From 7c501140f03524155a142631f26f62f79ae6f753 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: krahets <krahets@163.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Mar 2023 03:07:22 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] Update code style for Python

---
 .../javascript/chapter_sorting/quick_sort.js  |  6 +--
 .../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.py     | 14 +++----
 .../linked_list.py                            | 10 ++---
 .../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list.py      |  2 +-
 .../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/my_list.py   | 39 +++++++++++--------
 .../leetcode_two_sum.py                       |  6 +--
 .../space_complexity.py                       | 16 ++++----
 .../time_complexity.py                        | 24 ++++++------
 .../worst_best_time_complexity.py             |  6 +--
 .../chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_list.py     | 19 +++++----
 .../chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_matrix.py   | 24 ++++++------
 codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_bfs.py       |  9 +++--
 codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_dfs.py       |  7 ++--
 .../python/chapter_hashing/array_hash_map.py  | 21 +++++-----
 codes/python/chapter_hashing/hash_map.py      |  2 +-
 codes/python/chapter_heap/heap.py             |  3 +-
 codes/python/chapter_heap/my_heap.py          | 31 ++++++++-------
 .../python/chapter_searching/binary_search.py |  6 +--
 .../chapter_searching/hashing_search.py       |  6 +--
 .../python/chapter_searching/linear_search.py |  6 +--
 codes/python/chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.py   |  6 +--
 .../python/chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.py  |  6 +--
 codes/python/chapter_sorting/merge_sort.py    | 11 +++---
 codes/python/chapter_sorting/quick_sort.py    | 36 ++++++++---------
 .../chapter_stack_and_queue/array_deque.py    | 28 ++++++-------
 .../chapter_stack_and_queue/array_queue.py    | 19 ++++-----
 .../chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.py    | 17 ++++----
 codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/deque.py |  2 +-
 .../linkedlist_deque.py                       | 31 ++++++++-------
 .../linkedlist_queue.py                       | 17 ++++----
 .../linkedlist_stack.py                       | 17 ++++----
 codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/queue.py |  2 +-
 codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/stack.py |  2 +-
 codes/python/chapter_tree/avl_tree.py         | 29 +++++++-------
 .../python/chapter_tree/binary_search_tree.py | 15 +++----
 codes/python/chapter_tree/binary_tree.py      |  2 +-
 codes/python/chapter_tree/binary_tree_bfs.py  |  4 +-
 codes/python/chapter_tree/binary_tree_dfs.py  | 11 +++---
 codes/python/{include => modules}/__init__.py |  0
 .../{include => modules}/binary_tree.py       |  0
 .../{include => modules}/linked_list.py       |  0
 .../python/{include => modules}/print_util.py |  2 -
 codes/python/{include => modules}/vertex.py   |  6 +--
 .../typescript/chapter_sorting/quick_sort.ts  |  6 +--
 docs/chapter_tree/avl_tree.md                 | 14 +++----
 45 files changed, 274 insertions(+), 266 deletions(-)
 rename codes/python/{include => modules}/__init__.py (100%)
 rename codes/python/{include => modules}/binary_tree.py (100%)
 rename codes/python/{include => modules}/linked_list.py (100%)
 rename codes/python/{include => modules}/print_util.py (98%)
 rename codes/python/{include => modules}/vertex.py (72%)

diff --git a/codes/javascript/chapter_sorting/quick_sort.js b/codes/javascript/chapter_sorting/quick_sort.js
index 1ed445533..a338f3890 100644
--- a/codes/javascript/chapter_sorting/quick_sort.js
+++ b/codes/javascript/chapter_sorting/quick_sort.js
@@ -132,19 +132,19 @@ class QuickSortTailCall {
 
 /* Driver Code */
 /* 快速排序  */
-const nums = [4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2];
+const nums = [2, 4, 1, 0, 3, 5];
 const quickSort = new QuickSort();
 quickSort.quickSort(nums, 0, nums.length - 1);
 console.log('快速排序完成后 nums =', nums);
 
 /* 快速排序（中位基准数优化） */
-const nums1 = [4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2];
+const nums1 = [2, 4, 1, 0, 3, 5];
 const quickSortMedian = new QuickSort();
 quickSortMedian.quickSort(nums1, 0, nums1.length - 1);
 console.log('快速排序（中位基准数优化）完成后 nums =', nums1);
 
 /* 快速排序（尾递归优化） */
-const nums2 = [4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2];
+const nums2 = [2, 4, 1, 0, 3, 5];
 const quickSortTailCall = new QuickSort();
 quickSortTailCall.quickSort(nums2, 0, nums2.length - 1);
 console.log('快速排序（尾递归优化）完成后 nums =', nums2);
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.py b/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.py
index 34c2a4c45..b12d4d4ef 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.py
@@ -6,20 +6,20 @@ Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
-""" 随机访问元素 """
 def random_access(nums):
+    """ 随机访问元素 """
     # 在区间 [0, len(nums)-1] 中随机抽取一个数字
     random_index = random.randint(0, len(nums) - 1)
     # 获取并返回随机元素
     random_num = nums[random_index]
     return random_num
 
-""" 扩展数组长度 """
 # 请注意，Python 的 list 是动态数组，可以直接扩展
 # 为了方便学习，本函数将 list 看作是长度不可变的数组
 def extend(nums, enlarge):
+    """ 扩展数组长度 """
     # 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
     res = [0] * (len(nums) + enlarge)
     # 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
@@ -28,22 +28,22 @@ def extend(nums, enlarge):
     # 返回扩展后的新数组
     return res
 
-""" 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num """
 def insert(nums, num, index):
+    """ 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num """
     # 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
     for i in range(len(nums) - 1, index, -1):
         nums[i] = nums[i - 1]
     # 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
     nums[index] = num
 
-""" 删除索引 index 处元素 """
 def remove(nums, index):
+    """ 删除索引 index 处元素 """
     # 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
     for i in range(index, len(nums) - 1):
         nums[i] = nums[i + 1]
     
-""" 遍历数组 """
 def traverse(nums):
+    """ 遍历数组 """
     count = 0
     # 通过索引遍历数组
     for i in range(len(nums)):
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ def traverse(nums):
     for num in nums:
         count += 1
 
-""" 在数组中查找指定元素 """
 def find(nums, target):
+    """ 在数组中查找指定元素 """
     for i in range(len(nums)):
         if nums[i] == target:
             return i
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.py b/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.py
index a6dce0c2e..0b27a2dab 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.py
@@ -6,16 +6,16 @@ Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
-""" 在链表的结点 n0 之后插入结点 P """
 def insert(n0, P):
+    """ 在链表的结点 n0 之后插入结点 P """
     n1 = n0.next
     P.next = n1
     n0.next = P
 
-""" 删除链表的结点 n0 之后的首个结点 """
 def remove(n0):
+    """ 删除链表的结点 n0 之后的首个结点 """
     if not n0.next:
         return
     # n0 -> P -> n1
@@ -23,16 +23,16 @@ def remove(n0):
     n1 = P.next
     n0.next = n1
 
-""" 访问链表中索引为 index 的结点 """
 def access(head, index):
+    """ 访问链表中索引为 index 的结点 """
     for _ in range(index):
         if not head:
             return None
         head = head.next
     return head
 
-""" 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个结点 """
 def find(head, target):
+    """ 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个结点 """
     index = 0
     while head:
         if head.val == target:
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list.py b/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list.py
index b0e2f2536..ea744d6d4 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
 
 """ Driver Code """
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/my_list.py b/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/my_list.py
index f6a2b394e..721a4e67b 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/my_list.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/my_list.py
@@ -6,42 +6,47 @@ Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
-""" 列表类简易实现 """
 class MyList:
-    """ 构造方法 """
+    """ 列表类简易实现 """
     def __init__(self):
+        """ 构造方法 """
         self.__capacity = 10                 # 列表容量
         self.__nums = [0] * self.__capacity  # 数组（存储列表元素）
         self.__size = 0                      # 列表长度（即当前元素数量）
         self.__extend_ratio = 2              # 每次列表扩容的倍数
 
-    """ 获取列表长度（即当前元素数量） """
     def size(self):
+        """ 获取列表长度（即当前元素数量） """
         return self.__size
     
-    """ 获取列表容量 """
     def capacity(self):
+        """ 获取列表容量 """
         return self.__capacity
     
