;
+            self.stkSize += 1;
+        } 
+
+        // 出栈
+        pub fn pop(self: *Self) T {
+            var num = self.top();
+            self.stackTop = self.stackTop.?.next;
+            self.stkSize -= 1;
+            return num;
+        } 
+
+        // 将栈转换为数组
+        pub fn toArray(self: *Self) ![]T {
+            var node = self.stackTop;
+            var res = try self.mem_allocator.alloc(T, self.size());
+            std.mem.set(T, res, @as(T, 0));
+            var i: usize = 0;
+            while (i < res.len) : (i += 1) {
+                res[res.len - i - 1] = node.?.val;
+                node = node.?.next;
+            }
+            return res;
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+// Driver Code
+pub fn main() !void {
+    // 初始化栈
+    var stack = LinkedListStack(i32){};
+    try stack.init(std.heap.page_allocator);
+    // 延迟释放内存
+    defer stack.deinit();
+
+    // 元素入栈
+    try stack.push(1);
+    try stack.push(3);
+    try stack.push(2);
+    try stack.push(5);
+    try stack.push(4);
+    std.debug.print("栈 stack = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, try stack.toArray());
+
+    // 访问栈顶元素
+    var top = stack.top();
+    std.debug.print("\n栈顶元素 top = {}", .{top});
+
+    // 元素出栈
+    top = stack.pop();
+    std.debug.print("\n出栈元素 pop = {}，出栈后 stack = ", .{top});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, try stack.toArray());
+
+    // 获取栈的长度
+    var size = stack.size();
+    std.debug.print("\n栈的长度 size = {}", .{size});
+
+    // 判断栈是否为空
+    var empty = stack.empty();
+    std.debug.print("\n栈是否为空 = {}", .{empty});
+
+    const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
+    _ = getchar;
+}
+

codes/zig/chapter_stack_and_queue/stack.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// File: stack.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-08
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const inc = @import("include");
+
+// Driver Code
+pub fn main() !void {
+    // 初始化栈
+    // 在 zig 中，推荐将 ArrayList 当作栈来使用
+    var stack = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
+    // 延迟释放内存
+    defer stack.deinit();
+
+    // 元素入栈
+    try stack.append(1);
+    try stack.append(3);
+    try stack.append(2);
+    try stack.append(5);
+    try stack.append(4);
+    std.debug.print("栈 stack = ", .{});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, stack);
+
+    // 访问栈顶元素
+    var top = stack.items[stack.items.len - 1];
+    std.debug.print("\n栈顶元素 top = {}", .{top});
+
+    // 元素出栈
+    top = stack.pop();
+    std.debug.print("\n出栈元素 pop = {}，出栈后 stack = ", .{top});
+    inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, stack);
+
+    // 获取栈的长度
+    var size = stack.items.len;
+    std.debug.print("\n栈的长度 size = {}", .{size});
+
+    // 判断栈是否为空
+    var empty = if (stack.items.len == 0) true else false;
+    std.debug.print("\n栈是否为空 = {}", .{empty});
+
+    const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
+    _ = getchar;
+}

codes/zig/chapter_tree/binary_tree.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// File: binary_tree.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-14
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const inc = @import("include");
+
+// Driver Code
+pub fn main() !void {
+    // 初始化二叉树
+    // 初始化结点
+    var n1 = inc.TreeNode(i32){ .val = 1 };
+    var n2 = inc.TreeNode(i32){ .val = 2 };
+    var n3 = inc.TreeNode(i32){ .val = 3 };
+    var n4 = inc.TreeNode(i32){ .val = 4 };
+    var n5 = inc.TreeNode(i32){ .val = 5 };
+    // 构建引用指向（即指针）
+    n1.left = &n2;
+    n1.right = &n3;
+    n2.left = &n4;
+    n2.right = &n5;
+    std.debug.print("初始化二叉树\n", .{});
+    try inc.PrintUtil.printTree(&n1, null, false);
+
+    // 插入与删除结点
+    var p = inc.TreeNode(i32){ .val = 0 };
+    // 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入结点 P
+    n1.left = &p;
+    p.left = &n2;
+    std.debug.print("插入结点 P 后\n", .{});
+    try inc.PrintUtil.printTree(&n1, null, false);
+    // 删除结点
+    n1.left = &n2;
+    std.debug.print("删除结点 P 后\n", .{});
+    try inc.PrintUtil.printTree(&n1, null, false);
+
+    const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
+    _ = getchar;
+}
+

