refactor: Improve the hash_map_chaining.c implementation. (#858)

* Improve the hash_map_chaining.c implementation.

* Update hash_map_chaining.c

codes/c/chapter_hashing/hash_map_chaining.c

@@ -1,67 +1,62 @@
 /**
  * File: hash_map_chaining.c
- * Created Time: 2023-08-29
- * Author: SenMing (1206575349@qq.com)
+ * Created Time: 2023-10-13
+ * Author: SenMing (1206575349@qq.com), Krahets (krahets@163.com)
  */
 
-#include "../utils/common.h"
-
-/* 键值对 int->string */
-struct node {
-    int key;
-    char *val;
-    struct node *next; // 下一个元素
-};
-
-typedef struct node Node;
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
 
+/* 键值对 */
 struct pair {
-    Node *node; // 键值对节点
+    int key;
+    char val[100]; // 假设 val 最大长度为 100
 };
 
 typedef struct pair Pair;
 
-/* 基于数组简易实现的链式地址哈希表 */
+/* 链表节点 */
+struct node {
+    Pair *pair;
+    struct Node *next;
+};
+
+typedef struct node Node;
+
+/* 链式地址哈希表 */
 struct hashMapChaining {
     int size;         // 键值对数量
     int capacity;     // 哈希表容量
     double loadThres; // 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
     int extendRatio;  // 扩容倍数
-    Pair *buckets;    // 桶数组
+    Node **buckets;   // 桶数组
 };
 
 typedef struct hashMapChaining hashMapChaining;
 
-// 函数声明
-void extend(hashMapChaining *hashMap);
-
-/* 初始化桶数组 */
-hashMapChaining *newHashMapChaining() {
-    // 为哈希表分配空间
-    int tableSize = 4;
+/* 构造方法 */
+hashMapChaining *initHashMapChaining() {
     hashMapChaining *hashMap = (hashMapChaining *)malloc(sizeof(hashMapChaining));
-
-    // 初始化数组
-    hashMap->buckets = (Pair *)malloc(sizeof(Pair) * tableSize);
-    memset(hashMap->buckets, 0, sizeof(Pair) * tableSize);
-
-    hashMap->capacity = tableSize;
     hashMap->size = 0;
-    hashMap->extendRatio = 2;
+    hashMap->capacity = 4;
     hashMap->loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0;
-
+    hashMap->extendRatio = 2;
+    hashMap->buckets = (Node **)malloc(hashMap->capacity * sizeof(Node *));
+    for (int i = 0; i < hashMap->capacity; i++) {
+        hashMap->buckets[i] = NULL;
+    }
     return hashMap;
 }
 
-/* 销毁哈希表 */
-void delHashMapChaining(hashMapChaining *hashMap) {
+/* 析构方法 */
+void freeHashMapChaining(hashMapChaining *hashMap) {
     for (int i = 0; i < hashMap->capacity; i++) {
-        Pair *pair = &hashMap->buckets[i];
-        Node *node = pair->node;
-        while (node != NULL) {
-            Node *temp = node;
-            node = node->next;
-            free(temp->val);
+        Node *cur = hashMap->buckets[i];
+        while (cur) {
+            Node *temp = cur;
+            cur = cur->next;
+            free(temp->pair);
             free(temp);
         }
     }
@@ -70,7 +65,7 @@ void delHashMapChaining(hashMapChaining *hashMap) {
 }
 
 /* 哈希函数 */
-int hashFunc(hashMapChaining *hashMap, const int key) {
+int hashFunc(hashMapChaining *hashMap, int key) {
     return key % hashMap->capacity;
 }
 
@@ -80,164 +75,142 @@ double loadFactor(hashMapChaining *hashMap) {
 }
 
 /* 查询操作 */
-char *get(hashMapChaining *hashMap, const int key) {
+char *get(hashMapChaining *hashMap, int key) {
     int index = hashFunc(hashMap, key);
-    Pair *pair = &hashMap->buckets[index];
-    Node *node = pair->node;
-    while (node != NULL) {
-        if (node->key == key) {
-            return node->val;
+    // 遍历桶，若找到 key 则返回对应 val
+    Node *cur = hashMap->buckets[index];
+    while (cur) {
+        if (cur->pair->key == key) {
+            return cur->pair->val;
         }
-        node = node->next;
+        cur = cur->next;
     }
-    return NULL;
+    return ""; // 若未找到 key 则返回空字符串
 }
 