-    """ 访问元素 """
     def get(self, index):
+        """ 访问元素 """
         # 索引如果越界则抛出异常，下同
         assert index >= 0 and index < self.__size, "索引越界"
         return self.__nums[index]
 
-    """ 更新元素 """
     def set(self, num, index):
+        """ 更新元素 """
         assert index >= 0 and index < self.__size, "索引越界"
         self.__nums[index] = num
+    
+    def add(self, num):
+        """ 尾部添加元素 """
+        # 元素数量超出容量时，触发扩容机制
+        if self.size() == self.capacity():
+            self.extend_capacity();
+        self.__nums[self.__size] = num
+        self.__size += 1
 
-    """ 中间插入（尾部添加）元素 """
-    def add(self, num, index=-1):
+    def insert(self, num, index):
+        """ 中间插入元素 """
         assert index >= 0 and index < self.__size, "索引越界"
-        # 若不指定索引 index ，则向数组尾部添加元素
-        if index == -1:
-            index = self.__size
         # 元素数量超出容量时，触发扩容机制
         if self.__size == self.capacity():
             self.extend_capacity()
@@ -52,10 +57,10 @@ class MyList:
         # 更新元素数量
         self.__size += 1
 
-    """ 删除元素 """
     def remove(self, index):
+        """ 删除元素 """
         assert index >= 0 and index < self.__size, "索引越界"
-        num = self.nums[index]
+        num = self.__nums[index]
         # 索引 i 之后的元素都向前移动一位
         for j in range(index, self.__size - 1):
             self.__nums[j] = self.__nums[j + 1]
@@ -64,15 +69,15 @@ class MyList:
         # 返回被删除元素
         return num
 
-    """ 列表扩容 """
     def extend_capacity(self):
+        """ 列表扩容 """
         # 新建一个长度为 self.__size 的数组，并将原数组拷贝到新数组
         self.__nums = self.__nums + [0] * self.capacity() * (self.__extend_ratio - 1)
         # 更新列表容量
         self.__capacity = len(self.__nums)
     
-    """ 返回有效长度的列表 """
     def to_array(self):
+        """ 返回有效长度的列表 """
         return self.__nums[:self.__size]
 
 
@@ -90,7 +95,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
           .format(list.to_array(), list.capacity(), list.size()))
 
     """ 中间插入元素 """
-    list.add(num=6, index=3)
+    list.insert(6, index=3)
     print("在索引 3 处插入数字 6 ，得到 list =", list.to_array())
 
     """ 删除元素 """
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_computational_complexity/leetcode_two_sum.py b/codes/python/chapter_computational_complexity/leetcode_two_sum.py
index 9b71942ab..c3fc6cc93 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_computational_complexity/leetcode_two_sum.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_computational_complexity/leetcode_two_sum.py
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
-""" 方法一：暴力枚举 """
 def two_sum_brute_force(nums: List[int], target: int) -> List[int]:
+    """ 方法一：暴力枚举 """
     # 两层循环，时间复杂度 O(n^2)
     for i in range(len(nums) - 1):
         for j in range(i + 1, len(nums)):
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ def two_sum_brute_force(nums: List[int], target: int) -> List[int]:
                 return i, j
     return []
 
-""" 方法二：辅助哈希表 """
 def two_sum_hash_table(nums: List[int], target: int) -> List[int]:
+    """ 方法二：辅助哈希表 """
     # 辅助哈希表，空间复杂度 O(n)
     dic = {}
     # 单层循环，时间复杂度 O(n)
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity.py b/codes/python/chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity.py
index 46a234a05..e91855341 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity.py
@@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
-""" 函数 """
 def function():
+    """ 函数 """
     # do something
     return 0
 
-""" 常数阶 """
 def constant(n):
+    """ 常数阶 """
     # 常量、变量、对象占用 O(1) 空间
     a = 0
     nums = [0] * 10000
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ def constant(n):
     for _ in range(n):
         function()
 
-""" 线性阶 """
 def linear(n):
+    """ 线性阶 """
     # 长度为 n 的列表占用 O(n) 空间
     nums = [0] * n
     # 长度为 n 的哈希表占用 O(n) 空间
@@ -35,26 +35,26 @@ def linear(n):
     for i in range(n):
         mapp[i] = str(i)
 
-""" 线性阶（递归实现） """
 def linear_recur(n):
+    """ 线性阶（递归实现） """
     print("递归 n =", n)
     if n == 1: return
     linear_recur(n - 1)
 
-""" 平方阶 """
 def quadratic(n):
+    """ 平方阶 """
     # 二维列表占用 O(n^2) 空间
     num_matrix = [[0] * n for _ in range(n)]
 
-""" 平方阶（递归实现） """
 def quadratic_recur(n):
+    """ 平方阶（递归实现） """
     if n <= 0: return 0
     # 数组 nums 长度为 n, n-1, ..., 2, 1
     nums = [0] * n
     return quadratic_recur(n - 1)
 
-""" 指数阶（建立满二叉树） """
 def build_tree(n):
+    """ 指数阶（建立满二叉树） """
     if n == 0: return None
     root = TreeNode(0)
     root.left = build_tree(n - 1)
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.py b/codes/python/chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.py
index bfb5b3b11..f35daef15 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.py
@@ -6,33 +6,33 @@ Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
-""" 常数阶 """
 def constant(n):
+    """ 常数阶 """
     count = 0
     size = 100000
     for _ in range(size):
         count += 1
     return count
 
-""" 线性阶 """
 def linear(n):
+    """ 线性阶 """
     count = 0
     for _ in range(n):
         count += 1
     return count
 
-""" 线性阶（遍历数组）"""
 def array_traversal(nums):
+    """ 线性阶（遍历数组）"""
     count = 0
     # 循环次数与数组长度成正比
     for num in nums:
         count += 1
     return count
 
-""" 平方阶 """
 def quadratic(n):
+    """ 平方阶 """
     count = 0
     # 循环次数与数组长度成平方关系
     for i in range(n):
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ def quadratic(n):
             count += 1
     return count
 
-""" 平方阶（冒泡排序）"""
 def bubble_sort(nums):
+    """ 平方阶（冒泡排序）"""
     count = 0  # 计数器
     # 外循环：待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
     for i in range(len(nums) - 1, 0, -1):
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ def bubble_sort(nums):
                 count += 3  # 元素交换包含 3 个单元操作
     return count
 
-""" 指数阶（循环实现）"""
 def exponential(n):
+    """ 指数阶（循环实现）"""
     count, base = 0, 1
     # cell 每轮一分为二，形成数列 1, 2, 4, 8, ..., 2^(n-1)
     for _ in range(n):
@@ -66,26 +66,26 @@ def exponential(n):
     # count = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + .. + 2^(n-1) = 2^n - 1
     return count
 
-""" 指数阶（递归实现）"""
 def exp_recur(n):
+    """ 指数阶（递归实现）"""
     if n == 1: return 1
     return exp_recur(n - 1) + exp_recur(n - 1) + 1
 
-""" 对数阶（循环实现）"""
 def logarithmic(n):
+    """ 对数阶（循环实现）"""
     count = 0
     while n > 1:
         n = n / 2
         count += 1
     return count
 
-""" 对数阶（递归实现）"""
 def log_recur(n):
+    """ 对数阶（递归实现）"""
     if n <= 1: return 0
     return log_recur(n / 2) + 1
 
-""" 线性对数阶 """
 def linear_log_recur(n):
+    """ 线性对数阶 """
     if n <= 1: return 1
     count = linear_log_recur(n // 2) + \
             linear_log_recur(n // 2)
@@ -93,8 +93,8 @@ def linear_log_recur(n):
         count += 1
     return count
 
-""" 阶乘阶（递归实现）"""
 def factorial_recur(n):
+    """ 阶乘阶（递归实现）"""
     if n == 0: return 1
     count = 0
     # 从 1 个分裂出 n 个
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_computational_complexity/worst_best_time_complexity.py b/codes/python/chapter_computational_complexity/worst_best_time_complexity.py
index 63d14ac72..edfa08ed0 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_computational_complexity/worst_best_time_complexity.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_computational_complexity/worst_best_time_complexity.py
@@ -6,18 +6,18 @@ Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
-""" 生成一个数组，元素为: 1, 2, ..., n ，顺序被打乱 """
 def random_numbers(n):
+    """ 生成一个数组，元素为: 1, 2, ..., n ，顺序被打乱 """
     # 生成数组 nums =: 1, 2, 3, ..., n
     nums = [i for i in range(1, n + 1)]
     # 随机打乱数组元素
     random.shuffle(nums)
     return nums
 