codes/zig/include/ListNode.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// File: ListNode.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-07
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
+const std = @import("std");
+
+// Definition for a singly-linked list node
+// 编译期泛型
+pub fn ListNode(comptime T: type) type {
+    return struct {
+        const Self = @This();
+        
+        val: T = 0,
+        next: ?*Self = null,
+
+        // Initialize a list node with specific value
+        pub fn init(self: *Self, x: i32) void {
+            self.val = x;
+            self.next = null;
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+// Generate a linked list with a list
+pub fn listToLinkedList(comptime T: type, mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator, list: std.ArrayList(T)) !?*ListNode(T) {
+    var dum = try mem_allocator.create(ListNode(T));
+    dum.init(0);
+    var head = dum;
+    for (list.items) |val| {
+        var tmp = try mem_allocator.create(ListNode(T));
+        tmp.init(val);
+        head.next = tmp;
+        head = head.next.?;
+    }
+    return dum.next;
+}

codes/zig/include/PrintUtil.zig

@@ -1,13 +1,122 @@
-// File: TreeNode.zig
+// File: PrintUtil.zig
 // Created Time: 2023-01-07
 // Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
 
 const std = @import("std");
+pub const ListUtil = @import("ListNode.zig");
+pub const ListNode = ListUtil.ListNode;
+pub const TreeUtil = @import("TreeNode.zig");
+pub const TreeNode = TreeUtil.TreeNode;
 
-// Print an Array
+// Print an array
 pub fn printArray(comptime T: type, nums: []T) void {
     std.debug.print("[", .{});
-    for (nums) |num, j| {
-        std.debug.print("{}{s}", .{num, if (j == nums.len-1) "]\n" else ", " });
-     }
+    if (nums.len > 0) {
+        for (nums) |num, j| {
+            std.debug.print("{}{s}", .{num, if (j == nums.len-1) "]" else ", " });
+        }
+    } else {
+        std.debug.print("]", .{});
+    }
 }
+
+// Print a list
+pub fn printList(comptime T: type, list: std.ArrayList(T)) void {
+    std.debug.print("[", .{});
+    if (list.items.len > 0) {
+        for (list.items) |value, i| {
+            std.debug.print("{}{s}", .{value, if (i == list.items.len-1) "]" else ", " });
+        }
+    } else {
+        std.debug.print("]", .{});
+    }
+    
+}
+
+// Print a linked list
+pub fn printLinkedList(comptime T: type, node: ?*ListNode(T)) !void {
+    if (node == null) return;
+    var list = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
+    defer list.deinit();
+    var head = node;
+    while (head != null) {
+        try list.append(head.?.val);
+        head = head.?.next;
+    }
+    for (list.items) |value, i| {
+        std.debug.print("{}{s}", .{value, if (i == list.items.len-1) "\n" else "->" });
+    }
+}
+
+// Print a HashMap
+pub fn printHashMap(comptime TKey: type, comptime TValue: type, map: std.AutoHashMap(TKey, TValue)) void {
+    var it = map.iterator();
+    while (it.next()) |kv| {
+        var key = kv.key_ptr.*;
+        var value = kv.value_ptr.*;
+        std.debug.print("{} -> {s}\n", .{key, value});
+    }
+}
+
+// print a heap (PriorityQueue)
+pub fn printHeap(comptime T: type, mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator, queue: anytype) !void {
+    var arr = queue.items;
+    var len = queue.len;
+    std.debug.print("堆的数组表示：", .{});
+    printArray(T, arr[0..len]);
+    std.debug.print("\n堆的树状表示：\n", .{});
+    var root = try TreeUtil.arrToTree(T, mem_allocator, arr[0..len]);
+    try printTree(root, null, false);
+}
+
+// This tree printer is borrowed from TECHIE DELIGHT
+// https://www.techiedelight.com/c-program-print-binary-tree/
+const Trunk = struct {
+    prev: ?*Trunk = null,
+    str: []const u8 = undefined,
+    
+    pub fn init(self: *Trunk, prev: ?*Trunk, str: []const u8) void {
+        self.prev = prev;
+        self.str = str;
+    }
+};
+
+// Helper function to print branches of the binary tree
+pub fn showTrunks(p: ?*Trunk) void {
+    if (p == null) return;
+    showTrunks(p.?.prev);
+    std.debug.print("{s}", .{p.?.str});
+}
+
+// The interface of the tree printer
+// Print a binary tree
+pub fn printTree(root: ?*TreeNode(i32), prev: ?*Trunk, isLeft: bool) !void {
+    if (root == null) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    var prev_str = "    ";
+    var trunk = Trunk{.prev = prev, .str = prev_str};
+
+    try printTree(root.?.right, &trunk, true);
+   
+    if (prev == null) {
+        trunk.str = "———";
+    } else if (isLeft) {
+        trunk.str = "/———";
+        prev_str = "   |";
+    } else {
+        trunk.str = "\\———";
+        prev.?.str = prev_str;
+    }
+
+    showTrunks(&trunk);
+    std.debug.print(" {}\n", .{root.?.val});
+
+    if (prev) |_| {
+        prev.?.str = prev_str;
+    }
+    trunk.str = "   |";
+
+    try printTree(root.?.left, &trunk, false);
+}

