mirror of
https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo.git
synced 2024-12-25 13:16:29 +08:00
Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/zhuoqinyue/hello-algo
This commit is contained in:
steak-zhuo
commit
3129b65b3f
77 changed files with 3122 additions and 139 deletions
|
|
@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"tabWidth": 4,
|
||||
"useTabs": false
|
||||
}
|
||||
16
Dockerfile
Normal file
16
Dockerfile
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
|
|||
FROM python:3.9.0-alpine
|
||||
|
||||
RUN pip install -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple --upgrade pip
|
||||
RUN pip install -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple mkdocs-material==9.0.2
|
||||
|
||||
WORKDIR /app
|
||||
|
||||
COPY codes /app/codes
|
||||
COPY docs /app/docs
|
||||
COPY mkdocs.yml /app/mkdocs.yml
|
||||
|
||||
RUN mkdir ./docs/overrides && mkdocs build
|
||||
|
||||
EXPOSE 8000
|
||||
|
||||
CMD ["mkdocs", "serve", "-a", "0.0.0.0:8000"]
|
||||
|
|
@ -1 +1,2 @@
|
|||
add_executable(array array.c)
|
||||
add_executable(linked_list linked_list.c)
|
||||
|
|
@ -74,11 +74,11 @@ int main() {
|
|||
int size = 5;
|
||||
int arr[5];
|
||||
printf("数组 arr = ");
|
||||
PrintArray(arr, size);
|
||||
printArray(arr, size);
|
||||
|
||||
int nums[5] = { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
|
||||
printf("数组 nums = ");
|
||||
PrintArray(nums, size);
|
||||
printArray(nums, size);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 随机访问 */
|
||||
int randomNum = randomAccess(nums, size);
|
||||
|
|
@ -89,17 +89,17 @@ int main() {
|
|||
int* res = extend(nums, size, enlarge);
|
||||
size += enlarge;
|
||||
printf("将数组长度扩展至 8 ，得到 nums = ");
|
||||
PrintArray(res, size);
|
||||
printArray(res, size);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 插入元素 */
|
||||
insert(res, size, 6, 3);
|
||||
printf("在索引 3 处插入数字 6 ，得到 nums = ");
|
||||
PrintArray(res, size);
|
||||
printArray(res, size);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 删除元素 */
|
||||
removeItem(res, size, 2);
|
||||
printf("删除索引 2 处的元素，得到 nums = ");
|
||||
PrintArray(res, size);
|
||||
printArray(res, size);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 遍历数组 */
|
||||
traverse(res, size);
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
88
codes/c/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.c
Normal file
88
codes/c/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.c
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
|
|||
/**
|
||||
* File: linked_list.c
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-01-12
|
||||
* Author: Zero (glj0@outlook.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
#include "../include/include.h"
|
||||
|
||||
/* 在链表的结点 n0 之后插入结点 P */
|
||||
void insert(ListNode* n0, ListNode* P) {
|
||||
ListNode *n1 = n0->next;
|
||||
n0->next = P;
|
||||
P->next = n1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 删除链表的结点 n0 之后的首个结点 */
|
||||
// 由于引入了 stdio.h ，此处无法使用 remove 关键词
|
||||
// 详见 https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo/pull/244#discussion_r1067863888
|
||||
void removeNode(ListNode* n0) {
|
||||
if (!n0->next)
|
||||
return;
|
||||
// n0 -> P -> n1
|
||||
ListNode *P = n0->next;
|
||||
ListNode *n1 = P->next;
|
||||
n0->next = n1;
|
||||
// 释放内存
|
||||
free(P);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的结点 */
|
||||
ListNode* access(ListNode* head, int index) {
|
||||
while (head && head->next && index) {
|
||||
head = head->next;
|
||||
index--;
|
||||
}
|
||||
return head;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个结点 */
|
||||
int find(ListNode* head, int target) {
|
||||
int index = 0;
|
||||
while (head) {
|
||||
if (head->val == target)
|
||||
return index;
|
||||
head = head->next;
|
||||
index++;
|
||||
}
|
||||
return -1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
/* Driver Code */
|
||||
int main() {
|
||||
/* 初始化链表 */
|
||||
// 初始化各个结点
|
||||
ListNode* n0 = newListNode(1);
|
||||
ListNode* n1 = newListNode(3);
|
||||
ListNode* n2 = newListNode(2);
|
||||
ListNode* n3 = newListNode(5);
|
||||
ListNode* n4 = newListNode(4);
|
||||
// 构建引用指向
|
||||
n0->next = n1;
|
||||
n1->next = n2;
|
||||
n2->next = n3;
|
||||
n3->next = n4;
|
||||
printf("初始化的链表为\r\n");
|
||||
printLinkedList(n0);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 插入结点 */
|
||||
insert(n0, newListNode(0));
|
||||
printf("插入结点后的链表为\r\n");
|
||||
printLinkedList(n0);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 删除结点 */
|
||||
removeNode(n0);
|
||||
printf("删除结点后的链表为\r\n");
|
||||
printLinkedList(n0);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问结点 */
|
||||
ListNode* node = access(n0, 3);
|
||||
printf("链表中索引 3 处的结点的值 = %d\r\n", node->val);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 查找结点 */
|
||||
int index = find(n0, 2);
|
||||
printf("链表中值为 2 的结点的索引 = %d\r\n", index);
|
||||
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
|
|||
int *nums = randomNumbers(n);
|
||||
int index = findOne(nums, n);
|
||||
printf("\n数组 [ 1, 2, ..., n ] 被打乱后 = ");
|
||||
PrintArray(nums, n);
|
||||
printArray(nums, n);
|
||||
printf("数字 1 的索引为 %d\n", index);
|
||||
// 释放堆区内存
|
||||
if (nums != NULL) {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
|
|||
#include "../include/include.h"
|
||||
|
||||
/* 冒泡排序 */
|
||||
void bubble_sort(int nums[], int size) {
|
||||
void bubbleSort(int nums[], int size) {
|
||||
// 外循环：待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
|
|
@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ void bubble_sort(int nums[], int size) {
|
|||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 冒泡排序（标志优化）*/
|
||||
void bubble_sort_with_flag(int nums[], int size) {
|
||||
void bubbleSortWithFlag(int nums[], int size) {
|
||||
// 外循环：待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
|
|
@ -51,14 +51,14 @@ void bubble_sort_with_flag(int nums[], int size) {
|
|||
int main() {
|
||||
int nums[6] = {4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2};
|
||||
printf("冒泡排序后: ");
|
||||
bubble_sort(nums, 6);
|
||||
bubbleSort(nums, 6);
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
printf("%d ", nums[i]);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
printf("\n优化版冒泡排序后: ");
|
||||
bubble_sort_with_flag(nums, 6);
|
||||
bubbleSortWithFlag(nums, 6);
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
printf("%d ", nums[i]);
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -10,34 +10,33 @@
|
|||
int main() {
|
||||
/* 初始化二叉树 */
|
||||
// 初始化结点
|
||||
TreeNode* n1 = NewTreeNode(1);
|
||||
TreeNode* n2 = NewTreeNode(2);
|
||||
TreeNode* n3 = NewTreeNode(3);
|
||||
TreeNode* n4 = NewTreeNode(4);
|
||||
TreeNode* n5 = NewTreeNode(5);
|
||||
TreeNode* n1 = newTreeNode(1);
|
||||
TreeNode* n2 = newTreeNode(2);
|
||||
TreeNode* n3 = newTreeNode(3);
|
||||
TreeNode* n4 = newTreeNode(4);
|
||||
TreeNode* n5 = newTreeNode(5);
|
||||
// 构建引用指向（即指针）
|
||||
n1->left = n2;
|
||||
n1->right = n3;
|
||||
n2->left = n4;
|
||||
n2->right = n5;
|
||||
printf("初始化二叉树\n");
|
||||
PrintTree(n1);
|
||||
printTree(n1);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 插入与删除结点 */
|
||||
TreeNode* P = NewTreeNode(0);
|
||||
TreeNode* P = newTreeNode(0);
|
||||
// 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入结点 P
|
||||
n1->left = P;
|
||||
P->left = n2;
|
||||
printf("插入结点 P 后\n");
|
||||
PrintTree(n1);
|
||||
printTree(n1);
|
||||
|
||||
// 删除结点 P
|
||||
n1->left = n2;
|
||||
// 释放内存
|
||||
free(P);
|
||||
printf("删除结点 P 后\n");
|
||||
PrintTree(n1);
|
||||
printTree(n1);
|
||||
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -52,15 +52,15 @@ int main() {
|
|||
// 这里借助了一个从数组直接生成二叉树的函数
|
||||
int nums[] = {1, 2, 3, NIL, 5, 6, NIL};
|
||||
int size = sizeof(nums) / sizeof(int);
|
||||
TreeNode *root = ArrayToTree(nums, size);
|
||||
TreeNode *root = arrToTree(nums, size);
|
||||
printf("初始化二叉树\n");
|
||||
PrintTree(root);
|
||||
printTree(root);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 层序遍历 */
|
||||
// 需要传入数组的长度
|
||||
int *arr = levelOrder(root, &size);
|
||||
printf("层序遍历的结点打印序列 = ");
|
||||
PrintArray(arr, size);
|
||||
printArray(arr, size);
|
||||
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -43,10 +43,10 @@ int main() {
|
|||
/* 初始化二叉树 */
|
||||
// 这里借助了一个从数组直接生成二叉树的函数
|
||||
int nums[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7};
|
||||
int size = sizeof(nums) / sizt ceof(int);
|
||||
TreeNode *root = ArrayToTree(nums, size);
|
||||
int size = sizeof(nums) / sizeof(int);
|
||||
TreeNode *root = arrToTree(nums, size);
|
||||
printf("初始化二叉树\n");
|
||||
PrintTree(root);
|
||||
printTree(root);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 前序遍历 */
|
||||
// 初始化辅助数组
|
||||
|
|
@ -54,19 +54,19 @@ int main() {
|
|||
size = 0;
|
||||
preOrder(root, &size);
|
||||
printf("前序遍历的结点打印序列 = ");
|
||||
PrintArray(arr, size);
|
||||
printArray(arr, size);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 中序遍历 */
|
||||
size = 0;
|
||||
inOrder(root, &size);
|
||||
printf("中序遍历的结点打印序列 = ");
|
||||
PrintArray(arr, size);
|
||||
printArray(arr, size);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 后序遍历 */
|
||||
size = 0;
|
||||
postOrder(root, &size);
|
||||
printf("后序遍历的结点打印序列 = ");
|
||||
PrintArray(arr, size);
|
||||
printArray(arr, size);
|
||||
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -9,24 +9,24 @@
|
|||
void testListNode() {
|
||||
int nums[] = {2, 3, 5, 6, 7};
|
||||
int size = sizeof(nums) / sizeof(int);
|
||||
ListNode *head = ArrayToLinkedList(nums, size);
|
||||
PrintLinkedList(head);
|
||||
ListNode *head = arrToLinkedList(nums, size);
|
||||
printLinkedList(head);
|
||||
|
||||
ListNode *node = GetListNode(head, 5);
|
||||
ListNode *node = getListNode(head, 5);
|
||||
printf("find node: %d\n", node->val);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
void testTreeNode() {
|
||||
int nums[] = {1, 2, 3, NIL, 5, 6, NIL};
|
||||
int size = sizeof(nums) / sizeof(int);
|
||||
TreeNode *root = ArrayToTree(nums, size);
|
||||
TreeNode *root = arrToTree(nums, size);
|
||||
|
||||
// print tree
|
||||
PrintTree(root);
|
||||
printTree(root);
|
||||
|
||||
// tree to arr
|
||||
int *arr = TreeToArray(root);
|
||||
PrintArray(arr, size);
|
||||
int *arr = treeToArr(root);
|
||||
printArray(arr, size);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ struct ListNode {
|
|||
// typedef 为 C 语言的关键字，作用是为一种数据类型定义一个新名字
|
||||
typedef struct ListNode ListNode;
|
||||
|
||||
ListNode *NewListNode(int val) {
|
||||
ListNode *newListNode(int val) {
|
||||
ListNode *node, *next;
|
||||
node = (ListNode *) malloc(sizeof(ListNode));
|
||||
node->val = val;
|
||||
|
|
@ -37,15 +37,15 @@ ListNode *NewListNode(int val) {
|
|||
* @return ListNode*
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
ListNode *ArrayToLinkedList(const int *arr, size_t size) {
|
||||
ListNode *arrToLinkedList(const int *arr, size_t size) {
|
||||
if (size <= 0) {
|
||||
return NULL;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
ListNode *dummy = NewListNode(0);
|
||||
ListNode *dummy = newListNode(0);
|
||||
ListNode *node = dummy;
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
|
||||
node->next = NewListNode(arr[i]);
|
||||
node->next = newListNode(arr[i]);
|
||||
node = node->next;
|
||||
}
|
||||
return dummy->next;
|
||||
|
|
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ ListNode *ArrayToLinkedList(const int *arr, size_t size) {
|
|||
* @param val
|
||||
* @return ListNode*
|
||||
*/
|
||||
ListNode *GetListNode(ListNode *head, int val) {
|
||||
ListNode *getListNode(ListNode *head, int val) {
|
||||
while (head != NULL && head->val != val) {
|
||||
head = head->next;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ extern "C" {
|
|||
* @param arr
|
||||
* @param size
|
||||
*/
|
||||
static void PrintArray(int *arr, int size) {
|
||||
static void printArray(int *arr, int size) {
|
||||
printf("[");
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++) {
|
||||
if (arr[i] != NIL) {
|
||||
|
|
@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ static void PrintArray(int *arr, int size) {
|
|||
*
|
||||
* @param head
|
||||
*/
|
||||
static void PrintLinkedList(ListNode *node) {
|
||||
static void printLinkedList(ListNode *node) {
|
||||
if (node == NULL) {
|
||||
return;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ static void printTreeHelper(TreeNode *node, Trunk *prev, bool isLeft) {
|
|||
*
|
||||
* @param head
|
||||
*/
|
||||
static void PrintTree(TreeNode *root) {
|
||||
static void printTree(TreeNode *root) {
|
||||
printTreeHelper(root, NULL, false);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ struct TreeNode {
|
|||
typedef struct TreeNode TreeNode;
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
TreeNode *NewTreeNode(int val) {
|
||||
TreeNode *newTreeNode(int val) {
|
||||
TreeNode *node;
|
||||
|
||||
node = (TreeNode *) malloc(sizeof(TreeNode));
|
||||
|
|
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ TreeNode *NewTreeNode(int val) {
|
|||
* @param size
|
||||
* @return TreeNode *
|
||||
*/
|
||||
TreeNode *ArrayToTree(const int *arr, size_t size) {
|
||||
TreeNode *arrToTree(const int *arr, size_t size) {
|
||||
if (size <= 0) {
|
||||
return NULL;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ TreeNode *ArrayToTree(const int *arr, size_t size) {
|
|||
TreeNode **queue;
|
||||
|
||||
/* 根结点 */
|
||||
root = NewTreeNode(arr[0]);
|
||||
root = newTreeNode(arr[0]);
|
||||
/* 辅助队列 */
|
||||
queue = (TreeNode **) malloc(sizeof(TreeNode) * MAX_NODE_SIZE);
|
||||
// 队列指针
|
||||
|
|
@ -68,14 +68,14 @@ TreeNode *ArrayToTree(const int *arr, size_t size) {
|
|||
index++;
|
||||
if (index < size) {
|
||||
if (arr[index] != NIL) {
|
||||
node->left = NewTreeNode(arr[index]);
|
||||
node->left = newTreeNode(arr[index]);
|
||||
queue[rear++] = node->left;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
index++;
|
||||
if (index < size) {
|
||||
if (arr[index] != NIL) {
|
||||
node->right = NewTreeNode(arr[index]);
|
||||
node->right = newTreeNode(arr[index]);
|
||||
queue[rear++] = node->right;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ TreeNode *ArrayToTree(const int *arr, size_t size) {
|
|||
* @param size
|
||||
* @return TreeNode *
|
||||
*/
|
||||
int *TreeToArray(TreeNode *root) {
|
||||
int *treeToArr(TreeNode *root) {
|
||||
if (root == NULL) {
|
||||
return NULL;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
|
|||
#include <unordered_set>
|
||||
#include <set>
|
||||
#include <random>
|
||||
#include <chrono>
|
||||
#include <algorithm>
|
||||
|
||||
#include "ListNode.hpp"
|
||||
#include "TreeNode.hpp"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
45
codes/go/chapter_heap/heap.go
Normal file
45
codes/go/chapter_heap/heap.go