-""" 查找数组 nums 中数字 1 所在索引 """
 def find_one(nums):
+    """ 查找数组 nums 中数字 1 所在索引 """
     for i in range(len(nums)):
         # 当元素 1 在数组头部时，达到最佳时间复杂度 O(1)
         # 当元素 1 在数组尾部时，达到最差时间复杂度 O(n)
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_list.py b/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_list.py
index 7ab5952b6..35d807a79 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_list.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_list.py
@@ -6,16 +6,15 @@ Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
-
-""" 基于邻接表实现的无向图类 """
 class GraphAdjList:
+    """ 基于邻接表实现的无向图类 """
     # 邻接表，key: 顶点，value：该顶点的所有邻接顶点
     adj_list = {}
 
-    """ 构造方法 """
     def __init__(self, edges: List[List[Vertex]]) -> None:
+        """ 构造方法 """
         self.adj_list = {}
         # 添加所有顶点和边
         for edge in edges:
@@ -23,35 +22,35 @@ class GraphAdjList:
             self.add_vertex(edge[1])
             self.add_edge(edge[0], edge[1])
 
-    """ 获取顶点数量 """
     def size(self) -> int:
+        """ 获取顶点数量 """
         return len(self.adj_list)
 
-    """ 添加边 """
     def add_edge(self, vet1: Vertex, vet2: Vertex) -> None:
+        """ 添加边 """
         if vet1 not in self.adj_list or vet2 not in self.adj_list or vet1 == vet2:
             raise ValueError
         # 添加边 vet1 - vet2
         self.adj_list[vet1].append(vet2)
         self.adj_list[vet2].append(vet1)
 
-    """ 删除边 """
     def remove_edge(self, vet1: Vertex, vet2: Vertex) -> None:
+        """ 删除边 """
         if vet1 not in self.adj_list or vet2 not in self.adj_list or vet1 == vet2:
             raise ValueError
         # 删除边 vet1 - vet2
         self.adj_list[vet1].remove(vet2)
         self.adj_list[vet2].remove(vet1)
 
-    """ 添加顶点 """
     def add_vertex(self, vet: Vertex) -> None:
+        """ 添加顶点 """
         if vet in self.adj_list:
             return
         # 在邻接表中添加一个新链表
         self.adj_list[vet] = []
 
-    """ 删除顶点 """
     def remove_vertex(self, vet: Vertex) -> None:
+        """ 删除顶点 """
         if vet not in self.adj_list:
             raise ValueError
         # 在邻接表中删除顶点 vet 对应的链表
@@ -61,8 +60,8 @@ class GraphAdjList:
             if vet in self.adj_list[vertex]:
                 self.adj_list[vertex].remove(vet)
 
-    """ 打印邻接表 """
     def print(self) -> None:
+        """ 打印邻接表 """
         print("邻接表 =")
         for vertex in self.adj_list:
             tmp = [v.val for v in self.adj_list[vertex]]
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_matrix.py b/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_matrix.py
index d55a21a27..0ca1ffb24 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_matrix.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_matrix.py
@@ -6,18 +6,17 @@ Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
-
-""" 基于邻接矩阵实现的无向图类 """
 class GraphAdjMat:
+    """ 基于邻接矩阵实现的无向图类 """
     # 顶点列表，元素代表“顶点值”，索引代表“顶点索引”
     vertices = []
     # 邻接矩阵，行列索引对应“顶点索引”
     adj_mat = []
 
-    """ 构造方法 """
     def __init__(self, vertices, edges):
+        """ 构造方法 """
         self.vertices = []
         self.adj_mat = []
         # 添加顶点
@@ -28,12 +27,12 @@ class GraphAdjMat:
         for e in edges:
             self.add_edge(e[0], e[1])
 
-    """ 获取顶点数量 """
     def size(self):
+        """ 获取顶点数量 """
         return len(self.vertices)
 
-    """ 添加顶点 """
     def add_vertex(self, val):
+        """ 添加顶点 """
         n = self.size()
         # 向顶点列表中添加新顶点的值
         self.vertices.append(val)
@@ -44,9 +43,8 @@ class GraphAdjMat:
         for row in self.adj_mat:
             row.append(0)
 
-
-    """ 删除顶点 """
     def remove_vertex(self, index):
+        """ 删除顶点 """
         if index >= self.size():
             raise IndexError()
         # 在顶点列表中移除索引 index 的顶点
@@ -57,9 +55,9 @@ class GraphAdjMat:
         for row in self.adj_mat:
             row.pop(index)
 
-    """ 添加边 """
-    # 参数 i, j 对应 vertices 元素索引
     def add_edge(self, i, j):
+        """ 添加边 """
+        # 参数 i, j 对应 vertices 元素索引
         # 索引越界与相等处理
         if i < 0 or j < 0 or i >= self.size() or j >= self.size() or i == j:
             raise IndexError()
@@ -67,17 +65,17 @@ class GraphAdjMat:
         self.adj_mat[i][j] = 1
         self.adj_mat[j][i] = 1
 
-    """ 删除边 """
-    # 参数 i, j 对应 vertices 元素索引
     def remove_edge(self, i, j):
+        """ 删除边 """
+        # 参数 i, j 对应 vertices 元素索引
         # 索引越界与相等处理
         if i < 0 or j < 0 or i >= self.size() or j >= self.size() or i == j:
             raise IndexError()
         self.adj_mat[i][j] = 0
         self.adj_mat[j][i] = 0
 
-    """ 打印邻接矩阵 """
     def print(self):
+        """ 打印邻接矩阵 """
         print("顶点列表 =", self.vertices)
         print("邻接矩阵 =")
         print_matrix(self.adj_mat)
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_bfs.py b/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_bfs.py
index cb4d6c67c..640c49db1 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_bfs.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_bfs.py
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 from graph_adjacency_list import GraphAdjList
 
-""" 广度优先遍历 BFS """
-# 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点
 def graph_bfs(graph: GraphAdjList, start_vet: Vertex) -> List[Vertex]:
+    """ 广度优先遍历 BFS """
+    # 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点
     # 顶点遍历序列
     res = []
     # 哈希表，用于记录已被访问过的顶点
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ def graph_bfs(graph: GraphAdjList, start_vet: Vertex) -> List[Vertex]:
     return res
 
 
+""" Driver Code """
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     """初始化无向图"""
     v = vals_to_vets([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
@@ -45,4 +46,4 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     """广度优先遍历 BFS"""
     res = graph_bfs(graph, v[0])
     print("\n广度优先遍历（BFS）顶点序列为")
-    print(vets_to_vals(res))
\ No newline at end of file
+    print(vets_to_vals(res))
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_dfs.py b/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_dfs.py
index febeda949..f4621abce 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_dfs.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_dfs.py
@@ -6,12 +6,11 @@ Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 from graph_adjacency_list import GraphAdjList
 
-
-""" 深度优先遍历 DFS 辅助函数 """
 def dfs(graph: GraphAdjList, visited: Set[Vertex], res: List[Vertex], vet: Vertex):
+    """ 深度优先遍历 DFS 辅助函数 """
     res.append(vet)     # 记录访问顶点
     visited.add(vet) # 标记该顶点已被访问
     # 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点
@@ -21,9 +20,9 @@ def dfs(graph: GraphAdjList, visited: Set[Vertex], res: List[Vertex], vet: Verte
         # 递归访问邻接顶点
         dfs(graph, visited, res, adjVet)
 
-""" 深度优先遍历 DFS """
 # 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点
 def graph_dfs(graph: GraphAdjList, start_vet: Vertex) -> List[Vertex]:
+    """ 深度优先遍历 DFS """
     # 顶点遍历序列
     res = []
     # 哈希表，用于记录已被访问过的顶点
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_hashing/array_hash_map.py b/codes/python/chapter_hashing/array_hash_map.py
index e42c52bbc..894db036c 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_hashing/array_hash_map.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_hashing/array_hash_map.py
@@ -4,69 +4,70 @@ Created Time: 2022-12-14
 Author: msk397 (machangxinq@gmail.com)
 """
 
-""" 键值对 int->String """
 class Entry:
+    """ 键值对 int->String """
     def __init__(self, key, val):
         self.key = key
         self.val = val
 