 /* 添加操作 */
-void put(hashMapChaining *hashMap, const int key, char *val) {
-    if (loadFactor(hashMap) > hashMap->loadThres) {
-        extend(hashMap);
-    }
-    int index = hashFunc(hashMap, key);
-
-    // 先为新节点分配空间再赋值
-    Node *newNode = (Node *)malloc(sizeof(Node));
-    memset(newNode, 0, sizeof(Node));
-    newNode->key = key;
-    newNode->val = (char *)malloc(strlen(val) + 1);
-    strcpy(newNode->val, val);
-    newNode->val[strlen(val)] = '\0';
-
-    Pair *pair = &hashMap->buckets[index];
-    Node *node = pair->node;
-    if (node == NULL) {
-        hashMap->buckets[index].node = newNode;
-        hashMap->size++;
-        return;
-    }
-    while (node != NULL) {
-        if (node->key == key) {
-            // 释放先前分配的内存
-            free(node->val);
-            // 更新节点的值
-            node->val = (char *)malloc(strlen(val) + 1);
-            strcpy(node->val, val);
-            node->val[strlen(val)] = '\0';
-            return;
-        }
-        if (node->next == NULL) {
-            break;
-        }
-        node = node->next;
-    }
-    node->next = newNode;
-    hashMap->size++;
-}
-
-/* 删除操作 */
-void removeItem(hashMapChaining *hashMap, int key) {
-    int index = hashFunc(hashMap, key);
-    Pair *pair = &hashMap->buckets[index];
-    Node *node = pair->node;
-    // 保存后继的节点
-    Node *prev = NULL;
-    while (node != NULL) {
-        if (node->key == key) {
-            // 如果要删除的节点是桶的第一个节点
-            if (prev == NULL) {
-                pair->node = node->next;
-            } else {
-                prev->next = node->next;
-            }
-            // 释放内存
-            free(node->val);
-            free(node);
-            hashMap->size--;
-            return;
-        }
-        prev = node;
-        node = node->next;
-    }
-    return;
-}
+void put(hashMapChaining *hashMap, int key, const char *val);
 
 /* 扩容哈希表 */
 void extend(hashMapChaining *hashMap) {
     // 暂存原哈希表
-    Pair *oldBuckets = hashMap->buckets;
     int oldCapacity = hashMap->capacity;
-
-    // 创建新的哈希表，重新分配一段空间
+    Node **oldBuckets = hashMap->buckets;
+    // 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
     hashMap->capacity *= hashMap->extendRatio;
-    hashMap->buckets = (Pair *)malloc(sizeof(Pair) * hashMap->capacity);
-    memset(hashMap->buckets, 0, sizeof(Pair) * hashMap->capacity);
+    hashMap->buckets = (Node **)malloc(hashMap->capacity * sizeof(Node *));
+    for (int i = 0; i < hashMap->capacity; i++) {
+        hashMap->buckets[i] = NULL;
+    }
     hashMap->size = 0;
-
-    // 将原哈希表中的键值对重新哈希到新的哈希表中
+    // 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
     for (int i = 0; i < oldCapacity; i++) {
-        Node *node = oldBuckets[i].node;
-        while (node != NULL) {
-            put(hashMap, node->key, node->val);
-            node = node->next;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // 释放原哈希表的内存
-    for (int i = 0; i < oldCapacity; i++) {
-        Node *node = oldBuckets[i].node;
-        while (node != NULL) {
-            Node *temp = node;
-            node = node->next;
-            free(temp->val);
+        Node *cur = oldBuckets[i];
+        while (cur) {
+            put(hashMap, cur->pair->key, cur->pair->val);
+            Node *temp = cur;
+            cur = cur->next;
+            // 释放内存
+            free(temp->pair);
             free(temp);
         }
     }
+
     free(oldBuckets);
 }
 