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
|
|||
// File: intHeap.go
|
||||
// Created Time: 2023-01-12
|
||||
// Author: Reanon (793584285@qq.com)
|
||||
|
||||
package chapter_heap
|
||||
|
||||
// Go 语言中可以通过实现 heap.Interface 来构建整数大顶堆
|
||||
// 实现 heap.Interface 需要同时实现 sort.Interface
|
||||
type intHeap []any
|
||||
|
||||
// Push heap.Interface 的方法，实现推入元素到堆
|
||||
func (h *intHeap) Push(x any) {
|
||||
// Push 和 Pop 使用 pointer receiver 作为参数
|
||||
// 因为它们不仅会对切片的内容进行调整，还会修改切片的长度。
|
||||
*h = append(*h, x.(int))
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Pop heap.Interface 的方法，实现弹出堆顶元素
|
||||
func (h *intHeap) Pop() any {
|
||||
// 待出堆元素存放在最后
|
||||
last := (*h)[len(*h)-1]
|
||||
*h = (*h)[:len(*h)-1]
|
||||
return last
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Len sort.Interface 的方法
|
||||
func (h *intHeap) Len() int {
|
||||
return len(*h)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Less sort.Interface 的方法
|
||||
func (h *intHeap) Less(i, j int) bool {
|
||||
// 如果实现小顶堆，则需要调整为小于号
|
||||
return (*h)[i].(int) > (*h)[j].(int)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Swap sort.Interface 的方法
|
||||
func (h *intHeap) Swap(i, j int) {
|
||||
(*h)[i], (*h)[j] = (*h)[j], (*h)[i]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Top 获取堆顶元素
|
||||
func (h *intHeap) Top() any {
|
||||
return (*h)[0]
|
||||
}
|
||||
90
codes/go/chapter_heap/heap_test.go
Normal file
90
codes/go/chapter_heap/heap_test.go
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
|
|||
// File: heap_test.go
|
||||
// Created Time: 2023-01-12
|
||||
// Author: Reanon (793584285@qq.com)
|
||||
|
||||
package chapter_heap
|
||||
|
||||
import (
|
||||
"container/heap"
|
||||
"fmt"
|
||||
"testing"
|
||||
|
||||
. "github.com/krahets/hello-algo/pkg"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
func testPush(h *intHeap, val int) {
|
||||
// 调用 heap.Interface 的方法，来添加元素
|
||||
heap.Push(h, val)
|
||||
fmt.Printf("\n元素 %d 入堆后 \n", val)
|
||||
PrintHeap(*h)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func testPop(h *intHeap) {
|
||||
// 调用 heap.Interface 的方法，来移除元素
|
||||
val := heap.Pop(h)
|
||||
fmt.Printf("\n堆顶元素 %d 出堆后 \n", val)
|
||||
PrintHeap(*h)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func TestHeap(t *testing.T) {
|
||||
/* 初始化堆 */
|
||||
// 初始化大顶堆
|
||||
maxHeap := &intHeap{}
|
||||
heap.Init(maxHeap)
|
||||
/* 元素入堆 */
|
||||
testPush(maxHeap, 1)
|
||||
testPush(maxHeap, 3)
|
||||
testPush(maxHeap, 2)
|
||||
testPush(maxHeap, 5)
|
||||
testPush(maxHeap, 4)
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取堆顶元素 */
|
||||
top := maxHeap.Top()
|
||||
fmt.Printf("堆顶元素为 %d\n", top)
|
||||
|
||||
/* 堆顶元素出堆 */
|
||||
testPop(maxHeap)
|
||||
testPop(maxHeap)
|
||||
testPop(maxHeap)
|
||||
testPop(maxHeap)
|
||||
testPop(maxHeap)
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取堆大小 */
|
||||
size := len(*maxHeap)
|
||||
fmt.Printf("堆元素数量为 %d\n", size)
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断堆是否为空 */
|
||||
isEmpty := len(*maxHeap) == 0
|
||||
fmt.Printf("堆是否为空 %t\n", isEmpty)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func TestMyHeap(t *testing.T) {
|
||||
/* 初始化堆 */
|
||||
// 初始化大顶堆
|
||||
maxHeap := newMaxHeap([]any{9, 8, 6, 6, 7, 5, 2, 1, 4, 3, 6, 2})
|
||||
fmt.Printf("输入数组并建堆后\n")
|
||||
maxHeap.print()
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取堆顶元素 */
|
||||
peek := maxHeap.peek()
|
||||
fmt.Printf("\n堆顶元素为 %d\n", peek)
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素入堆 */
|
||||
val := 7
|
||||
maxHeap.push(val)
|
||||
fmt.Printf("\n元素 %d 入堆后\n", val)
|
||||
maxHeap.print()
|
||||
|
||||
/* 堆顶元素出堆 */
|
||||
peek = maxHeap.poll()
|
||||
fmt.Printf("\n堆顶元素 %d 出堆后\n", peek)
|
||||
maxHeap.print()
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取堆大小 */
|
||||
size := maxHeap.size()
|
||||
fmt.Printf("\n堆元素数量为 %d\n", size)
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断堆是否为空 */
|
||||
isEmpty := maxHeap.isEmpty()
|
||||
fmt.Printf("\n堆是否为空 %t\n", isEmpty)
|
||||
}
|
||||
139
codes/go/chapter_heap/my_heap.go
Normal file
139
codes/go/chapter_heap/my_heap.go
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
|
|||
// File: my_heap.go
|
||||
// Created Time: 2023-01-12
|
||||
// Author: Reanon (793584285@qq.com)
|
||||
|
||||
package chapter_heap
|
||||
|
||||
import (
|
||||
"fmt"
|
||||
|
||||
. "github.com/krahets/hello-algo/pkg"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
type maxHeap struct {
|
||||
// 使用切片而非数组，这样无需考虑扩容问题
|
||||
data []any
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 构造函数，建立空堆 */
|
||||
func newHeap() *maxHeap {
|
||||
return &maxHeap{
|
||||
data: make([]any, 0),
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 构造函数，根据切片建堆 */
|
||||
func newMaxHeap(nums []any) *maxHeap {
|
||||
// 所有元素入堆
|
||||
h := &maxHeap{data: nums}
|
||||
for i := len(h.data) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
|
||||
// 堆化除叶结点以外的其他所有结点
|
||||
h.siftDown(i)
|
||||
}
|
||||
return h
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取左子结点索引 */
|
||||
func (h *maxHeap) left(i int) int {
|
||||
return 2*i + 1
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取右子结点索引 */
|
||||
func (h *maxHeap) right(i int) int {
|
||||
return 2*i + 2
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取父结点索引 */
|
||||
func (h *maxHeap) parent(i int) int {
|
||||
// 向下整除
|
||||
return (i - 1) / 2
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 交换元素 */
|
||||
func (h *maxHeap) swap(i, j int) {
|
||||
h.data[i], h.data[j] = h.data[j], h.data[i]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取堆大小 */
|
||||
func (h *maxHeap) size() int {
|
||||
return len(h.data)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断堆是否为空 */
|
||||
func (h *maxHeap) isEmpty() bool {
|
||||
return len(h.data) == 0
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问堆顶元素 */
|
||||
func (h *maxHeap) peek() any {
|
||||
return h.data[0]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素入堆 */
|
||||
func (h *maxHeap) push(val any) {
|
||||
// 添加结点
|
||||
h.data = append(h.data, val)
|
||||
// 从底至顶堆化
|
||||
h.siftUp(len(h.data) - 1)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 从结点 i 开始，从底至顶堆化 */
|
||||
func (h *maxHeap) siftUp(i int) {
|
||||
for true {
|
||||
// 获取结点 i 的父结点
|
||||
p := h.parent(i)
|
||||
// 当“越过根结点”或“结点无需修复”时，结束堆化
|
||||
if p < 0 || h.data[i].(int) <= h.data[p].(int) {
|
||||
break
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 交换两结点
|
||||
h.swap(i, p)
|
||||
// 循环向上堆化
|
||||
i = p
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素出堆 */
|
||||
func (h *maxHeap) poll() any {
|
||||
// 判空处理
|
||||
if h.isEmpty() {
|
||||
fmt.Println("error")
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 交换根结点与最右叶结点（即交换首元素与尾元素）
|
||||
h.swap(0, h.size()-1)
|
||||
// 删除结点
|
||||
val := h.data[len(h.data)-1]
|
||||
h.data = h.data[:len(h.data)-1]
|
||||
// 从顶至底堆化
|
||||
h.siftDown(0)
|
||||
|
||||
// 返回堆顶元素
|
||||
return val
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 从结点 i 开始，从顶至底堆化 */
|
||||
func (h *maxHeap) siftDown(i int) {
|
||||
for true {
|
||||
// 判断结点 i, l, r 中值最大的结点，记为 max
|
||||
l, r, max := h.left(i), h.right(i), i
|
||||
if l < h.size() && h.data[l].(int) > h.data[max].(int) {
|
||||
max = l
|
||||
}
|
||||
if r < h.size() && h.data[r].(int) > h.data[max].(int) {
|
||||
max = r
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 若结点 i 最大或索引 l, r 越界，则无需继续堆化，跳出
|
||||
if max == i {
|
||||
break
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 交换两结点
|
||||
h.swap(i, max)
|
||||
// 循环向下堆化
|
||||
i = max
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 打印堆（二叉树） */
|
||||
func (h *maxHeap) print() {
|
||||
PrintHeap(h.data)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -29,6 +29,22 @@ func PrintList(list *list.List) {
|
|||
fmt.Print(e.Value, "]\n")
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// PrintMap Print a hash map
|
||||
func PrintMap[K comparable, V any](m map[K]V) {
|
||||
for key, value := range m {
|
||||
fmt.Println(key, "->", value)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// PrintHeap Print a heap
|
||||
func PrintHeap(h []any) {
|
||||
fmt.Printf("堆的数组表示：")
|
||||
fmt.Printf("%v", h)
|
||||
fmt.Printf("\n堆的树状表示：\n")
|
||||
root := ArrToTree(h)
|
||||
PrintTree(root)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// PrintLinkedList Print a linked list
|
||||
func PrintLinkedList(node *ListNode) {
|
||||
if node == nil {
|
||||
|
|
@ -97,10 +113,3 @@ func showTrunk(t *trunk) {
|
|||
showTrunk(t.prev)
|
||||
fmt.Print(t.str)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// PrintMap Print a hash map
|
||||
func PrintMap[K comparable, V any](m map[K]V) {
|
||||
for key, value := range m {
|
||||
fmt.Println(key, "->", value)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
|
|||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
package chapter_hashing;
|
||||
|
||||
import java.util.*;
|
||||
|
||||
/* 键值对 int->String */
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
|
|||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
package chapter_hashing;
|
||||
|
||||
import java.util.*;
|
||||
import include.*;
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
67
codes/java/chapter_heap/heap.java
Normal file
67
codes/java/chapter_heap/heap.java
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
|
|||
/**
|
||||
* File: my_heap.java
|
||||
* Created Time: 2023-01-07
|
||||
* Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
package chapter_heap;
|
||||
|
||||
import include.*;
|
||||
import java.util.*;
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
public class heap {
|
||||
public static void testPush(Queue<Integer> heap, int val) {
|
||||
heap.add(val); // 元素入堆
|
||||
System.out.format("\n元素 %d 入堆后\n", val);
|
||||
PrintUtil.printHeap(heap);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
public static void testPoll(Queue<Integer> heap) {
|
||||
int val = heap.poll(); // 堆顶元素出堆
|
||||
System.out.format("\n堆顶元素 %d 出堆后\n", val);
|
||||
PrintUtil.printHeap(heap);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
public static void main(String[] args) {
|
||||
/* 初始化堆 */
|
||||
// 初始化小顶堆
|
||||
Queue<Integer> minHeap = new PriorityQueue<>();
|
||||
// 初始化大顶堆（使用 lambda 表达式修改 Comparator 即可）
|
||||
Queue<Integer> maxHeap = new PriorityQueue<>((a, b) -> { return b - a; });
|
||||
|
||||
System.out.println("\n以下测试样例为大顶堆");
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素入堆 */
|
||||
testPush(maxHeap, 1);
|
||||
testPush(maxHeap, 3);
|
||||
testPush(maxHeap, 2);
|
||||
testPush(maxHeap, 5);
|
||||
testPush(maxHeap, 4);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取堆顶元素 */
|
||||
int peek = maxHeap.peek();
|
||||
System.out.format("\n堆顶元素为 %d\n", peek);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 堆顶元素出堆 */
|
||||
testPoll(maxHeap);
|
||||
testPoll(maxHeap);
|
||||
testPoll(maxHeap);
|
||||
testPoll(maxHeap);
|
||||
testPoll(maxHeap);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取堆大小 */
|
||||
int size = maxHeap.size();
|
||||
System.out.format("\n堆元素数量为 %d\n", size);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断堆是否为空 */
|
||||
boolean isEmpty = maxHeap.isEmpty();
|
||||
System.out.format("\n堆是否为空 %b\n", isEmpty);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 输入列表并建堆 */
|
||||
// 时间复杂度为 O(n) ，而非 O(nlogn)
|
||||
minHeap = new PriorityQueue<>(Arrays.asList(1, 3, 2, 5, 4));
|
||||
System.out.println("\n输入列表并建立小顶堆后");
|
||||
PrintUtil.printHeap(minHeap);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
177
codes/java/chapter_heap/my_heap.java
Normal file
177
codes/java/chapter_heap/my_heap.java
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
|
|||
/**
|
||||
* File: my_heap.java
|
||||
* Created Time: 2023-01-07
|
||||
* Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
package chapter_heap;
|
||||
|
||||
import include.*;
|
||||
import java.util.*;
|
||||
|
||||
class MaxHeap {
|
||||
// 使用列表而非数组，这样无需考虑扩容问题
|
||||
private List<Integer> maxHeap;
|
||||
|
||||
/* 构造函数，建立空堆 */
|
||||
public MaxHeap() {
|
||||
maxHeap = new ArrayList<>();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 构造函数，根据输入列表建堆 */
|
||||
public MaxHeap(List<Integer> nums) {
|
||||
// 所有元素入堆
|
||||
maxHeap = new ArrayList<>(nums);
|
||||
// 堆化除叶结点以外的其他所有结点
|
||||
for (int i = parent(size() - 1); i >= 0; i--) {
|
||||
siftDown(i);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取左子结点索引 */
|
||||
private int left(int i) {
|
||||
return 2 * i + 1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取右子结点索引 */
|
||||
private int right(int i) {
|
||||
return 2 * i + 2;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取父结点索引 */
|
||||
private int parent(int i) {
|
||||
return (i - 1) / 2; // 向下整除
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 交换元素 */
|
||||
private void swap(int i, int j) {
|
||||
int a = maxHeap.get(i),
|
||||
b = maxHeap.get(j),
|
||||
tmp = a;
|
||||
maxHeap.set(i, b);
|
||||
maxHeap.set(j, tmp);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取堆大小 */
|
||||
public int size() {
|
||||
return maxHeap.size();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断堆是否为空 */
|
||||
public boolean isEmpty() {
|
||||
return size() == 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问堆顶元素 */
|
||||
public int peek() {
|
||||
return maxHeap.get(0);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素入堆 */
|
||||
public void push(int val) {
|
||||
// 添加结点
|
||||
maxHeap.add(val);
|
||||
// 从底至顶堆化
|
||||
siftUp(size() - 1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 从结点 i 开始，从底至顶堆化 */
|
||||
private void siftUp(int i) {
|
||||
while (true) {
|
||||
// 获取结点 i 的父结点
|
||||
int p = parent(i);
|
||||
// 当“越过根结点”或“结点无需修复”时，结束堆化
|
||||
if (p < 0 || maxHeap.get(i) <= maxHeap.get(p))
|
||||
break;
|
||||
// 交换两结点
|
||||
swap(i, p);
|
||||
// 循环向上堆化
|
||||
i = p;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素出堆 */
|
||||
public int poll() {
|
||||
// 判空处理
|
||||
if (isEmpty())
|
||||
throw new EmptyStackException();
|
||||
// 交换根结点与最右叶结点（即交换首元素与尾元素）
|
||||
swap(0, size() - 1);
|
||||
// 删除结点
|
||||
int val = maxHeap.remove(size() - 1);
|
||||
// 从顶至底堆化
|
||||
siftDown(0);
|
||||
// 返回堆顶元素
|
||||
return val;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 从结点 i 开始，从顶至底堆化 */
|
||||
private void siftDown(int i) {
|
||||
while (true) {
|
||||
// 判断结点 i, l, r 中值最大的结点，记为 ma
|
||||
int l = left(i), r = right(i), ma = i;
|
||||
if (l < size() && maxHeap.get(l) > maxHeap.get(ma))
|
||||
ma = l;
|
||||
if (r < size() && maxHeap.get(r) > maxHeap.get(ma))
|
||||
ma = r;
|
||||
// 若结点 i 最大或索引 l, r 越界，则无需继续堆化，跳出
|
||||
if (ma == i) break;
|
||||
// 交换两结点
|
||||
swap(i, ma);
|
||||
// 循环向下堆化
|
||||
i = ma;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 打印堆（二叉树） */
|
||||
public void print() {
|
||||