-""" 基于数组简易实现的哈希表 """
 class ArrayHashMap:
+    """ 基于数组简易实现的哈希表 """
     def __init__(self):
+        """ 构造方法 """
         # 初始化一个长度为 100 的桶（数组）
         self.bucket = [None] * 100
 
-    """ 哈希函数 """
     def hash_func(self, key):
+        """ 哈希函数 """
         index = key % 100
         return index
 
-    """ 查询操作 """
     def get(self, key):
+        """ 查询操作 """
         index = self.hash_func(key)
         pair = self.bucket[index]
         if pair is None:
             return None
         return pair.val
 
-    """ 添加操作 """
     def put(self, key, val):
+        """ 添加操作 """
         pair = Entry(key, val)
         index = self.hash_func(key)
         self.bucket[index] = pair
 
-    """ 删除操作 """
     def remove(self, key):
+        """ 删除操作 """
         index = self.hash_func(key)
         # 置为 None ，代表删除
         self.bucket[index] = None
 
-    """ 获取所有键值对 """
     def entry_set(self):
+        """ 获取所有键值对 """
         result = []
         for pair in self.bucket:
             if pair is not None:
                 result.append(pair)
         return result
 
-    """ 获取所有键 """
     def key_set(self):
+        """ 获取所有键 """
         result = []
         for pair in self.bucket:
             if pair is not None:
                 result.append(pair.key)
         return result
 
-    """ 获取所有值 """
     def value_set(self):
+        """ 获取所有值 """
         result = []
         for pair in self.bucket:
             if pair is not None:
                 result.append(pair.val)
         return result
 
-    """ 打印哈希表 """
     def print(self):
+        """ 打印哈希表 """
         for pair in self.bucket:
             if pair is not None:
                 print(pair.key, "->", pair.val)
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_hashing/hash_map.py b/codes/python/chapter_hashing/hash_map.py
index f5db78633..1b18286b1 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_hashing/hash_map.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_hashing/hash_map.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Author: msk397 (machangxinq@gmail.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
 
 """ Driver Code """
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_heap/heap.py b/codes/python/chapter_heap/heap.py
index e6bc0c7f1..c45d0c626 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_heap/heap.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_heap/heap.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
 def test_push(heap, val, flag=1):
     heapq.heappush(heap, flag * val)  # 元素入堆
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ def test_pop(heap, flag=1):
     print(f"\n堆顶元素 {val} 出堆后")
     print_heap([flag * val for val in heap])
 
+""" Driver Code """
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     # 初始化小顶堆
     min_heap, flag = [], 1
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_heap/my_heap.py b/codes/python/chapter_heap/my_heap.py
index 777e7fcf6..4f34348bd 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_heap/my_heap.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_heap/my_heap.py
@@ -6,56 +6,56 @@ Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
-""" 大顶堆 """
 class MaxHeap:
-    """ 构造方法 """
+    """ 大顶堆 """
     def __init__(self, nums: List[int]):
+        """ 构造方法 """
         # 将列表元素原封不动添加进堆
         self.max_heap = nums
         # 堆化除叶结点以外的其他所有结点
         for i in range(self.parent(self.size() - 1), -1, -1):
             self.sift_down(i)
 
-    """ 获取左子结点索引 """
     def left(self, i: int) -> int:
+        """ 获取左子结点索引 """
         return 2 * i + 1
 
-    """ 获取右子结点索引 """
     def right(self, i: int) -> int:
+        """ 获取右子结点索引 """
         return 2 * i + 2
 
-    """ 获取父结点索引 """
     def parent(self, i: int) -> int:
+        """ 获取父结点索引 """
         return (i - 1) // 2  # 向下整除
 
-    """ 交换元素 """
     def swap(self, i: int, j: int):
+        """ 交换元素 """
         a, b = self.max_heap[i], self.max_heap[j]
         self.max_heap[i], self.max_heap[j] = b, a
 
-    """ 获取堆大小 """
     def size(self) -> int:
+        """ 获取堆大小 """
         return len(self.max_heap)
 
-    """ 判断堆是否为空 """
     def is_empty(self) -> bool:
+        """ 判断堆是否为空 """
         return self.size() == 0
 
-    """ 访问堆顶元素 """
     def peek(self) -> int:
+        """ 访问堆顶元素 """
         return self.max_heap[0]
 
-    """ 元素入堆 """
     def push(self, val: int):
+        """ 元素入堆 """
         # 添加结点
         self.max_heap.append(val)
         # 从底至顶堆化
         self.sift_up(self.size() - 1)
 
-    """ 从结点 i 开始，从底至顶堆化 """
     def sift_up(self, i: int):
+        """ 从结点 i 开始，从底至顶堆化 """
         while True:
             # 获取结点 i 的父结点
             p = self.parent(i)
@@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ class MaxHeap:
             # 循环向上堆化
             i = p
 
-    """ 元素出堆 """
     def poll(self) -> int:
+        """ 元素出堆 """
         # 判空处理
         assert not self.is_empty()
         # 交换根结点与最右叶结点（即交换首元素与尾元素）
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ class MaxHeap:
         # 返回堆顶元素
         return val
 
-    """ 从结点 i 开始，从顶至底堆化 """
     def sift_down(self, i: int):
+        """ 从结点 i 开始，从顶至底堆化 """
         while True:
             # 判断结点 i, l, r 中值最大的结点，记为 ma
             l, r, ma = self.left(i), self.right(i), i
@@ -97,8 +97,8 @@ class MaxHeap:
             # 循环向下堆化
             i = ma
 
-    """ 打印堆（二叉树） """
     def print(self):
+        """ 打印堆（二叉树） """
         print_heap(self.max_heap)
 
 
@@ -114,6 +114,7 @@ def test_poll(max_heap: MaxHeap):
     max_heap.print()
 
 
+""" Driver Code """
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     # 初始化大顶堆
     max_heap = MaxHeap([9, 8, 6, 6, 7, 5, 2, 1, 4, 3, 6, 2])
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_searching/binary_search.py b/codes/python/chapter_searching/binary_search.py
index 275ae28ec..ec4816b73 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_searching/binary_search.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_searching/binary_search.py
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Author: timi (xisunyy@163.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
-""" 二分查找（双闭区间） """
 def binary_search(nums, target):
+    """ 二分查找（双闭区间） """
     # 初始化双闭区间 [0, n-1] ，即 i, j 分别指向数组首元素、尾元素
     i, j = 0, len(nums) - 1
     while i <= j:
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ def binary_search(nums, target):
     return -1                   # 未找到目标元素，返回 -1
 
 
-""" 二分查找（左闭右开） """
 def binary_search1(nums, target):
+    """ 二分查找（左闭右开） """
     # 初始化左闭右开 [0, n) ，即 i, j 分别指向数组首元素、尾元素+1
     i, j = 0, len(nums)
     # 循环，当搜索区间为空时跳出（当 i = j 时为空）
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_searching/hashing_search.py b/codes/python/chapter_searching/hashing_search.py
index 37ad95199..ca06254d3 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_searching/hashing_search.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_searching/hashing_search.py
@@ -6,16 +6,16 @@ Author: timi (xisunyy@163.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
-""" 哈希查找（数组） """
 def hashing_search_array(mapp, target):
+    """ 哈希查找（数组） """
     # 哈希表的 key: 目标元素，value: 索引
     # 若哈希表中无此 key ，返回 -1
     return mapp.get(target, -1)
 
-"""  哈希查找（链表） """
 def hashing_search_linkedlist(mapp, target):
+    """ 哈希查找（链表） """
     # 哈希表的 key: 目标元素，value: 结点对象
     # 若哈希表中无此 key ，返回 -1
     return mapp.get(target, -1)
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_searching/linear_search.py b/codes/python/chapter_searching/linear_search.py
index 8964465c6..49ff67e0d 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_searching/linear_search.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_searching/linear_search.py
@@ -6,18 +6,18 @@ Author: timi (xisunyy@163.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
-""" 线性查找（数组） """
 def linear_search_array(nums, target):
+    """ 线性查找（数组） """
     # 遍历数组
     for i in range(len(nums)):
         if nums[i] == target:  # 找到目标元素，返回其索引
             return i
     return -1                  # 未找到目标元素，返回 -1
 