+/* 添加操作 */
+void put(hashMapChaining *hashMap, int key, const char *val) {
+    // 当负载因子超过阈值时，执行扩容
+    if (loadFactor(hashMap) > hashMap->loadThres) {
+        extend(hashMap);
+    }
+    int index = hashFunc(hashMap, key);
+    // 遍历桶，若遇到指定 key ，则更新对应 val 并返回
+    Node *cur = hashMap->buckets[index];
+    while (cur) {
+        if (cur->pair->key == key) {
+            strcpy(cur->pair->val, val); // 若遇到指定 key ，则更新对应 val 并返回
+            return;
+        }
+        cur = cur->next;
+    }
+    // 若无该 key ，则将键值对添加至尾部
+    Pair *newPair = (Pair *)malloc(sizeof(Pair));
+    newPair->key = key;
+    strcpy(newPair->val, val);
+    Node *newNode = (Node *)malloc(sizeof(Node));
+    newNode->pair = newPair;
+    newNode->next = hashMap->buckets[index];
+    hashMap->buckets[index] = newNode;
+    hashMap->size++;
+}
+
+/* 删除操作 */
+void removeKey(hashMapChaining *hashMap, int key) {
+    int index = hashFunc(hashMap, key);
+    Node *cur = hashMap->buckets[index];
+    Node *pre = NULL;
+    while (cur) {
+        if (cur->pair->key == key) {
+            // 从中删除键值对
+            if (pre) {
+                pre->next = cur->next;
+            } else {
+                hashMap->buckets[index] = cur->next;
+            }
+            // 释放内存
+            free(cur->pair);
+            free(cur);
+            hashMap->size--;
+            return;
+        }
+        pre = cur;
+        cur = cur->next;
+    }
+}
+
 /* 打印哈希表 */
 void print(hashMapChaining *hashMap) {
     for (int i = 0; i < hashMap->capacity; i++) {
+        Node *cur = hashMap->buckets[i];
         printf("[");
-        Pair *pair = &hashMap->buckets[i];
-        Node *node = pair->node;
-        while (node != NULL) {
-            if (node->val != NULL) {
-                printf("%d->%s, ", node->key, node->val);
-            }
-            node = node->next;
+        while (cur) {
+            printf("%d -> %s, ", cur->pair->key, cur->pair->val);
+            cur = cur->next;
         }
         printf("]\n");
     }
-    return;
 }
 
 /* Driver Code */
 int main() {
     /* 初始化哈希表 */
-    hashMapChaining *map = newHashMapChaining();
+    hashMapChaining *hashMap = initHashMapChaining();
 
     /* 添加操作 */
     // 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
-    put(map, 12836, "小哈");
-    put(map, 15937, "小啰");
-    put(map, 16750, "小算");
-    put(map, 13276, "小法");
-    put(map, 10583, "小鸭");
+    put(hashMap, 12836, "小哈");
+    put(hashMap, 15937, "小啰");
+    put(hashMap, 16750, "小算");
+    put(hashMap, 13276, "小法");
+    put(hashMap, 10583, "小鸭");
     printf("\n添加完成后，哈希表为\nKey -> Value\n");
-    print(map);
+    print(hashMap);
 
     /* 查询操作 */
     // 向哈希表输入键 key ，得到值 value
-    const char *name = get(map, 13276);
+    char *name = get(hashMap, 13276);
     printf("\n输入学号 13276 ，查询到姓名 %s\n", name);
 
     /* 删除操作 */
     // 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
-    removeItem(map, 12836);
-    printf("\n删除 12836 后，哈希表为\nKey -> Value\n");
-    print(map);
+    removeKey(hashMap, 12836);
+    printf("\n删除学号 12836 后，哈希表为\nKey -> Value\n");
+    print(hashMap);
+
+    /* 释放哈希表空间 */
+    freeHashMapChaining(hashMap);
 
-    delHashMapChaining(map);
     return 0;
 }

docs/chapter_hashing/hash_collision.md

@@ -94,6 +94,8 @@
 === "C"
 
     ```c title="hash_map_chaining.c"
+    [class]{node}-[func]{}
+
     [class]{hashMapChaining}-[func]{}
     ```