Queue<Integer> queue = new PriorityQueue<>((a, b) -> { return b - a; });
|
||||
queue.addAll(maxHeap);
|
||||
PrintUtil.printHeap(queue);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
public class my_heap {
|
||||
public static void testPush(MaxHeap maxHeap, int val) {
|
||||
maxHeap.push(val); // 元素入堆
|
||||
System.out.format("\n添加元素 %d 后\n", val);
|
||||
maxHeap.print();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
public static void testPoll(MaxHeap maxHeap) {
|
||||
int val = maxHeap.poll(); // 堆顶元素出堆
|
||||
System.out.format("\n出堆元素为 %d\n", val);
|
||||
maxHeap.print();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
public static void main(String[] args) {
|
||||
/* 初始化大顶堆 */
|
||||
MaxHeap maxHeap = new MaxHeap(Arrays.asList(9, 8, 6, 6, 7, 5, 2, 1, 4, 3, 6, 2));
|
||||
System.out.println("\n输入列表并建堆后");
|
||||
maxHeap.print();
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取堆顶元素 */
|
||||
int peek = maxHeap.peek();
|
||||
System.out.format("\n堆顶元素为 %d\n", peek);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素入堆 */
|
||||
int val = 7;
|
||||
maxHeap.push(val);
|
||||
System.out.format("\n元素 %d 入堆后\n", val);
|
||||
maxHeap.print();
|
||||
|
||||
/* 堆顶元素出堆 */
|
||||
peek = maxHeap.poll();
|
||||
System.out.format("\n堆顶元素 %d 出堆后\n", peek);
|
||||
maxHeap.print();
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取堆大小 */
|
||||
int size = maxHeap.size();
|
||||
System.out.format("\n堆元素数量为 %d\n", size);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断堆是否为空 */
|
||||
boolean isEmpty = maxHeap.isEmpty();
|
||||
System.out.format("\n堆是否为空 %b\n", isEmpty);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ public class binary_tree_bfs {
|
|||
public static void main(String[] args) {
|
||||
/* 初始化二叉树 */
|
||||
// 这里借助了一个从数组直接生成二叉树的函数
|
||||
TreeNode root = TreeNode.arrToTree(new Integer[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 });
|
||||
TreeNode root = TreeNode.listToTree(Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7));
|
||||
System.out.println("\n初始化二叉树\n");
|
||||
PrintUtil.printTree(root);
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ public class binary_tree_dfs {
|
|||
public static void main(String[] args) {
|
||||
/* 初始化二叉树 */
|
||||
// 这里借助了一个从数组直接生成二叉树的函数
|
||||
TreeNode root = TreeNode.arrToTree(new Integer[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 });
|
||||
TreeNode root = TreeNode.listToTree(Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7));
|
||||
System.out.println("\n初始化二叉树\n");
|
||||
PrintUtil.printTree(root);
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -105,10 +105,16 @@ public class PrintUtil {
|
|||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
public static void printHeap(PriorityQueue<Integer> queue) {
|
||||
Integer[] nums = (Integer[])queue.toArray();
|
||||
TreeNode root = TreeNode.arrToTree(nums);
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* Print a heap (PriorityQueue)
|
||||
* @param queue
|
||||
*/
|
||||
public static void printHeap(Queue<Integer> queue) {
|
||||
List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>(queue);
|
||||
System.out.print("堆的数组表示：");
|
||||
System.out.println(list);
|
||||
System.out.println("堆的树状表示：");
|
||||
TreeNode root = TreeNode.listToTree(list);
|
||||
printTree(root);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -23,26 +23,27 @@ public class TreeNode {
|
|||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* Generate a binary tree given an array
|
||||
* @param arr
|
||||
* @param list
|
||||
* @return
|
||||
*/
|
||||
public static TreeNode arrToTree(Integer[] arr) {
|
||||
if (arr.length == 0)
|
||||
public static TreeNode listToTree(List<Integer> list) {
|
||||
int size = list.size();
|
||||
if (size == 0)
|
||||
return null;
|
||||
|
||||
TreeNode root = new TreeNode(arr[0]);
|
||||
TreeNode root = new TreeNode(list.get(0));
|
||||
Queue<TreeNode> queue = new LinkedList<>() {{ add(root); }};
|
||||
int i = 0;
|
||||
while(!queue.isEmpty()) {
|
||||
TreeNode node = queue.poll();
|
||||
if (++i >= arr.length) break;
|
||||
if(arr[i] != null) {
|
||||
node.left = new TreeNode(arr[i]);
|
||||
if (++i >= size) break;
|
||||
if (list.get(i) != null) {
|
||||
node.left = new TreeNode(list.get(i));
|
||||
queue.add(node.left);
|
||||
}
|
||||
if (++i >= arr.length) break;
|
||||
if(arr[i] != null) {
|
||||
node.right = new TreeNode(arr[i]);
|
||||
if (++i >= size) break;
|
||||
if (list.get(i) != null) {
|
||||
node.right = new TreeNode(list.get(i));
|
||||
queue.add(node.right);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
163
codes/rust/chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.rs
Normal file
163
codes/rust/chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.rs
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
|
|||
#![allow(unused_variables)]
|
||||
|
||||
/* 常数阶 */
|
||||
fn constant(n: i32) -> i32 {
|
||||
let mut count = 0;
|
||||
let size = 100000;
|
||||
for _ in 0..size {
|
||||
count += 1
|
||||
}
|
||||
count
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn linear(n: i32) -> i32 {
|
||||
let mut count = 0;
|
||||
for _ in 0..n {
|
||||
count += 1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
count
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 线性阶（遍历数组） */
|
||||
fn array_traversal(nums: &[i32]) -> i32 {
|
||||
let mut count = 0;
|
||||
// 循环次数与数组长度成正比
|
||||
for _ in nums {
|
||||
count += 1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
count
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn quadratic(n: i32) -> i32 {
|
||||
let mut count = 0;
|
||||
// 循环次数与数组长度成平方关系
|
||||
for _ in 0..n {
|
||||
for _ in 0..n {
|
||||
count += 1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
count
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 平方阶（冒泡排序） */
|
||||
fn bubble_sort(nums: &mut [i32]) -> i32 {
|
||||
let mut count = 0; // 计数器
|
||||
// 外循环：待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
|
||||
for i in (1..nums.len()).rev() {
|
||||
// 内循环：冒泡操作
|
||||
for j in 0..i {
|
||||
if nums[j] > nums[j + 1] {
|
||||
// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
|
||||
let tmp = nums[j];
|
||||
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
|
||||
nums[j + 1] = tmp;
|
||||
count += 3; // 元素交换包含 3 个单元操作
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
count
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 指数阶（循环实现） */
|
||||
fn exponential(n: i32) -> i32 {
|
||||
let mut count = 0;
|
||||
let mut base = 1;
|
||||
// cell 每轮一分为二，形成数列 1, 2, 4, 8, ..., 2^(n-1)
|
||||
for _ in 0..n {
|
||||
for _ in 0..base {
|
||||
count += 1
|
||||
}
|
||||
base *= 2;
|
||||
}
|
||||
// count = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + .. + 2^(n-1) = 2^n - 1
|
||||
count
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 指数阶（递归实现） */
|
||||
fn exp_recur(n: i32) -> i32 {
|
||||
if n == 1 {
|
||||
return 1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
exp_recur(n - 1) + exp_recur(n - 1) + 1
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 对数阶（循环实现） */
|
||||
fn logarithmic(mut n: i32) -> i32 {
|
||||
let mut count = 0;
|
||||
|
||||
while n > 1 {
|
||||
n = n / 2;
|
||||
count += 1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
count
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn log_recur(n: i32) -> i32 {
|
||||
if n <= 1 {
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
log_recur(n / 2) + 1
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 线性对数阶 */
|
||||
fn linear_log_recur(n: f64) -> i32 {
|
||||
if n <= 1.0 {
|
||||
return 1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
let mut count = linear_log_recur(n / 2.0) + linear_log_recur(n / 2.0);
|
||||
for _ in 0 ..n as i32 {
|
||||
count += 1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
return count
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 阶乘阶（递归实现） */
|
||||
fn factorial_recur(n: i32) -> i32 {
|
||||
if n == 0 {
|
||||
return 1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
let mut count = 0;
|
||||
// 从 1 个分裂出 n 个
|
||||
for _ in 0..n {
|
||||
count += factorial_recur(n - 1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
count
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* Driver Code */
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
// 可以修改 n 运行，体会一下各种复杂度的操作数量变化趋势
|
||||
let n: i32 = 8;
|
||||
println!("输入数据大小 n = {}", n);
|
||||
|
||||
let mut count = constant(n);
|
||||
println!("常数阶的计算操作数量 = {}", count);
|
||||
|
||||
count = linear(n);
|
||||
println!("线性阶的计算操作数量 = {}", count);
|
||||
count = array_traversal(&vec![0; n as usize]);
|
||||
println!("线性阶（遍历数组）的计算操作数量 = {}", count);
|
||||
|
||||
count = quadratic(n);
|
||||
println!("平方阶的计算操作数量 = {}", count);
|
||||
|
||||
let mut nums = (1..=n).rev().collect::<Vec<_>>(); // [n,n-1,...,2,1]
|
||||
count = bubble_sort(&mut nums);
|
||||
println!("平方阶（冒泡排序）的计算操作数量 = {}", count);
|
||||
|
||||
count = exponential(n);
|
||||
println!("指数阶（循环实现）的计算操作数量 = {}", count);
|
||||
count = exp_recur(n);
|
||||
println!("指数阶（递归实现）的计算操作数量 = {}", count);
|
||||
|
||||
count = logarithmic(n);
|
||||
println!("对数阶（循环实现）的计算操作数量 = {}", count);
|
||||
count = log_recur(n);
|
||||
println!("对数阶（递归实现）的计算操作数量 = {}", count);
|
||||
|
||||
count = linear_log_recur(n.into());
|
||||
println!("线性对数阶（递归实现）的计算操作数量 = {}", count);
|
||||
|
||||
count = factorial_recur(n);
|
||||
println!("阶乘阶（递归实现）的计算操作数量 = {}", count);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -16,6 +16,9 @@ let package = Package(
|
|||
.executable(name: "stack", targets: ["stack"]),
|
||||
.executable(name: "linkedlist_stack", targets: ["linkedlist_stack"]),
|
||||
.executable(name: "array_stack", targets: ["array_stack"]),
|
||||
.executable(name: "queue", targets: ["queue"]),
|
||||
.executable(name: "linkedlist_queue", targets: ["linkedlist_queue"]),
|
||||
.executable(name: "array_queue", targets: ["array_queue"]),
|
||||
],
|
||||
targets: [
|
||||
.target(name: "utils", path: "utils"),
|
||||
|
|
@ -30,5 +33,8 @@ let package = Package(
|
|||
.executableTarget(name: "stack", path: "chapter_stack_and_queue", sources: ["stack.swift"]),
|
||||
.executableTarget(name: "linkedlist_stack", dependencies: ["utils"], path: "chapter_stack_and_queue", sources: ["linkedlist_stack.swift"]),
|
||||
.executableTarget(name: "array_stack", path: "chapter_stack_and_queue", sources: ["array_stack.swift"]),
|
||||
.executableTarget(name: "queue", path: "chapter_stack_and_queue", sources: ["queue.swift"]),
|
||||
.executableTarget(name: "linkedlist_queue", dependencies: ["utils"], path: "chapter_stack_and_queue", sources: ["linkedlist_queue.swift"]),
|
||||
.executableTarget(name: "array_queue", path: "chapter_stack_and_queue", sources: ["array_queue.swift"]),
|
||||
]
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
116
codes/swift/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_queue.swift
Normal file
116
codes/swift/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_queue.swift
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
|
|||
/**
|
||||
* File: array_queue.swift
|
||||
* Created Time: 2023-01-11
|
||||
* Author: nuomi1 (nuomi1@qq.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
|
||||
class ArrayQueue {
|
||||
private var nums: [Int] // 用于存储队列元素的数组
|
||||
private var front = 0 // 头指针，指向队首
|
||||
private var rear = 0 // 尾指针，指向队尾 + 1
|
||||
|
||||
init(capacity: Int) {
|
||||
// 初始化数组
|
||||
nums = Array(repeating: 0, count: capacity)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取队列的容量 */
|
||||
func capacity() -> Int {
|
||||
nums.count
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
||||
func size() -> Int {
|
||||
let capacity = capacity()
|
||||
// 由于将数组看作为环形，可能 rear < front ，因此需要取余数
|
||||
return (capacity + rear - front) % capacity
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
||||
func isEmpty() -> Bool {
|
||||
rear - front == 0
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 入队 */
|
||||
func offer(num: Int) {
|
||||
if size() == capacity() {
|
||||
print("队列已满")
|
||||
return
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 尾结点后添加 num
|
||||
nums[rear] = num
|
||||
// 尾指针向后移动一位，越过尾部后返回到数组头部
|
||||
rear = (rear + 1) % capacity()
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 出队 */
|
||||
@discardableResult
|
||||
func poll() -> Int {
|
||||
let num = peek()
|
||||
// 队头指针向后移动一位，若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
|
||||
front = (front + 1) % capacity()
|
||||
return num
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
||||
func peek() -> Int {
|
||||
if isEmpty() {
|
||||
fatalError("队列为空")
|
||||
}
|
||||
return nums[front]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 返回数组 */
|
||||
func toArray() -> [Int] {
|
||||
let size = size()
|
||||
let capacity = capacity()
|
||||
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
|
||||
var res = Array(repeating: 0, count: size)
|
||||
for (i, j) in sequence(first: (0, front), next: { $0 < size - 1 ? ($0 + 1, $1 + 1) : nil }) {
|
||||
res[i] = nums[j % capacity]
|
||||
}
|
||||
return res
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@main
|
||||
enum _ArrayQueue {
|
||||
/* Driver Code */
|
||||
static func main() {
|
||||
/* 初始化队列 */
|
||||
let capacity = 10
|
||||
let queue = ArrayQueue(capacity: capacity)
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素入队 */
|
||||
queue.offer(num: 1)
|
||||
queue.offer(num: 3)
|
||||
queue.offer(num: 2)
|
||||
queue.offer(num: 5)
|
||||
queue.offer(num: 4)
|
||||
print("队列 queue = \(queue.toArray())")
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
||||
let peek = queue.peek()
|
||||
print("队首元素 peek = \(peek)")
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素出队 */
|
||||
let poll = queue.poll()
|
||||
print("出队元素 poll = \(poll)，出队后 queue = \(queue.toArray())")
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
||||
let size = queue.size()
|
||||
print("队列长度 size = \(size)")
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
||||
let isEmpty = queue.isEmpty()
|
||||
print("队列是否为空 = \(isEmpty)")
|
||||
|
||||
/* 测试环形数组 */
|
||||
for i in 0 ..< 10 {
|
||||
queue.offer(num: i)
|
||||
queue.poll()
|
||||
print("第 \(i) 轮入队 + 出队后 queue = \(queue.toArray())")
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -29,8 +29,9 @@ class ArrayStack {
|
|||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 出栈 */
|
||||
@discardableResult
|
||||
func pop() -> Int {
|
||||
if stack.isEmpty {
|
||||
if isEmpty() {
|
||||
fatalError("栈为空")
|
||||
}
|
||||
return stack.removeLast()
|
||||
|
|
@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ class ArrayStack {
|
|||
|
||||
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
|
||||
func peek() -> Int {
|
||||
if stack.isEmpty {
|
||||
if isEmpty() {
|
||||
fatalError("栈为空")
|
||||
}
|
||||
return stack.last!