-""" 线性查找（链表） """
 def linear_search_linkedlist(head, target):
+    """ 线性查找（链表） """
     # 遍历链表
     while head:
         if head.val == target: # 找到目标结点，返回之
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.py b/codes/python/chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.py
index 30cb38f8e..6b15a3ef8 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.py
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Author: timi (xisunyy@163.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
-""" 冒泡排序 """
 def bubble_sort(nums):
+    """ 冒泡排序 """
     n = len(nums)
     # 外循环：待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
     for i in range(n - 1, 0, -1):
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ def bubble_sort(nums):
                 # 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
                 nums[j], nums[j + 1] = nums[j + 1], nums[j]
 
-""" 冒泡排序（标志优化） """
 def bubble_sort_with_flag(nums):
+    """ 冒泡排序（标志优化） """
     n = len(nums)
     # 外循环：待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
     for i in range(n - 1, 0, -1):
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.py b/codes/python/chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.py
index bf8492cdd..01836cbf0 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.py
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ Author: timi (xisunyy@163.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
-""" 插入排序 """
 def insertion_sort(nums):
-    # 外循环：base = nums[1], nums[2], ..., nums[n-1]
+    """ 插入排序 """
+    # 外循环：base = nums[1], nums[2], ..., nums[n-1]   
     for i in range(1, len(nums)):
         base = nums[i]
         j = i - 1
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_sorting/merge_sort.py b/codes/python/chapter_sorting/merge_sort.py
index 437126632..42ffe1c16 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_sorting/merge_sort.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_sorting/merge_sort.py
@@ -6,13 +6,12 @@ Author: timi (xisunyy@163.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
-
-""" 合并左子数组和右子数组 """
-# 左子数组区间 [left, mid]
-# 右子数组区间 [mid + 1, right]
 def merge(nums, left, mid, right):
+    """ 合并左子数组和右子数组 """
+    # 左子数组区间 [left, mid]
+    # 右子数组区间 [mid + 1, right]
     # 初始化辅助数组 借助 copy模块
     tmp = nums[left:right + 1]
     # 左子数组的起始索引和结束索引
@@ -36,8 +35,8 @@ def merge(nums, left, mid, right):
             nums[k] = tmp[j]
             j += 1
 
-""" 归并排序 """
 def merge_sort(nums, left, right):
+    """ 归并排序 """
     # 终止条件
     if left >= right:
         return                        # 当子数组长度为 1 时终止递归
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_sorting/quick_sort.py b/codes/python/chapter_sorting/quick_sort.py
index a41a23cac..8840a5598 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_sorting/quick_sort.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_sorting/quick_sort.py
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Author: timi (xisunyy@163.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
-""" 快速排序类 """
 class QuickSort:
-    """ 哨兵划分 """
+    """ 快速排序类 """
     def partition(self, nums, left, right):
+        """ 哨兵划分 """
         # 以 nums[left] 作为基准数
         i, j = left, right
         while i < j:
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ class QuickSort:
         nums[i], nums[left] = nums[left], nums[i]
         return i  # 返回基准数的索引
 
-    """ 快速排序 """
     def quick_sort(self, nums, left, right):
+        """ 快速排序 """
         # 子数组长度为 1 时终止递归
         if left >= right:
             return
@@ -36,10 +36,10 @@ class QuickSort:
         self.quick_sort(nums, left, pivot - 1)
         self.quick_sort(nums, pivot + 1, right)
 
-""" 快速排序类（中位基准数优化）"""
 class QuickSortMedian:
-    """ 选取三个元素的中位数 """
+    """ 快速排序类（中位基准数优化）"""
     def median_three(self, nums, left, mid, right):
+        """ 选取三个元素的中位数 """
         # 此处使用异或运算来简化代码
         # 异或规则为 0 ^ 0 = 1 ^ 1 = 0, 0 ^ 1 = 1 ^ 0 = 1
         if (nums[left] < nums[mid]) ^ (nums[left] < nums[right]):
@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ class QuickSortMedian:
             return mid
         return right
 
-    """ 哨兵划分（三数取中值） """
     def partition(self, nums, left, right):
+        """ 哨兵划分（三数取中值） """
         # 以 nums[left] 作为基准数
         med = self.median_three(nums, left, (left + right) // 2, right)
         # 将中位数交换至数组最左端
@@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ class QuickSortMedian:
         nums[i], nums[left] = nums[left], nums[i]
         return i  # 返回基准数的索引
 
-    """ 快速排序 """
     def quick_sort(self, nums, left, right):
+        """ 快速排序 """
         # 子数组长度为 1 时终止递归
         if left >= right: return
         # 哨兵划分
@@ -77,10 +77,10 @@ class QuickSortMedian:
         self.quick_sort(nums, left, pivot - 1)
         self.quick_sort(nums, pivot + 1, right)
 
-""" 快速排序类（尾递归优化） """
 class QuickSortTailCall:
-    """ 哨兵划分 """
+    """ 快速排序类（尾递归优化） """
     def partition(self, nums, left, right):
+        """ 哨兵划分 """
         # 以 nums[left] 作为基准数
         i, j = left, right
         while i < j:
@@ -92,10 +92,10 @@ class QuickSortTailCall:
             nums[i], nums[j] = nums[j], nums[i]
         # 将基准数交换至两子数组的分界线
         nums[i], nums[left] = nums[left], nums[i]
-        return i   # 返回基准数的索引
+        return i  # 返回基准数的索引
 
-    """ 快速排序（尾递归优化） """
     def quick_sort(self, nums, left, right):
+        """ 快速排序（尾递归优化） """
         # 子数组长度为 1 时终止
         while left < right:
             # 哨兵划分操作
@@ -112,16 +112,16 @@ class QuickSortTailCall:
 """ Driver Code """
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     # 快速排序 
-    nums = [4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2]
+    nums = [2, 4, 1, 0, 3, 5]
     QuickSort().quick_sort(nums, 0, len(nums) - 1)
     print("快速排序完成后 nums =", nums)
 
     # 快速排序（中位基准数优化）
-    nums1 = [4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2]
+    nums1 = [2, 4, 1, 0, 3, 5]
     QuickSortMedian().quick_sort(nums1, 0, len(nums1) - 1)
-    print("快速排序（中位基准数优化）完成后 nums =", nums)
+    print("快速排序（中位基准数优化）完成后 nums =", nums1)
 
     # 快速排序（尾递归优化）
-    nums2 = [4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2]
-    QuickSortTailCall().quick_sort(nums, 0, len(nums2) - 1)
-    print("快速排序（尾递归优化）完成后 nums =", nums)
+    nums2 = [2, 4, 1, 0, 3, 5]
+    QuickSortTailCall().quick_sort(nums2, 0, len(nums2) - 1)
+    print("快速排序（尾递归优化）完成后 nums =", nums2)
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_deque.py b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_deque.py
index eee522e44..1d7891b9b 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_deque.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_deque.py
@@ -8,37 +8,37 @@ import os.path as osp
 import sys
 
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
-""" 基于环形数组实现的双向队列 """
 class ArrayDeque:
-    """  构造方法 """
+    """ 基于环形数组实现的双向队列 """
     def __init__(self, capacity):
+        """  构造方法 """
         self.nums = [0] * capacity
         self.front = 0
         self.que_size = 0
 
-    """  获取双向队列的容量  """
     def capacity(self):
+        """ 获取双向队列的容量 """
         return len(self.nums)
 
-    """ 获取双向队列的长度  """
     def size(self):
+        """ 获取双向队列的长度 """
         return self.que_size
 
-    """ 判断双向队列是否为空 """
     def is_empty(self):
+        """ 判断双向队列是否为空 """
         return self.que_size == 0
 
-    """ 计算环形数组索引 """
     def index(self, i):
+        """ 计算环形数组索引 """
         # 通过取余操作实现数组首尾相连
         # 当 i 越过数组尾部后，回到头部
         # 当 i 越过数组头部后，回到尾部
         return (i + self.capacity()) % self.capacity()
 
-    """ 队首入队 """
     def push_first(self, num):
+        """ 队首入队 """
         if self.que_size == self.capacity():
             print("双向队列已满")
             return
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ class ArrayDeque:
         self.nums[self.front] = num
         self.que_size += 1
 
-    """ 队尾入队 """
     def push_last(self, num):
+        """ 队尾入队 """
         if self.que_size == self.capacity():
             print("双向队列已满")
             return
@@ -60,34 +60,34 @@ class ArrayDeque:
         self.nums[rear] = num
         self.que_size += 1
 