codes/zig/include/TreeNode.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+// File: TreeNode.zig
+// Created Time: 2023-01-07
+// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
+
+const std = @import("std");
+
+// Definition for a binary tree node
+// 编译期泛型
+pub fn TreeNode(comptime T: type) type {
+    return struct {
+        const Self = @This();
+
+        val: T = undefined,
+        left: ?*Self = null,
+        right: ?*Self = null,
+
+        // Initialize a tree node with specific value
+        pub fn init(self: *Self, x: i32) void {
+            self.val = x;
+            self.left = null;
+            self.right = null;
+        }
+    };   
+}
+
+// Generate a binary tree with an array
+pub fn arrToTree(comptime T: type, mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator, list: []T) !?*TreeNode(T) {
+    if (list.len == 0) return null;
+    var root = try mem_allocator.create(TreeNode(T));
+    root.init(list[0]);
+
+    const TailQueue = std.TailQueue(?*TreeNode(T));
+    const TailQueueNode = std.TailQueue(?*TreeNode(T)).Node;
+    var que = TailQueue{};
+    var node_root = TailQueueNode{ .data = root };
+    que.append(&node_root); 
+    var index: usize = 0;
+    while (que.len > 0) {
+        var node = que.popFirst();
+        index += 1;
+        if (index >= list.len) break;
+        if (index < list.len) {
+            var tmp = try mem_allocator.create(TreeNode(T));
+            tmp.init(list[index]);
+            node.?.data.?.left = tmp;
+            var a = TailQueueNode{ .data = node.?.data.?.left };
+            que.append(&a);
+        }
+        index += 1;
+        if (index >= list.len) break;
+        if (index < list.len) {
+            var tmp = try mem_allocator.create(TreeNode(T));
+            tmp.init(list[index]);
+            node.?.data.?.right = tmp;
+            var a = TailQueueNode{ .data = node.?.data.?.right };
+            que.append(&a);
+        }
+    }
+    return root;
+}

codes/zig/include/include.zig

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 // File: include.zig
-// Created Time: 2023-01-04
+// Created Time: 2023-01-07
 // Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
 