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
105
codes/swift/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_queue.swift
Normal file
105
codes/swift/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_queue.swift
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
|
|||
/**
|
||||
* File: linkedlist_queue.swift
|
||||
* Created Time: 2023-01-11
|
||||
* Author: nuomi1 (nuomi1@qq.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
import utils
|
||||
|
||||
/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
|
||||
class LinkedListQueue {
|
||||
private var front: ListNode? // 头结点
|
||||
private var rear: ListNode? // 尾结点
|
||||
private var _size = 0
|
||||
|
||||
init() {}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
||||
func size() -> Int {
|
||||
_size
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
||||
func isEmpty() -> Bool {
|
||||
size() == 0
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 入队 */
|
||||
func offer(num: Int) {
|
||||
// 尾结点后添加 num
|
||||
let node = ListNode(x: num)
|
||||
// 如果队列为空，则令头、尾结点都指向该结点
|
||||
if front == nil {
|
||||
front = node
|
||||
rear = node
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 如果队列不为空，则将该结点添加到尾结点后
|
||||
else {
|
||||
rear?.next = node
|
||||
rear = node
|
||||
}
|
||||
_size += 1
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 出队 */
|
||||
@discardableResult
|
||||
func poll() -> Int {
|
||||
let num = peek()
|
||||
// 删除头结点
|
||||
front = front?.next
|
||||
_size -= 1
|
||||
return num
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
||||
func peek() -> Int {
|
||||
if isEmpty() {
|
||||
fatalError("队列为空")
|
||||
}
|
||||
return front!.val
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 将链表转化为 Array 并返回 */
|
||||
func toArray() -> [Int] {
|
||||
var node = front
|
||||
var res = Array(repeating: 0, count: size())
|
||||
for i in res.indices {
|
||||
res[i] = node!.val
|
||||
node = node?.next
|
||||
}
|
||||
return res
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@main
|
||||
enum _LinkedListQueue {
|
||||
/* Driver Code */
|
||||
static func main() {
|
||||
/* 初始化队列 */
|
||||
let queue = LinkedListQueue()
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素入队 */
|
||||
queue.offer(num: 1)
|
||||
queue.offer(num: 3)
|
||||
queue.offer(num: 2)
|
||||
queue.offer(num: 5)
|
||||
queue.offer(num: 4)
|
||||
print("队列 queue = \(queue.toArray())")
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
||||
let peek = queue.peek()
|
||||
print("队首元素 peek = \(peek)")
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素出队 */
|
||||
let poll = queue.poll()
|
||||
print("出队元素 poll = \(poll)，出队后 queue = \(queue.toArray())")
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
||||
let size = queue.size()
|
||||
print("队列长度 size = \(size)")
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
||||
let isEmpty = queue.isEmpty()
|
||||
print("队列是否为空 = \(isEmpty)")
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class LinkedListStack {
|
|||
|
||||
/* 判断栈是否为空 */
|
||||
func isEmpty() -> Bool {
|
||||
_size == 0
|
||||
size() == 0
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 入栈 */
|
||||
|
|
@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ class LinkedListStack {
|
|||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 出栈 */
|
||||
@discardableResult
|
||||
func pop() -> Int {
|
||||
let num = peek()
|
||||
_peek = _peek?.next
|
||||
|
|
@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ class LinkedListStack {
|
|||
|
||||
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
|
||||
func peek() -> Int {
|
||||
if _size == 0 {
|
||||
if isEmpty() {
|
||||
fatalError("栈为空")
|
||||
}
|
||||
return _peek!.val
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
39
codes/swift/chapter_stack_and_queue/queue.swift
Normal file
39
codes/swift/chapter_stack_and_queue/queue.swift
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
|
|||
/**
|
||||
* File: queue.swift
|
||||
* Created Time: 2023-01-11
|
||||
* Author: nuomi1 (nuomi1@qq.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
@main
|
||||
enum Queue {
|
||||
/* Driver Code */
|
||||
static func main() {
|
||||
/* 初始化队列 */
|
||||
// Swift 没有内置的队列类，可以把 Array 当作队列来使用
|
||||
var queue: [Int] = []
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素入队 */
|
||||
queue.append(1)
|
||||
queue.append(3)
|
||||
queue.append(2)
|
||||
queue.append(5)
|
||||
queue.append(4)
|
||||
print("队列 queue = \(queue)")
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
||||
let peek = queue.first!
|
||||
print("队首元素 peek = \(peek)")
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素出队 */
|
||||
let pool = queue.removeFirst()
|
||||
print("出队元素 poll = \(pool)，出队后 queue = \(queue)")
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
||||
let size = queue.count
|
||||
print("队列长度 size = \(size)")
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
||||
let isEmpty = queue.isEmpty
|
||||
print("队列是否为空 = \(isEmpty)")
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -64,4 +64,127 @@ pub fn build(b: *std.build.Builder) void {
|
|||
if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_leetcode_two_sum.addArgs(args);
|
||||
const run_step_leetcode_two_sum = b.step("run_leetcode_two_sum", "Run leetcode_two_sum");
|
||||
run_step_leetcode_two_sum.dependOn(&run_cmd_leetcode_two_sum.step);
|
||||
|
||||
// Section: "Array"
|
||||
// Source File: "chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.zig"
|
||||
// Run Command: zig build run_array
|
||||
const exe_array = b.addExecutable("array", "chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.zig");
|
||||
exe_array.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
|
||||
exe_array.setTarget(target);
|
||||
exe_array.setBuildMode(mode);
|
||||
exe_array.install();
|
||||
const run_cmd_array = exe_array.run();
|
||||
run_cmd_array.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
|
||||
if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_array.addArgs(args);
|
||||
const run_step_array = b.step("run_array", "Run array");
|
||||
run_step_array.dependOn(&run_cmd_array.step);
|
||||
|
||||
// Section: "LinkedList"
|
||||
// Source File: "chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.zig"
|
||||
// Run Command: zig build run_linked_list
|
||||
const exe_linked_list = b.addExecutable("linked_list", "chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.zig");
|
||||
exe_linked_list.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
|
||||
exe_linked_list.setTarget(target);
|
||||
exe_linked_list.setBuildMode(mode);
|
||||
exe_linked_list.install();
|
||||
const run_cmd_linked_list = exe_linked_list.run();
|
||||
run_cmd_linked_list.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
|
||||
if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_linked_list.addArgs(args);
|
||||
const run_step_linked_list = b.step("run_linked_list", "Run linked_list");
|
||||
run_step_linked_list.dependOn(&run_cmd_linked_list.step);
|
||||
|
||||
// Section: "List"
|
||||
// Source File: "chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list.zig"
|
||||
// Run Command: zig build run_list
|
||||
const exe_list = b.addExecutable("list", "chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list.zig");
|
||||
exe_list.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
|
||||
exe_list.setTarget(target);
|
||||
exe_list.setBuildMode(mode);
|
||||
exe_list.install();
|
||||
const run_cmd_list = exe_list.run();
|
||||
run_cmd_list.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
|
||||
if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_list.addArgs(args);
|
||||
const run_step_list = b.step("run_list", "Run list");
|
||||
run_step_list.dependOn(&run_cmd_list.step);
|
||||
|
||||
// Source File: "chapter_array_and_linkedlist/my_list.zig"
|
||||
// Run Command: zig build run_my_list
|
||||
const exe_my_list = b.addExecutable("my_list", "chapter_array_and_linkedlist/my_list.zig");
|
||||
exe_my_list.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
|
||||
exe_my_list.setTarget(target);
|
||||
exe_my_list.setBuildMode(mode);
|
||||
exe_my_list.install();
|
||||
const run_cmd_my_list = exe_my_list.run();
|
||||
run_cmd_my_list.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
|
||||
if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_my_list.addArgs(args);
|
||||
const run_step_my_list = b.step("run_my_list", "Run my_list");
|
||||
run_step_my_list.dependOn(&run_cmd_my_list.step);
|
||||
|
||||
// Section: "Stack"
|
||||
// Source File: "chapter_stack_and_queue/stack.zig"
|
||||
// Run Command: zig build run_stack
|
||||
const exe_stack = b.addExecutable("stack", "chapter_stack_and_queue/stack.zig");
|
||||
exe_stack.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
|
||||
exe_stack.setTarget(target);
|
||||
exe_stack.setBuildMode(mode);
|
||||
exe_stack.install();
|
||||
const run_cmd_stack = exe_stack.run();
|
||||
run_cmd_stack.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
|
||||
if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_stack.addArgs(args);
|
||||
const run_step_stack = b.step("run_stack", "Run stack");
|
||||
run_step_stack.dependOn(&run_cmd_stack.step);
|
||||
|
||||
// Source File: "chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.zig"
|
||||
// Run Command: zig build run_linkedlist_stack
|
||||
const exe_linkedlist_stack = b.addExecutable("linkedlist_stack", "chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.zig");
|
||||
exe_linkedlist_stack.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
|
||||
exe_linkedlist_stack.setTarget(target);
|
||||
exe_linkedlist_stack.setBuildMode(mode);
|
||||
exe_linkedlist_stack.install();
|
||||
const run_cmd_linkedlist_stack = exe_linkedlist_stack.run();
|
||||
run_cmd_linkedlist_stack.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
|
||||
if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_linkedlist_stack.addArgs(args);
|
||||
const run_step_linkedlist_stack = b.step("run_linkedlist_stack", "Run linkedlist_stack");
|
||||
run_step_linkedlist_stack.dependOn(&run_cmd_linkedlist_stack.step);
|
||||
|
||||
// Source File: "chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.zig"
|
||||
// Run Command: zig build run_array_stack
|
||||
const exe_array_stack = b.addExecutable("array_stack", "chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.zig");
|
||||
exe_array_stack.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
|
||||
exe_array_stack.setTarget(target);
|
||||
exe_array_stack.setBuildMode(mode);
|
||||
exe_array_stack.install();
|
||||
const run_cmd_array_stack = exe_linkedlist_stack.run();
|
||||
run_cmd_array_stack.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
|
||||
if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_array_stack.addArgs(args);
|
||||
const run_step_array_stack = b.step("run_array_stack", "Run array_stack");
|
||||
run_step_array_stack.dependOn(&run_cmd_array_stack.step);
|
||||
|
||||
// Section: "Bubble Sort"
|
||||
// Source File: "chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.zig"
|
||||
// Run Command: zig build run_bubble_sort
|
||||
const exe_bubble_sort = b.addExecutable("bubble_sort", "chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.zig");
|
||||
exe_bubble_sort.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
|
||||
exe_bubble_sort.setTarget(target);
|
||||
exe_bubble_sort.setBuildMode(mode);
|
||||
exe_bubble_sort.install();
|
||||
const run_cmd_bubble_sort = exe_bubble_sort.run();
|
||||
run_cmd_bubble_sort.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
|
||||
if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_bubble_sort.addArgs(args);
|
||||
const run_step_bubble_sort = b.step("run_bubble_sort", "Run bubble_sort");
|
||||
run_step_bubble_sort.dependOn(&run_cmd_bubble_sort.step);
|
||||
|
||||
// Section: "Insertion Sort"
|
||||
// Source File: "chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.zig"
|
||||
// Run Command: zig build run_insertion_sort
|
||||
const exe_insertion_sort = b.addExecutable("insertion_sort", "chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.zig");
|
||||
exe_insertion_sort.addPackagePath("include", "include/include.zig");
|
||||
exe_insertion_sort.setTarget(target);
|
||||
exe_insertion_sort.setBuildMode(mode);
|
||||
exe_insertion_sort.install();
|
||||
const run_cmd_insertion_sort = exe_insertion_sort.run();
|
||||
run_cmd_insertion_sort.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
|
||||
if (b.args) |args| run_cmd_insertion_sort.addArgs(args);
|
||||
const run_step_insertion_sort = b.step("run_insertion_sort", "Run insertion_sort");
|
||||
run_step_insertion_sort.dependOn(&run_cmd_insertion_sort.step);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
117
codes/zig/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.zig
Normal file
117
codes/zig/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.zig
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
|
|||
// File: array.zig
|
||||
// Created Time: 2023-01-07
|
||||
// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
|
||||
|
||||
const std = @import("std");
|
||||
const inc = @import("include");
|
||||
|
||||
// 随机返回一个数组元素
|
||||
pub fn randomAccess(nums: []i32) i32 {
|
||||
// 在区间 [0, nums.len) 中随机抽取一个整数
|
||||
var randomIndex = std.crypto.random.intRangeLessThan(usize, 0, nums.len);
|
||||
// 获取并返回随机元素
|
||||
var randomNum = nums[randomIndex];
|
||||
return randomNum;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 扩展数组长度
|
||||
pub fn extend(mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator, nums: []i32, enlarge: usize) ![]i32 {
|
||||
// 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
|
||||
var res = try mem_allocator.alloc(i32, nums.len + enlarge);
|
||||
std.mem.set(i32, res, 0);
|
||||
// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
|
||||
std.mem.copy(i32, res, nums);
|
||||
// 返回扩展后的新数组
|
||||
return res;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num
|
||||
pub fn insert(nums: []i32, num: i32, index: usize) void {
|
||||
// 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
|
||||
var i = nums.len - 1;
|
||||
while (i > index) : (i -= 1) {
|
||||
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
|
||||
nums[index] = num;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 删除索引 index 处元素
|
||||
pub fn remove(nums: []i32, index: usize) void {
|
||||
// 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
|
||||
var i = index;
|
||||
while (i < nums.len - 1) : (i += 1) {
|
||||
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 遍历数组
|
||||
pub fn traverse(nums: []i32) void {
|
||||
var count: i32 = 0;
|
||||
// 通过索引遍历数组