-    """ 队首出队 """
     def poll_first(self):
+        """ 队首出队 """
         num = self.peek_first()
         # 队首指针向后移动一位
         self.front = self.index(self.front+1)
         self.que_size -= 1
         return num
 
-    """ 队尾出队 """
     def poll_last(self):
+        """ 队尾出队 """
         num = self.peek_last()
         self.que_size -= 1
         return num
 
-    """ 访问队首元素 """
     def peek_first(self):
+        """ 访问队首元素 """
         assert not self.is_empty(), "双向队列为空"
         return self.nums[self.front]
 
-    """ 访问队尾元素 """
     def peek_last(self):
+        """ 访问队尾元素 """
         assert not self.is_empty(), "双向队列为空"
         # 计算尾元素索引
         last = self.index(self.front + self.que_size - 1)
         return self.nums[last]
 
-    """ 返回数组用于打印 """
     def to_array(self):
+        """ 返回数组用于打印 """
         # 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
         res = []
         for i in range(self.que_size):
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_queue.py b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_queue.py
index e14e2ec61..c88ff019b 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_queue.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_queue.py
@@ -8,29 +8,30 @@ import os.path as osp
 import sys
 
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
-""" 基于环形数组实现的队列 """
 class ArrayQueue:
+    """ 基于环形数组实现的队列 """
     def __init__(self, size):
+        """ 构造方法 """
         self.__nums = [0] * size  # 用于存储队列元素的数组
         self.__front = 0          # 队首指针，指向队首元素
         self.__size = 0           # 队列长度
 
-    """ 获取队列的容量 """
     def capacity(self):
+        """ 获取队列的容量 """
         return len(self.__nums)
 
-    """ 获取队列的长度 """
     def size(self):
+        """ 获取队列的长度 """
         return self.__size
 
-    """ 判断队列是否为空 """
     def is_empty(self):
+        """ 判断队列是否为空 """
         return self.__size == 0
 
-    """ 入队 """
     def push(self, num):
+        """ 入队 """
         assert self.__size < self.capacity(), "队列已满"
         # 计算尾指针，指向队尾索引 + 1
         # 通过取余操作，实现 rear 越过数组尾部后回到头部
@@ -39,21 +40,21 @@ class ArrayQueue:
         self.__nums[rear] = num
         self.__size += 1
 
-    """ 出队 """
     def poll(self):
+        """ 出队 """
         num = self.peek()
         # 队首指针向后移动一位，若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
         self.__front = (self.__front + 1) % self.capacity()
         self.__size -= 1
         return num
 
-    """ 访问队首元素 """
     def peek(self):
+        """ 访问队首元素 """
         assert not self.is_empty(), "队列为空"
         return self.__nums[self.__front]
 
-    """ 返回列表用于打印 """
     def to_list(self):
+        """ 返回列表用于打印 """
         res = [0] * self.size()
         j = self.__front
         for i in range(self.size()):
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.py b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.py
index 18aee16b0..a658e23eb 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.py
@@ -6,37 +6,38 @@ Author: Peng Chen (pengchzn@gmail.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
-""" 基于数组实现的栈 """
 class ArrayStack:
+    """ 基于数组实现的栈 """
     def __init__(self):
+        """ 构造方法 """
         self.__stack = []
 
-    """ 获取栈的长度 """
     def size(self):
+        """ 获取栈的长度 """
         return len(self.__stack)
 
-    """ 判断栈是否为空 """
     def is_empty(self):
+        """ 判断栈是否为空 """
         return self.__stack == []
 
-    """ 入栈 """
     def push(self, item):
+        """ 入栈 """
         self.__stack.append(item)
 
-    """ 出栈 """
     def pop(self):
+        """ 出栈 """
         assert not self.is_empty(), "栈为空"
         return self.__stack.pop()
 
-    """ 访问栈顶元素 """
     def peek(self):
+        """ 访问栈顶元素 """
         assert not self.is_empty(), "栈为空"
         return self.__stack[-1]
     
-    """ 返回列表用于打印 """
     def to_list(self):
+        """ 返回列表用于打印 """
         return self.__stack
 
 
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/deque.py b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/deque.py
index 30444c6b3..9ca52a369 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/deque.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/deque.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import os.path as osp
 import sys
 
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
 from collections import deque
 
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_deque.py b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_deque.py
index d9aa977f6..59c9c54ff 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_deque.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_deque.py
@@ -8,32 +8,33 @@ import os.path as osp
 import sys
 
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
-""" 双向链表结点 """
 class ListNode:
+    """ 双向链表结点 """
     def __init__(self, val):
+        """ 构造方法 """
         self.val = val
         self.next = None  # 后继结点引用（指针）
         self.prev = None  # 前驱结点引用（指针）
 
-""" 基于双向链表实现的双向队列 """
 class LinkedListDeque:
-    """ 构造方法 """
+    """ 基于双向链表实现的双向队列 """
     def __init__(self):
+        """ 构造方法 """
         self.front, self.rear = None, None  # 头结点 front ，尾结点 rear
         self.__size = 0  # 双向队列的长度
 
-    """ 获取双向队列的长度 """
     def size(self):
+        """ 获取双向队列的长度 """
         return self.__size
 
-    """ 判断双向队列是否为空 """
     def is_empty(self):
+        """ 判断双向队列是否为空 """
         return self.size() == 0
 
-    """ 入队操作 """
     def push(self, num, is_front):
+        """ 入队操作 """
         node = ListNode(num)
         # 若链表为空，则令 front, rear 都指向 node
         if self.is_empty():
@@ -52,16 +53,16 @@ class LinkedListDeque:
             self.rear = node  # 更新尾结点
         self.__size += 1  # 更新队列长度
 
-    """ 队首入队 """
     def push_first(self, num):
+        """ 队首入队 """
         self.push(num, True)
 
-    """ 队尾入队 """
     def push_last(self, num):
+        """ 队尾入队 """
         self.push(num, False)
 
-    """ 出队操作 """
     def poll(self, is_front):
+        """ 出队操作 """
         # 若队列为空，直接返回 None
         if self.is_empty():
             return None
@@ -86,24 +87,24 @@ class LinkedListDeque:
         self.__size -= 1  # 更新队列长度
         return val
 
-    """ 队首出队 """
     def poll_first(self):
+        """ 队首出队 """
         return self.poll(True)
 
-    """ 队尾出队 """
     def poll_last(self):
+        """ 队尾出队 """
         return self.poll(False)
 
-    """ 访问队首元素 """
     def peek_first(self):
+        """ 访问队首元素 """
         return None if self.is_empty() else self.front.val
 
-    """ 访问队尾元素 """
     def peek_last(self):
+        """ 访问队尾元素 """
         return None if self.is_empty() else self.rear.val
 
-    """ 返回数组用于打印 """
     def to_array(self):
+        """ 返回数组用于打印 """
         node = self.front
         res = [0] * self.size()
         for i in range(self.size()):
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_queue.py b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_queue.py
index 982033a54..079bb931c 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_queue.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_queue.py
@@ -8,25 +8,26 @@ import os.path as osp
 import sys
 
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
-""" 基于链表实现的队列 """
 class LinkedListQueue:
+    """ 基于链表实现的队列 """
     def __init__(self):
+        """ 构造方法 """
         self.__front = None  # 头结点 front
         self.__rear = None   # 尾结点 rear
         self.__size = 0
 
-    """ 获取队列的长度 """
     def size(self):
+        """ 获取队列的长度 """
         return self.__size
 
-    """ 判断队列是否为空 """
     def is_empty(self):
+        """ 判断队列是否为空 """
         return not self.__front
 
-    """ 入队 """
     def push(self, num):
+        """ 入队 """
         # 尾结点后添加 num
         node = ListNode(num)
         # 如果队列为空，则令头、尾结点都指向该结点
@@ -39,23 +40,23 @@ class LinkedListQueue:
             self.__rear = node
         self.__size += 1
 
-    """ 出队 """
     def poll(self):
+        """ 出队 """
         num = self.peek()
         # 删除头结点
         self.__front = self.__front.next
         self.__size -= 1
         return num
 
-    """ 访问队首元素 """
     def peek(self):
+        """ 访问队首元素 """
         if self.size() == 0:
             print("队列为空")
             return False
         return self.__front.val
 