-pub const PrintUtil = @import("PrintUtil.zig");
+pub const PrintUtil = @import("PrintUtil.zig");
+pub const ListUtil = @import("ListNode.zig");
+pub const ListNode = ListUtil.ListNode;
+pub const TreeUtil = @import("TreeNode.zig");
+pub const TreeNode = TreeUtil.TreeNode;

deploy.sh

@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@ mkdocs build --clean
 cd site
 git init
 git add -A
-git commit -m 'deploy'
+git commit -m "deploy"
 git push -f git@github.com:krahets/hello-algo.git master:gh-pages
 cd -

docker-compose.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version: '3'
+services:
+  hello-algo:
+    build: .
+    ports:
+      - "8000:8000"
+      

docs/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.md

@@ -245,6 +245,8 @@ elementAddr = firtstElementAddr + elementLength * elementIndex
         for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
             res[i] = nums[i];
         }
+        // 释放内存
+        delete[] nums;
         // 返回扩展后的新数组
         return res;
     }

docs/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list.md

@@ -748,6 +748,11 @@ comments: true
             nums = new int[numsCapacity];
         }
 
+        /* 析构函数 */
+        ~MyList() {
+            delete[] nums;
+        }
+
         /* 获取列表长度（即当前元素数量）*/
         int size() {
             return numsSize;
@@ -818,14 +823,14 @@ comments: true
         void extendCapacity() {
             // 新建一个长度为 size * extendRatio 的数组，并将原数组拷贝到新数组
             int newCapacity = capacity() * extendRatio;
-            int* extend = new int[newCapacity];
+            int* tmp = nums;
+            nums = new int[newCapacity];
             // 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
             for (int i = 0; i < size(); i++) {
-                extend[i] = nums[i];
+                nums[i] = tmp[i];
             }
-            int* temp = nums;
-            nums = extend;
-            delete[] temp;
+            // 释放内存
+            delete[] tmp;
             numsCapacity = newCapacity;
         }
     };

docs/chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity.md

@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ $$
         const int a = 0;
         int b = 0;
         vector<int> nums(10000);
-        ListNode* node = new ListNode(0);
+        ListNode node(0);
         // 循环中的变量占用 O(1) 空间
         for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
             int c = 0;
@@ -654,9 +654,9 @@ $$
         // 长度为 n 的数组占用 O(n) 空间
         vector<int> nums(n);
         // 长度为 n 的列表占用 O(n) 空间
-        vector<ListNode*> nodes;
+        vector<ListNode> nodes;
         for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-            nodes.push_back(new ListNode(i));
+            nodes.push_back(ListNode(i));
         }
         // 长度为 n 的哈希表占用 O(n) 空间
         unordered_map<int, string> map;

docs/chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.md

@@ -355,8 +355,8 @@ $$
             print(0)
         }
     }
-
     ```
+
 ![time_complexity_first_example](time_complexity.assets/time_complexity_first_example.png)
 
 <p align="center"> Fig. 算法 A, B, C 的时间增长趋势 </p>
@@ -725,7 +725,6 @@ $$
     }
     ```
 
-
 ### 2. 判断渐近上界
 
 **时间复杂度由多项式 $T(n)$ 中最高阶的项来决定**。这是因为在 $n$ 趋于无穷大时，最高阶的项将处于主导作用，其它项的影响都可以被忽略。
@@ -1435,11 +1434,14 @@ $$
         for (int i = n - 1; i > 0; i--) {
             // 内循环：冒泡操作
             for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
-                // 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
-                int tmp = nums[j];
-                nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
-                nums[j + 1] = tmp;
-                count += 3;  // 元素交换包含 3 个单元操作
+                if (nums[j] > nums [j + 1]) 
+                {
+                    // 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
+                    int tmp = nums[j];
+                    nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
+                    nums[j + 1] = tmp;
+                    count += 3;  // 元素交换包含 3 个单元操作
+                }
             }
             
         }