|
||||
var i: i32 = 0;
|
||||
while (i < nums.len) : (i += 1) {
|
||||
count += 1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
count = 0;
|
||||
// 直接遍历数组
|
||||
for (nums) |_| {
|
||||
count += 1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 在数组中查找指定元素
|
||||
pub fn find(nums: []i32, target: i32) i32 {
|
||||
for (nums) |num, i| {
|
||||
if (num == target) return @intCast(i32, i);
|
||||
}
|
||||
return -1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Driver Code
|
||||
pub fn main() !void {
|
||||
// 初始化数组
|
||||
const size: i32 = 5;
|
||||
var arr = [_]i32{0} ** size;
|
||||
std.debug.print("数组 arr = ", .{});
|
||||
inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, &arr);
|
||||
|
||||
var array = [_]i32{ 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n数组 nums = ", .{});
|
||||
inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, &array);
|
||||
|
||||
// 随机访问
|
||||
var randomNum = randomAccess(&array);
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n在 nums 中获取随机元素 {}", .{randomNum});
|
||||
|
||||
// 长度扩展
|
||||
var known_at_runtime_zero: usize = 0;
|
||||
var nums: []i32 = array[known_at_runtime_zero..array.len];
|
||||
var mem_arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(std.heap.page_allocator);
|
||||
defer mem_arena.deinit();
|
||||
const mem_allocator = mem_arena.allocator();
|
||||
nums = try extend(mem_allocator, nums, 3);
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n将数组长度扩展至 8 ，得到 nums = ", .{});
|
||||
inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, nums);
|
||||
|
||||
// 插入元素
|
||||
insert(nums, 6, 3);
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n在索引 3 处插入数字 6 ，得到 nums = ", .{});
|
||||
inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, nums);
|
||||
|
||||
// 删除元素
|
||||
remove(nums, 2);
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n删除索引 2 处的元素，得到 nums = ", .{});
|
||||
inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, nums);
|
||||
|
||||
// 遍历数组
|
||||
traverse(nums);
|
||||
|
||||
// 查找元素
|
||||
var index = find(nums, 3);
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n在 nums 中查找元素 3 ，得到索引 = {}\n", .{index});
|
||||
|
||||
const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
|
||||
_ = getchar;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
85
codes/zig/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.zig
Normal file
85
codes/zig/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.zig
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
|
|||
// File: linked_list.zig
|
||||
// Created Time: 2023-01-07
|
||||
// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
|
||||
|
||||
const std = @import("std");
|
||||
const inc = @import("include");
|
||||
|
||||
// 在链表的结点 n0 之后插入结点 P
|
||||
pub fn insert(n0: ?*inc.ListNode(i32), P: ?*inc.ListNode(i32)) void {
|
||||
var n1 = n0.?.next;
|
||||
n0.?.next = P;
|
||||
P.?.next = n1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 删除链表的结点 n0 之后的首个结点
|
||||
pub fn remove(n0: ?*inc.ListNode(i32)) void {
|
||||
if (n0.?.next == null) return;
|
||||
// n0 -> P -> n1
|
||||
var P = n0.?.next;
|
||||
var n1 = P.?.next;
|
||||
n0.?.next = n1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 访问链表中索引为 index 的结点
|
||||
pub fn access(node: ?*inc.ListNode(i32), index: i32) ?*inc.ListNode(i32) {
|
||||
var head = node;
|
||||
var i: i32 = 0;
|
||||
while (i < index) : (i += 1) {
|
||||
head = head.?.next;
|
||||
if (head == null) return null;
|
||||
}
|
||||
return head;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个结点
|
||||
pub fn find(node: ?*inc.ListNode(i32), target: i32) i32 {
|
||||
var head = node;
|
||||
var index: i32 = 0;
|
||||
while (head != null) {
|
||||
if (head.?.val == target) return index;
|
||||
head = head.?.next;
|
||||
index += 1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
return -1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Driver Code
|
||||
pub fn main() !void {
|
||||
// 初始化链表
|
||||
// 初始化各个结点
|
||||
var n0 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 1};
|
||||
var n1 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 3};
|
||||
var n2 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 2};
|
||||
var n3 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 5};
|
||||
var n4 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 4};
|
||||
// 构建引用指向
|
||||
n0.next = &n1;
|
||||
n1.next = &n2;
|
||||
n2.next = &n3;
|
||||
n3.next = &n4;
|
||||
std.debug.print("初始化的链表为", .{});
|
||||
try inc.PrintUtil.printLinkedList(i32, &n0);
|
||||
|
||||
// 插入结点
|
||||
var tmp = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 0};
|
||||
insert(&n0, &tmp);
|
||||
std.debug.print("插入结点后的链表为", .{});
|
||||
try inc.PrintUtil.printLinkedList(i32, &n0);
|
||||
|
||||
// 删除结点
|
||||
remove(&n0);
|
||||
std.debug.print("删除结点后的链表为", .{});
|
||||
try inc.PrintUtil.printLinkedList(i32, &n0);
|
||||
|
||||
// 访问结点
|
||||
var node = access(&n0, 3);
|
||||
std.debug.print("链表中索引 3 处的结点的值 = {}\n", .{node.?.val});
|
||||
|
||||
// 查找结点
|
||||
var index = find(&n0, 2);
|
||||
std.debug.print("链表中值为 2 的结点的索引 = {}\n", .{index});
|
||||
|
||||
const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
|
||||
_ = getchar;
|
||||
}
|
||||
81
codes/zig/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list.zig
Normal file
81
codes/zig/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list.zig
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
|
|||
// File: list.zig
|
||||
// Created Time: 2023-01-07
|
||||
// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
|
||||
|
||||
const std = @import("std");
|
||||
const inc = @import("include");
|
||||
|
||||
// Driver Code
|
||||
pub fn main() !void {
|
||||
// 初始化列表
|
||||
var list = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
|
||||
// 延迟释放内存
|
||||
defer list.deinit();
|
||||
try list.appendSlice(&[_]i32{ 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 });
|
||||
std.debug.print("列表 list = ", .{});
|
||||
inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, list);
|
||||
|
||||
// 访问元素
|
||||
var num = list.items[1];
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n访问索引 1 处的元素，得到 num = {}", .{num});
|
||||
|
||||
// 更新元素
|
||||
list.items[1] = 0;
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0 ，得到 list = ", .{});
|
||||
inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, list);
|
||||
|
||||
// 清空列表
|
||||
list.clearRetainingCapacity();
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n清空列表后 list = ", .{});
|
||||
inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, list);
|
||||
|
||||
// 尾部添加元素
|
||||
try list.append(1);
|
||||
try list.append(3);
|
||||
try list.append(2);
|
||||
try list.append(5);
|
||||
try list.append(4);
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n添加元素后 list = ", .{});
|
||||
inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, list);
|
||||
|
||||
// 中间插入元素
|
||||
try list.insert(3, 6);
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n在索引 3 处插入数字 6 ，得到 list = ", .{});
|
||||
inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, list);
|
||||
|
||||
// 删除元素
|
||||
var value = list.orderedRemove(3);
|
||||
_ = value;
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n删除索引 3 处的元素，得到 list = ", .{});
|
||||
inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, list);
|
||||
|
||||
// 通过索引遍历列表
|
||||
var count: i32 = 0;
|
||||
var i: i32 = 0;
|
||||
while (i < list.items.len) : (i += 1) {
|
||||
count += 1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 直接遍历列表元素
|
||||
count = 0;
|
||||
for (list.items) |_| {
|
||||
count += 1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 拼接两个列表
|
||||
var list1 = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
|
||||
defer list1.deinit();
|
||||
try list1.appendSlice(&[_]i32{ 6, 8, 7, 10, 9 });
|
||||
try list.insertSlice(list.items.len, list1.items);
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n将列表 list1 拼接到 list 之后，得到 list = ", .{});
|
||||
inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, list);
|
||||
|
||||
// 排序列表
|
||||
std.sort.sort(i32, list.items, {}, comptime std.sort.asc(i32));
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n排序列表后 list = ", .{});
|
||||
inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, list);
|
||||
|
||||
const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
|
||||
_ = getchar;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
177
codes/zig/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/my_list.zig
Normal file
177
codes/zig/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/my_list.zig
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
|
|||
// File: my_list.zig
|
||||
// Created Time: 2023-01-08
|
||||
// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
|
||||
|
||||
const std = @import("std");
|
||||
const inc = @import("include");
|
||||
|
||||
// 列表类简易实现
|
||||
// 编译期泛型
|
||||
pub fn MyList(comptime T: type) type {
|
||||
return struct {
|
||||
const Self = @This();
|
||||
|
||||
nums: []T = undefined, // 数组（存储列表元素）
|
||||
numsCapacity: usize = 10, // 列表容量
|
||||
numSize: usize = 0, // 列表长度（即当前元素数量）
|
||||
extendRatio: usize = 2, // 每次列表扩容的倍数
|
||||
mem_arena: ?std.heap.ArenaAllocator = null,
|
||||
mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator = undefined, // 内存分配器
|
||||
|
||||
// 构造函数（分配内存+初始化列表）
|
||||
pub fn init(self: *Self, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) !void {
|
||||
if (self.mem_arena == null) {
|
||||
self.mem_arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(allocator);
|
||||
self.mem_allocator = self.mem_arena.?.allocator();
|
||||
}
|
||||
self.nums = try self.mem_allocator.alloc(T, self.numsCapacity);
|
||||
std.mem.set(T, self.nums, @as(T, 0));
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 析构函数（释放内存）
|
||||
pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
|
||||
if (self.mem_arena == null) return;
|
||||
self.mem_arena.?.deinit();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 获取列表长度（即当前元素数量）
|
||||
pub fn size(self: *Self) usize {
|
||||
return self.numSize;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 获取列表容量
|
||||
pub fn capacity(self: *Self) usize {
|
||||
return self.numsCapacity;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 访问元素
|
||||
pub fn get(self: *Self, index: usize) T {
|
||||
// 索引如果越界则抛出异常，下同
|
||||
if (index >= self.size()) @panic("索引越界");
|
||||
return self.nums[index];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 更新元素
|
||||
pub fn set(self: *Self, index: usize, num: T) void {
|
||||
// 索引如果越界则抛出异常，下同
|
||||
if (index >= self.size()) @panic("索引越界");
|
||||
self.nums[index] = num;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 尾部添加元素
|
||||
pub fn add(self: *Self, num: T) !void {
|
||||
// 元素数量超出容量时，触发扩容机制
|
||||
if (self.size() == self.capacity()) try self.extendCapacity();
|
||||
self.nums[self.size()] = num;
|
||||
// 更新元素数量
|
||||
self.numSize += 1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 中间插入元素
|
||||
pub fn insert(self: *Self, index: usize, num: T) !void {
|
||||
if (index >= self.size()) @panic("索引越界");
|
||||
// 元素数量超出容量时，触发扩容机制
|
||||
if (self.size() == self.capacity()) try self.extendCapacity();
|
||||
// 索引 i 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
|
||||
var j = self.size() - 1;
|
||||
while (j >= index) : (j -= 1) {
|
||||
self.nums[j + 1] = self.nums[j];
|
||||
}
|
||||
self.nums[index] = num;
|
||||
// 更新元素数量
|
||||
self.numSize += 1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 删除元素
|
||||
pub fn remove(self: *Self, index: usize) T {
|
||||
if (index >= self.size()) @panic("索引越界");
|
||||
var num = self.nums[index];
|
||||
// 索引 i 之后的元素都向前移动一位
|
||||
var j = index;
|
||||
while (j < self.size() - 1) : (j += 1) {
|
||||
self.nums[j] = self.nums[j + 1];
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 更新元素数量
|
||||
self.numSize -= 1;
|
||||
// 返回被删除元素
|
||||
return num;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 列表扩容
|
||||
pub fn extendCapacity(self: *Self) !void {
|
||||
// 新建一个长度为 size * extendRatio 的数组，并将原数组拷贝到新数组
|
||||
var newCapacity = self.capacity() * self.extendRatio;
|
||||
var extend = try self.mem_allocator.alloc(T, newCapacity);
|
||||
std.mem.set(T, extend, @as(T, 0));
|
||||
// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
|
||||
std.mem.copy(T, extend, self.nums);
|
||||
self.nums = extend;
|
||||
// 更新列表容量
|
||||
self.numsCapacity = newCapacity;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 将列表转换为数组
|
||||
pub fn toArray(self: *Self) ![]T {
|
||||
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
|
||||
var nums = try self.mem_allocator.alloc(T, self.size());
|
||||
std.mem.set(T, nums, @as(T, 0));
|
||||
for (nums) |*num, i| {
|
||||
num.* = self.get(i);
|
||||
}
|
||||
return nums;
|
||||
}
|
||||
};
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Driver Code
|
||||
pub fn main() !void {
|
||||
// 初始化列表
|
||||
var list = MyList(i32){};
|
||||
try list.init(std.heap.page_allocator);
|
||||
// 延迟释放内存
|
||||
defer list.deinit();
|
||||
|
||||
// 尾部添加元素
|
||||
try list.add(1);
|
||||
try list.add(3);
|
||||
try list.add(2);
|
||||
try list.add(5);
|
||||
try list.add(4);
|
||||
std.debug.print("列表 list = ", .{});
|
||||
inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, try list.toArray());
|
||||
std.debug.print(" ，容量 = {} ，长度 = {}", .{list.capacity(), list.size()});
|
||||
|
||||
// 中间插入元素
|
||||
try list.insert(3, 6);
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n在索引 3 处插入数字 6 ，得到 list = ", .{});
|
||||
inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, try list.toArray());
|
||||
|
||||
// 删除元素
|
||||
_ = list.remove(3);
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n删除索引 3 处的元素，得到 list = ", .{});
|
||||
inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, try list.toArray());
|
||||
|
||||
// 访问元素
|
||||
var num = list.get(1);
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n访问索引 1 处的元素，得到 num = {}", .{num});
|
||||
|
||||
// 更新元素
|
||||
list.set(1, 0);
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0 ，得到 list = ", .{});
|
||||
inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, try list.toArray());
|
||||
|
||||
// 测试扩容机制
|
||||
list.set(1, 0);
|
||||
var i: i32 = 0;
|
||||
while (i < 10) : (i += 1) {
|
||||
// 在 i = 5 时，列表长度将超出列表容量，此时触发扩容机制
|
||||
try list.add(i);
|
||||
}
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n扩容后的列表 list = ", .{});
|
||||
inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, try list.toArray());
|
||||
std.debug.print(" ，容量 = {} ，长度 = {}\n", .{list.capacity(), list.size()});
|
||||
|
||||
const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