-    """ 转化为列表用于打印 """
     def to_list(self):
+        """ 转化为列表用于打印 """
         queue = []
         temp = self.__front
         while temp:
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.py b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.py
index 21f6ca6af..e34861b59 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.py
@@ -6,44 +6,45 @@ Author: Peng Chen (pengchzn@gmail.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
-""" 基于链表实现的栈 """
 class LinkedListStack:
+    """ 基于链表实现的栈 """
     def __init__(self):
+        """ 构造方法 """
         self.__peek = None
         self.__size = 0
 
-    """ 获取栈的长度 """
     def size(self):
+        """ 获取栈的长度 """
         return self.__size
 
-    """ 判断栈是否为空 """
     def is_empty(self):
+        """ 判断栈是否为空 """
         return not self.__peek
 
-    """ 入栈 """
     def push(self, val):
+        """ 入栈 """
         node = ListNode(val)
         node.next = self.__peek
         self.__peek = node
         self.__size += 1
 
-    """ 出栈 """
     def pop(self):
+        """ 出栈 """
         num = self.peek()
         self.__peek = self.__peek.next
         self.__size -= 1
         return num
 
-    """ 访问栈顶元素 """
     def peek(self):
+        """ 访问栈顶元素 """
         # 判空处理
         if not self.__peek: return None
         return self.__peek.val
 
-    """ 转化为列表用于打印 """
     def to_list(self):
+        """ 转化为列表用于打印 """
         arr = []
         node = self.__peek
         while node:
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/queue.py b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/queue.py
index ce220d7c1..caec2e301 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/queue.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/queue.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import os.path as osp
 import sys
 
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
 
 """ Driver Code """
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/stack.py b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/stack.py
index 5e95258fe..2e83e527c 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/stack.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/stack.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Author: Peng Chen (pengchzn@gmail.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
 
 """ Driver Code """
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_tree/avl_tree.py b/codes/python/chapter_tree/avl_tree.py
index a3b7e22a6..db75a7f84 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_tree/avl_tree.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_tree/avl_tree.py
@@ -6,35 +6,36 @@ Author: a16su (lpluls001@gmail.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
-""" AVL 树 """
 class AVLTree:
+    """ AVL 树 """
     def __init__(self, root: Optional[TreeNode] = None):
+        """ 构造方法 """
         self.root = root
 
-    """ 获取结点高度 """
     def height(self, node: Optional[TreeNode]) -> int:
+        """ 获取结点高度 """
         # 空结点高度为 -1 ，叶结点高度为 0
         if node is not None:
             return node.height
         return -1
 
-    """ 更新结点高度 """
     def __update_height(self, node: Optional[TreeNode]):
+        """ 更新结点高度 """
         # 结点高度等于最高子树高度 + 1
         node.height = max([self.height(node.left), self.height(node.right)]) + 1
 
-    """ 获取平衡因子 """
     def balance_factor(self, node: Optional[TreeNode]) -> int:
+        """ 获取平衡因子 """
         # 空结点平衡因子为 0
         if node is None:
             return 0
         # 结点平衡因子 = 左子树高度 - 右子树高度
         return self.height(node.left) - self.height(node.right)
 
-    """ 右旋操作 """
     def __right_rotate(self, node: Optional[TreeNode]) -> TreeNode:
+        """ 右旋操作 """
         child = node.left
         grand_child = child.right
         # 以 child 为原点，将 node 向右旋转
@@ -46,8 +47,8 @@ class AVLTree:
         # 返回旋转后子树的根结点
         return child
 
-    """ 左旋操作 """
     def __left_rotate(self, node: Optional[TreeNode]) -> TreeNode:
+        """ 左旋操作 """
         child = node.right
         grand_child = child.left
         # 以 child 为原点，将 node 向左旋转
@@ -59,8 +60,8 @@ class AVLTree:
         # 返回旋转后子树的根结点
         return child
 
-    """ 执行旋转操作，使该子树重新恢复平衡 """
     def __rotate(self, node: Optional[TreeNode]) -> TreeNode:
+        """ 执行旋转操作，使该子树重新恢复平衡 """
         # 获取结点 node 的平衡因子
         balance_factor = self.balance_factor(node)
         # 左偏树
@@ -84,13 +85,13 @@ class AVLTree:
         # 平衡树，无需旋转，直接返回
         return node
 
-    """ 插入结点 """
     def insert(self, val) -> TreeNode:
+        """ 插入结点 """
         self.root = self.__insert_helper(self.root, val)
         return self.root
 
-    """ 递归插入结点（辅助方法）"""
     def __insert_helper(self, node: Optional[TreeNode], val: int) -> TreeNode:
+        """ 递归插入结点（辅助方法）"""
         if node is None:
             return TreeNode(val)
         # 1. 查找插入位置，并插入结点
@@ -106,13 +107,13 @@ class AVLTree:
         # 2. 执行旋转操作，使该子树重新恢复平衡
         return self.__rotate(node)
 
-    """ 删除结点 """
     def remove(self, val: int):
+        """ 删除结点 """
         root = self.__remove_helper(self.root, val)
         return root
 
-    """ 递归删除结点（辅助方法） """
     def __remove_helper(self, node: Optional[TreeNode], val: int) -> Optional[TreeNode]:
+        """ 递归删除结点（辅助方法） """
         if node is None:
             return None
         # 1. 查找结点，并删除之
@@ -138,8 +139,8 @@ class AVLTree:
         # 2. 执行旋转操作，使该子树重新恢复平衡
         return self.__rotate(node)
 
-    """ 获取中序遍历中的下一个结点（仅适用于 root 有左子结点的情况） """
     def __get_inorder_next(self, node: Optional[TreeNode]) -> Optional[TreeNode]:
+        """ 获取中序遍历中的下一个结点（仅适用于 root 有左子结点的情况） """
         if node is None:
             return None
         # 循环访问左子结点，直到叶结点时为最小结点，跳出
@@ -147,8 +148,8 @@ class AVLTree:
             node = node.left
         return node
 
-    """ 查找结点 """
     def search(self, val: int):
+        """ 查找结点 """
         cur = self.root
         # 循环查找，越过叶结点后跳出
         while cur is not None:
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_tree/binary_search_tree.py b/codes/python/chapter_tree/binary_search_tree.py
index 3a8dcf269..66e6bb3c6 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_tree/binary_search_tree.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_tree/binary_search_tree.py
@@ -6,17 +6,18 @@ Author: a16su (lpluls001@gmail.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
 
-""" 二叉搜索树 """
 class BinarySearchTree:
+    """ 二叉搜索树 """
     def __init__(self, nums: List[int]) -> None:
+        """ 构造方法 """
         nums.sort()
         self.__root = self.build_tree(nums, 0, len(nums) - 1)
 
-    """ 构建二叉搜索树 """
     def build_tree(self, nums: List[int], start_index: int, end_index: int) -> Optional[TreeNode]:
+        """ 构建二叉搜索树 """
         if start_index > end_index:
             return None
 
@@ -32,8 +33,8 @@ class BinarySearchTree:
     def root(self) -> Optional[TreeNode]:
         return self.__root
 
-    """ 查找结点 """
     def search(self, num: int) -> Optional[TreeNode]:
+        """ 查找结点 """
         cur = self.root
         # 循环查找，越过叶结点后跳出
         while cur is not None:
@@ -48,8 +49,8 @@ class BinarySearchTree:
                 break
         return cur
 
-    """ 插入结点 """
     def insert(self, num: int) -> Optional[TreeNode]:
+        """ 插入结点 """
         root = self.root
         # 若树为空，直接提前返回
         if root is None:
@@ -77,8 +78,8 @@ class BinarySearchTree:
             pre.left = node
         return node
 
-    """ 删除结点 """
     def remove(self, num: int) -> Optional[TreeNode]:
+        """ 删除结点 """
         root = self.root
         # 若树为空，直接提前返回
         if root is None:
@@ -119,8 +120,8 @@ class BinarySearchTree:
             cur.val = tmp
         return cur
 
-    """ 获取中序遍历中的下一个结点（仅适用于 root 有左子结点的情况） """
     def get_inorder_next(self, root: Optional[TreeNode]) -> Optional[TreeNode]:
+        """ 获取中序遍历中的下一个结点（仅适用于 root 有左子结点的情况） """
         if root is None:
             return root
         # 循环访问左子结点，直到叶结点时为最小结点，跳出
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_tree/binary_tree.py b/codes/python/chapter_tree/binary_tree.py
index a1a8b4e37..512f08e9b 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_tree/binary_tree.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_tree/binary_tree.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Author: a16su (lpluls001@gmail.com)
 import sys, os.path as osp
 