|
||||
_ = getchar;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
62
codes/zig/chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.zig
Normal file
62
codes/zig/chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.zig
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
|
|||
// File: time_complexity.zig
|
||||
// Created Time: 2023-01-08
|
||||
// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
|
||||
|
||||
const std = @import("std");
|
||||
const inc = @import("include");
|
||||
|
||||
// 冒泡排序
|
||||
fn bubbleSort(nums: []i32) void {
|
||||
// 外循环：待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
|
||||
var i: usize = nums.len - 1;
|
||||
while (i > 0) : (i -= 1) {
|
||||
var j: usize = 0;
|
||||
// 内循环：冒泡操作
|
||||
while (j < i) : (j += 1) {
|
||||
if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) {
|
||||
// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
|
||||
var tmp = nums[j];
|
||||
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
|
||||
nums[j + 1] = tmp;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 冒泡排序（标志优化）
|
||||
fn bubbleSortWithFlag(nums: []i32) void {
|
||||
// 外循环：待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
|
||||
var i: usize = nums.len - 1;
|
||||
while (i > 0) : (i -= 1) {
|
||||
var flag = false; // 初始化标志位
|
||||
var j: usize = 0;
|
||||
// 内循环：冒泡操作
|
||||
while (j < i) : (j += 1) {
|
||||
if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) {
|
||||
// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
|
||||
var tmp = nums[j];
|
||||
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
|
||||
nums[j + 1] = tmp;
|
||||
flag = true;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
if (!flag) break; // 此轮冒泡未交换任何元素，直接跳出
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Driver Code
|
||||
pub fn main() !void {
|
||||
var nums = [_]i32{ 4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2 };
|
||||
bubbleSort(&nums);
|
||||
std.debug.print("冒泡排序完成后 nums = ", .{});
|
||||
inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, &nums);
|
||||
|
||||
var nums1 = [_]i32{ 4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2 };
|
||||
bubbleSortWithFlag(&nums1);
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n冒泡排序完成后 nums1 = ", .{});
|
||||
inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, &nums1);
|
||||
|
||||
const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
|
||||
_ = getchar;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
33
codes/zig/chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.zig
Normal file
33
codes/zig/chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.zig
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
|||
// File: time_complexity.zig
|
||||
// Created Time: 2023-01-08
|
||||
// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
|
||||
|
||||
const std = @import("std");
|
||||
const inc = @import("include");
|
||||
|
||||
// 插入排序
|
||||
fn insertionSort(nums: []i32) void {
|
||||
// 外循环：base = nums[1], nums[2], ..., nums[n-1]
|
||||
var i: usize = 1;
|
||||
while (i < nums.len) : (i += 1) {
|
||||
var base = nums[i];
|
||||
var j: usize = i;
|
||||
// 内循环：将 base 插入到左边的正确位置
|
||||
while (j >= 1 and nums[j - 1] > base) : (j -= 1) {
|
||||
nums[j] = nums[j - 1]; // 1. 将 nums[j] 向右移动一位
|
||||
}
|
||||
nums[j] = base; // 2. 将 base 赋值到正确位置
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Driver Code
|
||||
pub fn main() !void {
|
||||
var nums = [_]i32{ 4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2 };
|
||||
insertionSort(&nums);
|
||||
std.debug.print("插入排序完成后 nums = ", .{});
|
||||
inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, &nums);
|
||||
|
||||
const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
|
||||
_ = getchar;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
99
codes/zig/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.zig
Normal file
99
codes/zig/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.zig
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
|
|||
// File: stack.zig
|
||||
// Created Time: 2023-01-08
|
||||
// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
|
||||
|
||||
const std = @import("std");
|
||||
const inc = @import("include");
|
||||
|
||||
// 基于数组实现的栈
|
||||
// 编译期泛型
|
||||
pub fn ArrayStack(comptime T: type) type {
|
||||
return struct {
|
||||
const Self = @This();
|
||||
|
||||
stack: ?std.ArrayList(T) = null,
|
||||
|
||||
// 构造函数（分配内存+初始化栈）
|
||||
pub fn init(self: *Self, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) void {
|
||||
if (self.stack == null) {
|
||||
self.stack = std.ArrayList(T).init(allocator);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 析构函数（释放内存）
|
||||
pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
|
||||
if (self.stack == null) return;
|
||||
self.stack.?.deinit();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 获取栈的长度
|
||||
pub fn size(self: *Self) usize {
|
||||
return self.stack.?.items.len;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 判断栈是否为空
|
||||
pub fn empty(self: *Self) bool {
|
||||
return self.size() == 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 访问栈顶元素
|
||||
pub fn top(self: *Self) T {
|
||||
if (self.size() == 0) @panic("栈为空");
|
||||
return self.stack.?.items[self.size() - 1];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 入栈
|
||||
pub fn push(self: *Self, num: T) !void {
|
||||
try self.stack.?.append(num);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 出栈
|
||||
pub fn pop(self: *Self) T {
|
||||
var num = self.stack.?.pop();
|
||||
return num;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 返回 ArrayList
|
||||
pub fn toList(self: *Self) std.ArrayList(T) {
|
||||
return self.stack.?;
|
||||
}
|
||||
};
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Driver Code
|
||||
pub fn main() !void {
|
||||
// 初始化栈
|
||||
var stack = ArrayStack(i32){};
|
||||
stack.init(std.heap.page_allocator);
|
||||
// 延迟释放内存
|
||||
defer stack.deinit();
|
||||
|
||||
// 元素入栈
|
||||
try stack.push(1);
|
||||
try stack.push(3);
|
||||
try stack.push(2);
|
||||
try stack.push(5);
|
||||
try stack.push(4);
|
||||
std.debug.print("栈 stack = ", .{});
|
||||
inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, stack.toList());
|
||||
|
||||
// 访问栈顶元素
|
||||
var top = stack.top();
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n栈顶元素 top = {}", .{top});
|
||||
|
||||
// 元素出栈
|
||||
top = stack.pop();
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n出栈元素 pop = {}，出栈后 stack = ", .{top});
|
||||
inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, stack.toList());
|
||||
|
||||
// 获取栈的长度
|
||||
var size = stack.size();
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n栈的长度 size = {}", .{size});
|
||||
|
||||
// 判断栈是否为空
|
||||
var empty = stack.empty();
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n栈是否为空 = {}", .{empty});
|
||||
|
||||
const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
|
||||
_ = getchar;
|
||||
}
|
||||
120
codes/zig/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.zig
Normal file
120
codes/zig/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.zig
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
|
|||
// File: linkedlist_stack.zig
|
||||
// Created Time: 2023-01-08
|
||||
// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
|
||||
|
||||
const std = @import("std");
|
||||
const inc = @import("include");
|
||||
|
||||
// 基于链表实现的栈
|
||||
// 编译期泛型
|
||||
pub fn LinkedListStack(comptime T: type) type {
|
||||
return struct {
|
||||
const Self = @This();
|
||||
|
||||
stackTop: ?*inc.ListNode(T) = null, // 将头结点作为栈顶
|
||||
stkSize: usize = 0, // 栈的长度
|
||||
mem_arena: ?std.heap.ArenaAllocator = null,
|
||||
mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator = undefined, // 内存分配器
|
||||
|
||||
// 构造函数（分配内存+初始化栈）
|
||||
pub fn init(self: *Self, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) !void {
|
||||
if (self.mem_arena == null) {
|
||||
self.mem_arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(allocator);
|
||||
self.mem_allocator = self.mem_arena.?.allocator();
|
||||
}
|
||||
self.stackTop = null;
|
||||
self.stkSize = 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 析构函数（释放内存）
|
||||
pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
|
||||
if (self.mem_arena == null) return;
|
||||
self.mem_arena.?.deinit();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 获取栈的长度
|
||||
pub fn size(self: *Self) usize {
|
||||
return self.stkSize;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 判断栈是否为空
|
||||
pub fn empty(self: *Self) bool {
|
||||
return self.size() == 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 访问栈顶元素
|
||||
pub fn top(self: *Self) T {
|
||||
if (self.size() == 0) @panic("栈为空");
|
||||
return self.stackTop.?.val;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 入栈
|
||||
pub fn push(self: *Self, num: T) !void {
|
||||
var node = try self.mem_allocator.create(inc.ListNode(T));
|
||||
node.init(num);
|
||||
node.next = self.stackTop;
|
||||
self.stackTop = node;
|
||||
self.stkSize += 1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 出栈
|
||||
pub fn pop(self: *Self) T {
|
||||
var num = self.top();
|
||||
self.stackTop = self.stackTop.?.next;
|
||||
self.stkSize -= 1;
|
||||
return num;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 将栈转换为数组
|
||||
pub fn toArray(self: *Self) ![]T {
|
||||
var node = self.stackTop;
|
||||
var res = try self.mem_allocator.alloc(T, self.size());
|
||||
std.mem.set(T, res, @as(T, 0));
|
||||
var i: usize = 0;
|
||||
while (i < res.len) : (i += 1) {
|
||||
res[res.len - i - 1] = node.?.val;
|
||||
node = node.?.next;
|
||||
}
|
||||
return res;
|
||||
}
|
||||
};
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Driver Code
|
||||
pub fn main() !void {
|
||||
// 初始化栈
|
||||
var stack = LinkedListStack(i32){};
|
||||
try stack.init(std.heap.page_allocator);
|
||||
// 延迟释放内存
|
||||
defer stack.deinit();
|
||||
|
||||
// 元素入栈
|
||||
try stack.push(1);
|
||||
try stack.push(3);
|
||||
try stack.push(2);
|
||||
try stack.push(5);
|
||||
try stack.push(4);
|
||||
std.debug.print("栈 stack = ", .{});
|
||||
inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, try stack.toArray());
|
||||
|
||||
// 访问栈顶元素
|
||||
var top = stack.top();
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n栈顶元素 top = {}", .{top});
|
||||
|
||||
// 元素出栈
|
||||
top = stack.pop();
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n出栈元素 pop = {}，出栈后 stack = ", .{top});
|
||||
inc.PrintUtil.printArray(i32, try stack.toArray());
|
||||
|
||||
// 获取栈的长度
|
||||
var size = stack.size();
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n栈的长度 size = {}", .{size});
|
||||
|
||||
// 判断栈是否为空
|
||||
var empty = stack.empty();
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n栈是否为空 = {}", .{empty});
|
||||
|
||||
const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
|
||||
_ = getchar;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
44
codes/zig/chapter_stack_and_queue/stack.zig
Normal file
44
codes/zig/chapter_stack_and_queue/stack.zig
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
|
|||
// File: stack.zig
|
||||
// Created Time: 2023-01-08
|
||||
// Author: sjinzh (sjinzh@gmail.com)
|
||||
|
||||
const std = @import("std");
|
||||
const inc = @import("include");
|
||||
|
||||
// Driver Code
|
||||
pub fn main() !void {
|
||||
// 初始化栈
|
||||
// 在 zig 中，推荐将 ArrayList 当作栈来使用
|
||||
var stack = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
|
||||
// 延迟释放内存
|
||||
defer stack.deinit();
|
||||
|
||||
// 元素入栈
|
||||
try stack.append(1);
|
||||
try stack.append(3);
|
||||
try stack.append(2);
|
||||
try stack.append(5);
|
||||
try stack.append(4);
|
||||
std.debug.print("栈 stack = ", .{});
|
||||
inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, stack);
|
||||
|
||||
// 访问栈顶元素
|
||||
var top = stack.items[stack.items.len - 1];
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n栈顶元素 top = {}", .{top});
|
||||
|
||||
// 元素出栈
|
||||
top = stack.pop();
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n出栈元素 pop = {}，出栈后 stack = ", .{top});
|
||||
inc.PrintUtil.printList(i32, stack);
|
||||
|
||||
// 获取栈的长度
|
||||
var size = stack.items.len;
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n栈的长度 size = {}", .{size});
|
||||
|
||||
// 判断栈是否为空
|
||||
var empty = if (stack.items.len == 0) true else false;
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n栈是否为空 = {}", .{empty});
|
||||
|
||||
const getchar = try std.io.getStdIn().reader().readByte();
|
||||
_ = getchar;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -7,16 +7,42 @@ const ListNode = @import("ListNode.zig").ListNode;
|
|||
const TreeNode = @import("TreeNode.zig").TreeNode;
|
||||
|
||||
// Print an array
|
||||
// 编译期泛型
|
||||
pub fn printArray(comptime T: type, nums: []T) void {
|
||||
std.debug.print("[", .{});
|
||||
if (nums.len > 0) {
|
||||
for (nums) |num, j| {
|
||||
std.debug.print("{}{s}", .{num, if (j == nums.len-1) "]\n" else ", " });
|
||||
std.debug.print("{}{s}", .{num, if (j == nums.len-1) "]" else ", " });
|
||||
}
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
std.debug.print("]", .{});
|
||||
std.debug.print("\n", .{});
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Print a list
|
||||
pub fn printList(comptime T: type, list: std.ArrayList(T)) void {
|
||||
std.debug.print("[", .{});
|
||||
if (list.items.len > 0) {
|
||||
for (list.items) |value, i| {
|
||||
std.debug.print("{}{s}", .{value, if (i == list.items.len-1) "]" else ", " });
|
||||
}
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
std.debug.print("]", .{});
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Print a linked list
|
||||
pub fn printLinkedList(comptime T: type, node: ?*ListNode(T)) !void {
|
||||
if (node == null) return;
|
||||
var list = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
|
||||
defer list.deinit();
|
||||
var head = node;
|
||||
while (head != null) {
|
||||
try list.append(head.?.val);
|
||||
head = head.?.next;
|
||||
}
|
||||
for (list.items) |value, i| {
|
||||
std.debug.print("{}{s}", .{value, if (i == list.items.len-1) "\n" else "->" });
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -3,6 +3,6 @@ mkdocs build --clean
|
|||
cd site
|
||||
git init
|
||||
git add -A
|
||||
git commit -m 'deploy'
|
||||
git commit -m "deploy"
|
||||
git push -f git@github.com:krahets/hello-algo.git master:gh-pages
|
||||
cd -
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
7
docker-compose.yml
Normal file
7
docker-compose.yml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
|
|||
version: '3'
|
||||
services:
|
||||
hello-algo:
|
||||
build: .
|
||||
ports:
|
||||
- "8000:8000"
|
||||
|
||||
BIN
docs/chapter_heap/heap.assets/heap_poll_step1.png
Normal file
BIN
docs/chapter_heap/heap.assets/heap_poll_step1.png
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 69 KiB |
BIN
docs/chapter_heap/heap.assets/heap_poll_step10.png
Normal file
BIN
docs/chapter_heap/heap.assets/heap_poll_step10.png
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 89 KiB |
BIN
docs/chapter_heap/heap.assets/heap_poll_step2.png
Normal file
BIN
docs/chapter_heap/heap.assets/heap_poll_step2.png
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 66 KiB |
BIN
docs/chapter_heap/heap.assets/heap_poll_step3.png
Normal file
BIN
docs/chapter_heap/heap.assets/heap_poll_step3.png
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 69 KiB |
BIN
docs/chapter_heap/heap.assets/heap_poll_step4.png
Normal file
BIN
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docs/chapter_heap/heap.md
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docs/chapter_heap/heap.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,798 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
comments: true
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 堆
|
||||
|
||||
「堆 Heap」是一颗限定条件下的「完全二叉树」。根据成立条件，堆主要分为两种类型：
|
||||
|
||||
- 「大顶堆 Max Heap」，任意结点的值 $\geq$ 其子结点的值；
|
||||
- 「小顶堆 Min Heap」，任意结点的值 $\leq$ 其子结点的值；
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## 堆术语与性质
|
||||
|
||||
- 由于堆是完全二叉树，因此最底层结点靠左填充，其它层结点皆被填满。
|
||||
- 二叉树中的根结点对应「堆顶」，底层最靠右结点对应「堆底」。
|
||||
- 对于大顶堆 / 小顶堆，其堆顶元素（即根结点）的值最大 / 最小。
|
||||
|
||||
## 堆常用操作
|
||||
|
||||
值得说明的是，多数编程语言提供的是「优先队列 Priority Queue」，其是一种抽象数据结构，**定义为具有出队优先级的队列**。
|
||||
|
||||
而恰好，**堆的定义与优先队列的操作逻辑完全吻合**，大顶堆就是一个元素从大到小出队的优先队列。从使用角度看，我们可以将「优先队列」和「堆」理解为等价的数据结构。因此，本文与代码对两者不做特别区分，统一使用「堆」来命名。
|
||||
|
||||
堆的常用操作见下表（方法命名以 Java 为例）。
|
||||
|
||||
<p align="center"> Table. 堆的常用操作 </p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="center-table" markdown>
|
||||
|
||||
| 方法 | 描述 | 时间复杂度 |
|
||||
| --------- | -------------------------------------------- | ----------- |
|
||||
| add() | 元素入堆 | $O(\log n)$ |
|
||||
| poll() | 堆顶元素出堆 | $O(\log n)$ |
|
||||
| peek() | 访问堆顶元素（大 / 小顶堆分别为最大 / 小值） | $O(1)$ |
|
||||
| size() | 获取堆的元素数量 | $O(1)$ |
|
||||
| isEmpty() | 判断堆是否为空 | $O(1)$ |
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
我们可以直接使用编程语言提供的堆类（或优先队列类）。
|
||||
|
||||
!!! tip
|
||||
|
||||
类似于排序中“从小到大排列”和“从大到小排列”，“大顶堆”和“小顶堆”可仅通过修改 Comparator 来互相转换。
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Java"
|
||||
|
||||
```java title="heap.java"
|
||||
/* 初始化堆 */
|
||||
// 初始化小顶堆
|
||||
Queue<Integer> minHeap = new PriorityQueue<>();
|
||||
// 初始化大顶堆（使用 lambda 表达式修改 Comparator 即可）
|
||||
Queue<Integer> maxHeap = new PriorityQueue<>((a, b) -> { return b - a; });
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素入堆 */
|
||||
maxHeap.add(1);
|
||||
maxHeap.add(3);
|
||||
maxHeap.add(2);
|
||||
maxHeap.add(5);
|
||||
maxHeap.add(4);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取堆顶元素 */
|
||||
int peek = maxHeap.peek(); // 5
|
||||
|
||||
/* 堆顶元素出堆 */
|
||||
// 出堆元素会形成一个从大到小的序列
|
||||
peek = heap.poll(); // 5
|
||||
peek = heap.poll(); // 4
|
||||
peek = heap.poll(); // 3
|
||||
peek = heap.poll(); // 2
|
||||
peek = heap.poll(); // 1
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取堆大小 */
|
||||
int size = maxHeap.size();
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断堆是否为空 */
|
||||
boolean isEmpty = maxHeap.isEmpty();
|
||||
|
||||
/* 输入列表并建堆 */
|
||||
minHeap = new PriorityQueue<>(Arrays.asList(1, 3, 2, 5, 4));
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "C++"
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp title="heap.cpp"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Python"
|
||||
|
||||
```python title="heap.py"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Go"
|
||||
|
||||
```go title="heap.go"
|
||||
// Go 语言中可以通过实现 heap.Interface 来构建整数大顶堆
|
||||
// 实现 heap.Interface 需要同时实现 sort.Interface
|
||||
type intHeap []any
|
||||
|
||||
// Push heap.Interface 的方法，实现推入元素到堆
|
||||
func (h *intHeap) Push(x any) {
|
||||
// Push 和 Pop 使用 pointer receiver 作为参数
|
||||
// 因为它们不仅会对切片的内容进行调整，还会修改切片的长度。
|
||||
*h = append(*h, x.(int))
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Pop heap.Interface 的方法，实现弹出堆顶元素
|
||||
func (h *intHeap) Pop() any {
|
||||
// 待出堆元素存放在最后
|
||||
last := (*h)[len(*h)-1]
|
||||
*h = (*h)[:len(*h)-1]
|
||||
return last
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Len sort.Interface 的方法
|
||||
func (h *intHeap) Len() int {
|
||||
return len(*h)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Less sort.Interface 的方法
|
||||
func (h *intHeap) Less(i, j int) bool {
|
||||
// 如果实现小顶堆，则需要调整为小于号
|
||||
return (*h)[i].(int) > (*h)[j].(int)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Swap sort.Interface 的方法
|
||||
func (h *intHeap) Swap(i, j int) {
|
||||
(*h)[i], (*h)[j] = (*h)[j], (*h)[i]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Top 获取堆顶元素
|
||||
func (h *intHeap) Top() any {
|
||||
return (*h)[0]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* Driver Code */
|
||||
func TestHeap(t *testing.T) {
|
||||
/* 初始化堆 */
|
||||
// 初始化大顶堆
|
||||
maxHeap := &intHeap{}
|
||||
heap.Init(maxHeap)
|
||||
/* 元素入堆 */
|
||||
// 调用 heap.Interface 的方法，来添加元素
|
||||
heap.Push(maxHeap, 1)
|
||||
heap.Push(maxHeap, 3)
|
||||
heap.Push(maxHeap, 2)
|
||||
heap.Push(maxHeap, 4)
|
||||
heap.Push(maxHeap, 5)
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取堆顶元素 */
|
||||
top := maxHeap.Top()
|
||||
fmt.Printf("堆顶元素为 %d\n", top)
|
||||
|
||||
/* 堆顶元素出堆 */
|
||||
// 调用 heap.Interface 的方法，来移除元素
|
||||
heap.Pop(maxHeap)
|
||||
heap.Pop(maxHeap)
|
||||
heap.Pop(maxHeap)
|
||||
heap.Pop(maxHeap)
|
||||
heap.Pop(maxHeap)
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取堆大小 */
|
||||
size := len(*maxHeap)
|
||||
fmt.Printf("堆元素数量为 %d\n", size)
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断堆是否为空 */
|
||||
isEmpty := len(*maxHeap) == 0
|
||||
fmt.Printf("堆是否为空 %t\n", isEmpty)
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "JavaScript"
|
||||
|
||||
```js title="heap.js"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "TypeScript"
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript title="heap.ts"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "C"
|
||||
|
||||
```c title="heap.c"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "C#"
|
||||
|
||||
```csharp title="heap.cs"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Swift"
|
||||
|
||||
```swift title="heap.swift"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## 堆的实现
|
||||
|
||||
下文实现的是「大顶堆」，若想转换为「小顶堆」，将所有大小逻辑判断取逆（例如将 $\geq$ 替换为 $\leq$ ）即可，有兴趣的同学可自行实现。
|
||||
|
||||
### 堆的存储与表示
|
||||
|
||||
在二叉树章节我们学过，「完全二叉树」非常适合使用「数组」来表示，而堆恰好是一颗完全二叉树，**因而我们采用「数组」来存储「堆」**。
|
||||
|
||||
**二叉树指针**。使用数组表示二叉树时，元素代表结点值，索引代表结点在二叉树中的位置，**而结点指针通过索引映射公式来实现**。
|
||||
|
||||
具体地，给定索引 $i$ ，那么其左子结点索引为 $2i + 1$ 、右子结点索引为 $2i + 2$ 、父结点索引为 $(i - 1) / 2$ （向下整除）。当索引越界时，代表空结点或结点不存在。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我们将索引映射公式封装成函数，以便后续使用。
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Java"
|
||||
|
||||
```java title="my_heap.java"
|
||||
// 使用列表而非数组，这样无需考虑扩容问题
|
||||
List<Integer> maxHeap;
|
||||
|
||||
/* 构造函数，建立空堆 */
|
||||
public MaxHeap() {
|
||||
maxHeap = new ArrayList<>();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取左子结点索引 */
|
||||
int left(int i) {
|
||||
return 2 * i + 1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取右子结点索引 */
|
||||
int right(int i) {
|
||||
return 2 * i + 2;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取父结点索引 */
|
||||
int parent(int i) {
|
||||
return (i - 1) / 2; // 向下整除
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "C++"
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp title="my_heap.cpp"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Python"
|
||||
|
||||
```python title="my_heap.py"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Go"
|
||||
|
||||
```go title="my_heap.go"
|
||||
type maxHeap struct {
|
||||
// 使用切片而非数组，这样无需考虑扩容问题
|
||||
data []any
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 构造函数，建立空堆 */
|
||||
func newHeap() *maxHeap {
|
||||
return &maxHeap{
|
||||
data: make([]any, 0),
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取左子结点索引 */
|
||||
func (h *maxHeap) left(i int) int {
|
||||
return 2*i + 1
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取右子结点索引 */
|
||||
func (h *maxHeap) right(i int) int {
|
||||
return 2*i + 2
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取父结点索引 */
|
||||
func (h *maxHeap) parent(i int) int {
|
||||
// 向下整除
|
||||
return (i - 1) / 2
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "JavaScript"
|
||||
|
||||
```js title="my_heap.js"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "TypeScript"
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript title="my_heap.ts"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "C"
|
||||
|
||||
```c title="my_heap.c"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "C#"
|
||||
|
||||
```csharp title="my_heap.cs"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Swift"
|
||||
|
||||
```swift title="my_heap.swift"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 访问堆顶元素
|
||||
|
||||
堆顶元素是二叉树的根结点，即列表首元素。
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Java"
|
||||
|
||||
```java title="my_heap.java"
|
||||
/* 访问堆顶元素 */
|
||||
public int peek() {
|
||||
return maxHeap.get(0);
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "C++"
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp title="my_heap.cpp"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Python"
|
||||
|
||||
```python title="my_heap.py"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Go"
|
||||
|
||||
```go title="my_heap.go"
|
||||
/* 访问堆顶元素 */
|
||||
func (h *maxHeap) peek() any {
|
||||
return h.data[0]
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "JavaScript"
|
||||
|
||||
```js title="my_heap.js"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "TypeScript"
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript title="my_heap.ts"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "C"
|
||||
|
||||
```c title="my_heap.c"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "C#"
|
||||
|
||||
```csharp title="my_heap.cs"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Swift"
|
||||
|
||||
```swift title="my_heap.swift"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 元素入堆
|
||||
|
||||
给定元素 `val` ，我们先将其添加到堆底。添加后，由于 `val` 可能大于堆中其它元素，此时堆的成立条件可能已经被破坏，**因此需要修复从插入结点到根结点这条路径上的各个结点**，该操作被称为「堆化 Heapify」。
|
||||
|
||||
考虑从入堆结点开始，**从底至顶执行堆化**。具体地，比较插入结点与其父结点的值，若插入结点更大则将它们交换；并循环以上操作，从底至顶地修复堆中的各个结点；直至越过根结点时结束，或当遇到无需交换的结点时提前结束。
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Step 1"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Step 2"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Step 3"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Step 4"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Step 5"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Step 6"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
设结点总数为 $n$ ，则树的高度为 $O(\log n)$ ，易得堆化操作的循环轮数最多为 $O(\log n)$ ，**因而元素入堆操作的时间复杂度为 $O(\log n)$** 。
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Java"
|
||||
|
||||
```java title="my_heap.java"
|
||||
/* 元素入堆 */
|
||||
void push(int val) {
|
||||
// 添加结点
|
||||
maxHeap.add(val);
|
||||
// 从底至顶堆化
|
||||
siftUp(size() - 1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 从结点 i 开始，从底至顶堆化 */
|
||||
void siftUp(int i) {
|
||||
while (true) {
|
||||
// 获取结点 i 的父结点
|
||||
int p = parent(i);
|
||||
// 若“越过根结点”或“结点无需修复”，则结束堆化
|
||||
if (p < 0 || maxHeap.get(i) <= maxHeap.get(p))
|
||||
break;
|
||||
// 交换两结点
|
||||
swap(i, p);
|
||||
// 循环向上堆化
|
||||
i = p;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "C++"
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp title="my_heap.cpp"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Python"
|
||||
|
||||
```python title="my_heap.py"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Go"
|
||||
|
||||
```go title="my_heap.go"
|
||||
/* 元素入堆 */
|
||||
func (h *maxHeap) push(val any) {
|
||||
// 添加结点
|
||||
h.data = append(h.data, val)
|
||||
// 从底至顶堆化
|
||||
h.siftUp(len(h.data) - 1)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 从结点 i 开始，从底至顶堆化 */
|
||||
func (h *maxHeap) siftUp(i int) {
|
||||
for true {
|
||||
// 获取结点 i 的父结点
|
||||
p := h.parent(i)
|
||||
// 当“越过根结点”或“结点无需修复”时，结束堆化
|
||||
if p < 0 || h.data[i].(int) <= h.data[p].(int) {
|
||||
break
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 交换两结点
|
||||
h.swap(i, p)
|
||||
// 循环向上堆化
|
||||
i = p
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "JavaScript"
|
||||
|
||||
```js title="my_heap.js"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "TypeScript"
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript title="my_heap.ts"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "C"
|
||||
|
||||
```c title="my_heap.c"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "C#"
|
||||
|
||||
```csharp title="my_heap.cs"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Swift"
|
||||
|
||||
```swift title="my_heap.swift"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 堆顶元素出堆
|
||||
|
||||
堆顶元素是二叉树根结点，即列表首元素，如果我们直接将首元素从列表中删除，则二叉树中所有结点都会随之发生移位（索引发生变化），这样后续使用堆化修复就很麻烦了。为了尽量减少元素索引变动，采取以下操作步骤：
|
||||
|
||||
1. 交换堆顶元素与堆底元素（即交换根结点与最右叶结点）；
|
||||
2. 交换完成后，将堆底从列表中删除（注意，因为已经交换，实际上删除的是原来的堆顶元素）；
|
||||
3. 从根结点开始，**从顶至底执行堆化**；
|
||||
|
||||
顾名思义，**从顶至底堆化的操作方向与从底至顶堆化相反**，我们比较根结点的值与其两个子结点的值，将最大的子结点与根结点执行交换，并循环以上操作，直到越过叶结点时结束，或当遇到无需交换的结点时提前结束。