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
 
 """ Driver Code """
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_tree/binary_tree_bfs.py b/codes/python/chapter_tree/binary_tree_bfs.py
index dff32bd82..e0128813c 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_tree/binary_tree_bfs.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_tree/binary_tree_bfs.py
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ Author: a16su (lpluls001@gmail.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
 
-""" 层序遍历 """
 def level_order(root: Optional[TreeNode]):
+    """ 层序遍历 """
     # 初始化队列，加入根结点
     queue = collections.deque()
     queue.append(root)
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_tree/binary_tree_dfs.py b/codes/python/chapter_tree/binary_tree_dfs.py
index b0efb14c8..e6921a547 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_tree/binary_tree_dfs.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_tree/binary_tree_dfs.py
@@ -6,13 +6,11 @@ Author: a16su (lpluls001@gmail.com)
 
 import sys, os.path as osp
 sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
-from include import *
+from modules import *
 
 
-res = []
-
-""" 前序遍历 """
 def pre_order(root: Optional[TreeNode]):
+    """ 前序遍历 """
     if root is None:
         return
     # 访问优先级：根结点 -> 左子树 -> 右子树
@@ -20,8 +18,8 @@ def pre_order(root: Optional[TreeNode]):
     pre_order(root=root.left)
     pre_order(root=root.right)
 
-""" 中序遍历 """
 def in_order(root: Optional[TreeNode]):
+    """ 中序遍历 """
     if root is None:
         return
     # 访问优先级：左子树 -> 根结点 -> 右子树
@@ -29,8 +27,8 @@ def in_order(root: Optional[TreeNode]):
     res.append(root.val)
     in_order(root=root.right)
 
-""" 后序遍历 """
 def post_order(root: Optional[TreeNode]):
+    """ 后序遍历 """
     if root is None:
         return
     # 访问优先级：左子树 -> 右子树 -> 根结点
@@ -38,6 +36,7 @@ def post_order(root: Optional[TreeNode]):
     post_order(root=root.right)
     res.append(root.val)
 
+res = []
 
 """ Driver Code """
 if __name__ == "__main__":
diff --git a/codes/python/include/__init__.py b/codes/python/modules/__init__.py
similarity index 100%
rename from codes/python/include/__init__.py
rename to codes/python/modules/__init__.py
diff --git a/codes/python/include/binary_tree.py b/codes/python/modules/binary_tree.py
similarity index 100%
rename from codes/python/include/binary_tree.py
rename to codes/python/modules/binary_tree.py
diff --git a/codes/python/include/linked_list.py b/codes/python/modules/linked_list.py
similarity index 100%
rename from codes/python/include/linked_list.py
rename to codes/python/modules/linked_list.py
diff --git a/codes/python/include/print_util.py b/codes/python/modules/print_util.py
similarity index 98%
rename from codes/python/include/print_util.py
rename to codes/python/modules/print_util.py
index c9b5504f3..f65dbdbe0 100644
--- a/codes/python/include/print_util.py
+++ b/codes/python/modules/print_util.py
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@ Created Time: 2021-12-11
 Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com), msk397 (machangxinq@gmail.com)
 """
 
-import copy
-import queue
 from .binary_tree import TreeNode, tree_to_list, list_to_tree
 from .linked_list import ListNode, linked_list_to_list
 
diff --git a/codes/python/include/vertex.py b/codes/python/modules/vertex.py
similarity index 72%
rename from codes/python/include/vertex.py
rename to codes/python/modules/vertex.py
index 63d08dc35..7f61b562f 100644
--- a/codes/python/include/vertex.py
+++ b/codes/python/modules/vertex.py
@@ -4,15 +4,15 @@
 
 from typing import List
 
-# 顶点类
 class Vertex:
+    """ 顶点类 """
     def __init__(self, val: int) -> None:
         self.val = val
 
-# 输入值列表 vals ，返回顶点列表 vets
 def vals_to_vets(vals: List[int]) -> List['Vertex']:
+    """ 输入值列表 vals ，返回顶点列表 vets """
     return [Vertex(val) for val in vals]
 
-# 输入顶点列表 vets ，返回值列表 vals
 def vets_to_vals(vets: List['Vertex']) -> List[int]:
+    """ 输入顶点列表 vets ，返回值列表 vals """
     return [vet.val for vet in vets]
diff --git a/codes/typescript/chapter_sorting/quick_sort.ts b/codes/typescript/chapter_sorting/quick_sort.ts
index 0ad57d8d8..748517812 100644
--- a/codes/typescript/chapter_sorting/quick_sort.ts
+++ b/codes/typescript/chapter_sorting/quick_sort.ts
@@ -148,19 +148,19 @@ class QuickSortTailCall {
 
 /* Driver Code */
 /* 快速排序  */
-const nums = [4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2];
+const nums = [2, 4, 1, 0, 3, 5];
 const quickSort = new QuickSort();
 quickSort.quickSort(nums, 0, nums.length - 1);
 console.log('快速排序完成后 nums =', nums);
 
 /* 快速排序（中位基准数优化） */
-const nums1 = [4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2];
+const nums1 = [2, 4, 1, 0, 3, 5];
 const quickSortMedian = new QuickSort();
 quickSortMedian.quickSort(nums1, 0, nums1.length - 1);
 console.log('快速排序（中位基准数优化）完成后 nums =', nums1);
 
 /* 快速排序（尾递归优化） */
-const nums2 = [4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2];
+const nums2 = [2, 4, 1, 0, 3, 5];
 const quickSortTailCall = new QuickSort();
 quickSortTailCall.quickSort(nums2, 0, nums2.length - 1);
 console.log('快速排序（尾递归优化）完成后 nums =', nums2);
diff --git a/docs/chapter_tree/avl_tree.md b/docs/chapter_tree/avl_tree.md
index c7ae00f50..3171388fc 100644
--- a/docs/chapter_tree/avl_tree.md
+++ b/docs/chapter_tree/avl_tree.md
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ G. M. Adelson-Velsky 和 E. M. Landis 在其 1962 年发表的论文 "An algorit
     ```javascript title="avl_tree.js"
     [class]{AVLTree}-[func]{height}
 
-    [class]{AVLTree}-[func]{updateHeight}
+    [class]{AVLTree}-[func]{#updateHeight}
     ```
 
 === "TypeScript"
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ AVL 树的独特之处在于「旋转 Rotation」的操作，其可 **在不影
 === "JavaScript"
 
     ```javascript title="avl_tree.js"
-    [class]{AVLTree}-[func]{rightRotate}
+    [class]{AVLTree}-[func]{#rightRotate}
     ```
 
 === "TypeScript"
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ AVL 树的独特之处在于「旋转 Rotation」的操作，其可 **在不影
 === "JavaScript"
 
     ```javascript title="avl_tree.js"
-    [class]{AVLTree}-[func]{leftRotate}
+    [class]{AVLTree}-[func]{#leftRotate}
     ```
 
 === "TypeScript"
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ AVL 树的独特之处在于「旋转 Rotation」的操作，其可 **在不影
 === "JavaScript"
 
     ```javascript title="avl_tree.js"
-    [class]{AVLTree}-[func]{rotate}
+    [class]{AVLTree}-[func]{#rotate}
     ```
 
 === "TypeScript"
@@ -595,7 +595,7 @@ AVL 树的独特之处在于「旋转 Rotation」的操作，其可 **在不影
     ```javascript title="avl_tree.js"
     [class]{AVLTree}-[func]{insert}
 
-    [class]{AVLTree}-[func]{insertHelper}
+    [class]{AVLTree}-[func]{#insertHelper}
     ```
 
 === "TypeScript"
@@ -687,9 +687,9 @@ AVL 树的独特之处在于「旋转 Rotation」的操作，其可 **在不影
     ```javascript title="avl_tree.js"
     [class]{AVLTree}-[func]{remove}
 
-    [class]{AVLTree}-[func]{removeHelper}
+    [class]{AVLTree}-[func]{#removeHelper}
 
-    [class]{AVLTree}-[func]{getInOrderNext}
+    [class]{AVLTree}-[func]{#getInOrderNext}
     ```
 
 === "TypeScript"