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Step 1"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Step 2"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Step 3"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Step 4"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Step 5"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Step 6"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Step 7"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Step 8"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Step 9"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Step 10"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
与元素入堆操作类似，**堆顶元素出堆操作的时间复杂度为 $O(\log n)$** 。
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Java"
|
||||
|
||||
```java title="my_heap.java"
|
||||
/* 元素出堆 */
|
||||
int poll() {
|
||||
// 判空处理
|
||||
if (isEmpty())
|
||||
throw new EmptyStackException();
|
||||
// 交换根结点与最右叶结点（即交换首元素与尾元素）
|
||||
swap(0, size() - 1);
|
||||
// 删除结点
|
||||
int val = maxHeap.remove(size() - 1);
|
||||
// 从顶至底堆化
|
||||
siftDown(0);
|
||||
// 返回堆顶元素
|
||||
return val;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 从结点 i 开始，从顶至底堆化 */
|
||||
void siftDown(int i) {
|
||||
while (true) {
|
||||
// 判断结点 i, l, r 中值最大的结点，记为 ma
|
||||
int l = left(i), r = right(i), ma = i;
|
||||
if (l < size() && maxHeap.get(l) > maxHeap.get(ma))
|
||||
ma = l;
|
||||
if (r < size() && maxHeap.get(r) > maxHeap.get(ma))
|
||||
ma = r;
|
||||
// 若“结点 i 最大”或“越过叶结点”，则结束堆化
|
||||
if (ma == i) break;
|
||||
// 交换两结点
|
||||
swap(i, ma);
|
||||
// 循环向下堆化
|
||||
i = ma;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "C++"
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp title="my_heap.cpp"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Python"
|
||||
|
||||
```python title="my_heap.py"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Go"
|
||||
|
||||
```go title="my_heap.go"
|
||||
/* 元素出堆 */
|
||||
func (h *maxHeap) poll() any {
|
||||
// 判空处理
|
||||
if h.isEmpty() {
|
||||
fmt.Println("error")
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 交换根结点与最右叶结点（即交换首元素与尾元素）
|
||||
h.swap(0, h.size()-1)
|
||||
// 删除结点
|
||||
val := h.data[len(h.data)-1]
|
||||
h.data = h.data[:len(h.data)-1]
|
||||
// 从顶至底堆化
|
||||
h.siftDown(0)
|
||||
|
||||
// 返回堆顶元素
|
||||
return val
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 从结点 i 开始，从顶至底堆化 */
|
||||
func (h *maxHeap) siftDown(i int) {
|
||||
for true {
|
||||
// 判断结点 i, l, r 中值最大的结点，记为 max
|
||||
l, r, max := h.left(i), h.right(i), i
|
||||
if l < h.size() && h.data[l].(int) > h.data[max].(int) {
|
||||
max = l
|
||||
}
|
||||
if r < h.size() && h.data[r].(int) > h.data[max].(int) {
|
||||
max = r
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 若结点 i 最大或索引 l, r 越界，则无需继续堆化，跳出
|
||||
if max == i {
|
||||
break
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 交换两结点
|
||||
h.swap(i, max)
|
||||
// 循环向下堆化
|
||||
i = max
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "JavaScript"
|
||||
|
||||
```js title="my_heap.js"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "TypeScript"
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript title="my_heap.ts"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "C"
|
||||
|
||||
```c title="my_heap.c"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "C#"
|
||||
|
||||
```csharp title="my_heap.cs"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Swift"
|
||||
|
||||
```swift title="my_heap.swift"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 输入数据并建堆 *
|
||||
|
||||
如果我们想要直接输入一个列表并将其建堆，那么该怎么做呢？最直接地，考虑使用「元素入堆」方法，将列表元素依次入堆。元素入堆的时间复杂度为 $O(n)$ ，而平均长度为 $\frac{n}{2}$ ，因此该方法的总体时间复杂度为 $O(n \log n)$ 。
|
||||
|
||||
然而，存在一种更加优雅的建堆方法。设结点数量为 $n$ ，我们先将列表所有元素原封不动添加进堆，**然后迭代地对各个结点执行「从顶至底堆化」**。当然，**无需对叶结点执行堆化**，因为其没有子结点。
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Java"
|
||||
|
||||
```java title="my_heap.java"
|
||||
/* 构造函数，根据输入列表建堆 */
|
||||
public MaxHeap(List<Integer> nums) {
|
||||
// 将列表元素原封不动添加进堆
|
||||
maxHeap = new ArrayList<>(nums);
|
||||
// 堆化除叶结点以外的其他所有结点
|
||||
for (int i = parent(size() - 1); i >= 0; i--) {
|
||||
siftDown(i);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "C++"
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp title="my_heap.cpp"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Python"
|
||||
|
||||
```python title="my_heap.py"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Go"
|
||||
|
||||
```go title="my_heap.go"
|
||||
/* 构造函数，根据切片建堆 */
|
||||
func newMaxHeap(nums []any) *maxHeap {
|
||||
// 所有元素入堆
|
||||
h := &maxHeap{data: nums}
|
||||
for i := len(h.data) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
|
||||
// 堆化除叶结点以外的其他所有结点
|
||||
h.siftDown(i)
|
||||
}
|
||||
return h
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "JavaScript"
|
||||
|
||||
```js title="my_heap.js"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "TypeScript"
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript title="my_heap.ts"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "C"
|
||||
|
||||
```c title="my_heap.c"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "C#"
|
||||
|
||||
```csharp title="my_heap.cs"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Swift"
|
||||
|
||||
```swift title="my_heap.swift"
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
那么，第二种建堆方法的时间复杂度时多少呢？我们来做一下简单推算。
|
||||
|
||||
- 完全二叉树中，设结点总数为 $n$ ，则叶结点数量为 $(n + 1) / 2$ ，其中 $/$ 为向下整除。因此在排除叶结点后，需要堆化结点数量为 $(n - 1)/2$ ，即为 $O(n)$ ；
|
||||
- 从顶至底堆化中，每个结点最多堆化至叶结点，因此最大迭代次数为二叉树高度 $O(\log n)$ ；
|
||||
|
||||
将上述两者相乘，可得时间复杂度为 $O(n \log n)$ 。然而，该估算结果仍不够准确，因为我们没有考虑到 **二叉树底层结点远多于顶层结点** 的性质。
|
||||
|
||||
下面我们来尝试展开计算。为了减小计算难度，我们假设树是一个「完美二叉树」，该假设不会影响计算结果的正确性。设二叉树（即堆）结点数量为 $n$ ，树高度为 $h$ 。上文提到，**结点堆化最大迭代次数等于该结点到叶结点的距离，而这正是“结点高度”**。因此，我们将各层的“结点数量 $\times$ 结点高度”求和，即可得到所有结点的堆化的迭代次数总和。
|
||||
|
||||
$$
|
||||
T(h) = 2^0h + 2^1(h-1) + 2^2(h-2) + \cdots + 2^{(h-1)}\times1
|
||||
$$
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
化简上式需要借助中学的数列知识，先对 $T(h)$ 乘以 $2$ ，易得
|
||||
|
||||
$$
|
||||
\begin{aligned}
|
||||
T(h) & = 2^0h + 2^1(h-1) + 2^2(h-2) + \cdots + 2^{h-1}\times1 \newline
|
||||
2 T(h) & = 2^1h + 2^2(h-1) + 2^3(h-2) + \cdots + 2^{h}\times1 \newline
|
||||
\end{aligned}
|
||||
$$
|
||||
|
||||
**使用错位相减法**，令下式 $2 T(h)$ 减去上式 $T(h)$ ，可得
|
||||
|
||||
$$
|
||||
2T(h) - T(h) = T(h) = -2^0h + 2^1 + 2^2 + \cdots + 2^{h-1} + 2^h
|
||||
$$
|
||||
|
||||
观察上式，$T(h)$ 是一个等比数列，可直接使用求和公式，得到时间复杂度为
|
||||
|
||||
$$
|
||||
\begin{aligned}
|
||||
T(h) & = 2 \frac{1 - 2^h}{1 - 2} - h \newline
|
||||
& = 2^{h+1} - h \newline
|
||||
& = O(2^h)
|
||||
\end{aligned}
|
||||
$$
|
||||
|
||||
进一步地，高度为 $h$ 的完美二叉树的结点数量为 $n = 2^{h+1} - 1$ ，易得复杂度为 $O(2^h) = O(n)$。以上推算表明，**输入列表并建堆的时间复杂度为 $O(n)$ ，非常高效**。
|
||||
|
||||
## 堆常见应用
|
||||
|
||||
- **优先队列**。堆常作为实现优先队列的首选数据结构，入队和出队操作时间复杂度为 $O(\log n)$ ，建队操作为 $O(n)$ ，皆非常高效。
|
||||
- **堆排序**。给定一组数据，我们使用其建堆，并依次全部弹出，则可以得到有序的序列。当然，堆排序一般无需弹出元素，仅需每轮将堆顶元素交换至数组尾部并减小堆的长度即可。
|
||||
- **获取最大的 $k$ 个元素**。这既是一道经典算法题目，也是一种常见应用，例如选取热度前 10 的新闻作为微博热搜，选取前 10 销量的商品等。
|
||||
|
|
@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ comments: true
|
|||
|
||||
## 算法定义
|
||||
|
||||
「算法 Algorithm」是在有限时间内解决问题的一组指令或操作步骤。算法具有以下特性：
|
||||
「算法 Algorithm」是在有限时间内解决特定问题的一组指令或操作步骤。算法具有以下特性：
|
||||
|
||||
- 问题是明确的，需要拥有明确的输入和输出定义。
|
||||
- 解具有确定性，即给定相同输入时，输出一定相同。
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -41,4 +41,25 @@ comments: true
|
|||
|
||||
非常欢迎您和我一同来创作本书！
|
||||
|
||||
## 本地部署 hello-algo
|
||||
|
||||
### Docker
|
||||
|
||||
请确保 Docker 已经安装并启动，并根据如下命令离线部署。
|
||||
|
||||
稍等片刻，即可使用浏览器打开 `http://localhost:8000` 访问本项目。
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
git clone https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo.git
|
||||
cd hello-algo
|
||||
|
||||
docker-compose up -d
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
使用如下命令即可删除部署。
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
docker-compose down
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
（TODO：教学视频）
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -15,10 +15,9 @@ comments: true
|
|||
1. 下载并安装 [OpenJDK](https://jdk.java.net/18/)（版本需满足 > JDK 9）。
|
||||
2. 在 VSCode 的插件市场中搜索 `java` ，安装 Java Extension Pack 。
|
||||
|
||||
## C/C++ 环境
|
||||
|
||||
## C++ 环境
|
||||
|
||||
1. Windows 系统需要安装 [MinGW](https://www.mingw-w64.org/downloads/) ，MacOS 自带 Clang 无需安装。
|
||||
1. Windows 系统需要安装 [MinGW](https://sourceforge.net/projects/mingw-w64/files/) （[完整配置教程](https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/77074009)），MacOS 自带 Clang 无需安装。
|
||||
2. 在 VSCode 的插件市场中搜索 `c++` ，安装 C/C++ Extension Pack 。
|
||||
|
||||
## Python 环境
|
||||
|
|
@ -46,3 +45,8 @@ comments: true
|
|||
|
||||
1. 下载并安装 [Swift](https://www.swift.org/download/)；
|
||||
2. 在 VSCode 的插件市场中搜索 `swift`，安装 [Swift for Visual Studio Code](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=sswg.swift-lang)。
|
||||
|
||||
## Rust 环境
|
||||
|
||||
1. 下载并安装 [Rust](https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install)；
|
||||
2. 在 VSCode 的插件市场中搜索 `rust`，安装 [rust-analyzer](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=rust-lang.rust-analyzer)。
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ comments: true
|
|||
|
||||
```c title="bubble_sort.c"
|
||||
/* 冒泡排序 */
|
||||
void bubble_sort(int nums[], int size) {
|
||||
void bubbleSort(int nums[], int size) {
|
||||
// 外循环：待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
|
|
@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ comments: true
|
|||
|
||||
```c title="bubble_sort.c"
|
||||
/* 冒泡排序 */
|
||||
void bubble_sort(int nums[], int size) {
|
||||
void bubbleSortWithFlag(int nums[], int size) {
|
||||
// 外循环：待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -18,16 +18,16 @@ comments: true
|
|||
|
||||
<div class="center-table" markdown>
|
||||
|
||||
| 方法 | 描述 |
|
||||
| ------------ | ---------------- |
|
||||
| offerFirst() | 将元素添加至队首 |
|
||||
| offerLast() | 将元素添加至队尾 |
|
||||
| pollFirst() | 删除队首元素 |
|
||||
| pollLast() | 删除队尾元素 |
|
||||
| peekFirst() | 访问队首元素 |
|
||||
| peekLast() | 访问队尾元素 |
|
||||
| size() | 获取队列的长度 |
|
||||
| isEmpty() | 判断队列是否为空 |
|
||||
| 方法 | 描述 | 时间复杂度 |
|
||||
| ------------ | ---------------- | ---------- |
|
||||
| offerFirst() | 将元素添加至队首 | $O(1)$ |
|
||||
| offerLast() | 将元素添加至队尾 | $O(1)$ |
|
||||
| pollFirst() | 删除队首元素 | $O(1)$ |
|
||||
| pollLast() | 删除队尾元素 | $O(1)$ |
|
||||
| peekFirst() | 访问队首元素 | $O(1)$ |
|
||||
| peekLast() | 访问队尾元素 | $O(1)$ |
|
||||
| size() | 获取队列的长度 | $O(1)$ |
|
||||
| isEmpty() | 判断队列是否为空 | $O(1)$ |
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ comments: true
|
|||
|
||||
<div class="center-table" markdown>
|
||||
|
||||
| 方法 | 描述 |
|
||||
| --------- | ---------------------------- |
|
||||
| offer() | 元素入队，即将元素添加至队尾 |
|
||||
| poll() | 队首元素出队 |
|
||||
| front() | 访问队首元素 |
|
||||
| size() | 获取队列的长度 |
|
||||
| isEmpty() | 判断队列是否为空 |
|
||||
| 方法 | 描述 | 时间复杂度 |
|
||||
| --------- | ---------------------------- | ---------- |
|
||||
| offer() | 元素入队，即将元素添加至队尾 | $O(1)$ |
|
||||
| poll() | 队首元素出队 | $O(1)$ |
|
||||
| front() | 访问队首元素 | $O(1)$ |
|
||||
| size() | 获取队列的长度 | $O(1)$ |
|
||||
| isEmpty() | 判断队列是否为空 | $O(1)$ |
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -231,7 +231,28 @@ comments: true
|
|||
=== "Swift"
|
||||
|
||||
```swift title="queue.swift"
|
||||
/* 初始化队列 */
|
||||
// Swift 没有内置的队列类，可以把 Array 当作队列来使用
|
||||
var queue: [Int] = []
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素入队 */
|
||||
queue.append(1)
|
||||
queue.append(3)
|
||||
queue.append(2)
|
||||
queue.append(5)
|
||||
queue.append(4)
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
||||
let peek = queue.first!
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素出队 */
|
||||
let pool = queue.removeFirst()
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
||||
let size = queue.count
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
||||
let isEmpty = queue.isEmpty
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## 队列实现
|
||||
|
|
@ -627,7 +648,59 @@ comments: true
|
|||
=== "Swift"
|
||||
|
||||
```swift title="linkedlist_queue.swift"
|
||||
/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
|
||||
class LinkedListQueue {
|
||||
private var front: ListNode? // 头结点
|
||||
private var rear: ListNode? // 尾结点
|
||||
private var _size = 0
|
||||
|
||||
init() {}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
||||
func size() -> Int {
|
||||
_size
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
||||
func isEmpty() -> Bool {
|
||||
size() == 0
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 入队 */
|
||||
func offer(num: Int) {
|
||||
// 尾结点后添加 num
|
||||
let node = ListNode(x: num)
|
||||
// 如果队列为空，则令头、尾结点都指向该结点
|
||||
if front == nil {
|
||||
front = node
|
||||
rear = node
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 如果队列不为空，则将该结点添加到尾结点后
|
||||
else {
|
||||
rear?.next = node
|
||||
rear = node
|
||||
}
|
||||
_size += 1
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 出队 */
|
||||
@discardableResult
|
||||
func poll() -> Int {
|
||||
let num = peek()
|
||||
// 删除头结点
|
||||
front = front?.next
|
||||
_size -= 1
|
||||
return num
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
||||
func peek() -> Int {
|
||||
if isEmpty() {
|
||||
fatalError("队列为空")
|
||||
}
|
||||
return front!.val
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 基于数组的实现
|
||||
|
|
@ -1042,7 +1115,63 @@ comments: true
|
|||
=== "Swift"
|
||||
|
||||
```swift title="array_queue.swift"
|
||||
/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
|
||||
class ArrayQueue {
|
||||
private var nums: [Int] // 用于存储队列元素的数组
|
||||
private var front = 0 // 头指针，指向队首
|
||||
private var rear = 0 // 尾指针，指向队尾 + 1
|
||||
|
||||
init(capacity: Int) {
|
||||
// 初始化数组
|
||||
nums = Array(repeating: 0, count: capacity)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取队列的容量 */
|
||||
func capacity() -> Int {
|
||||
nums.count
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
||||
func size() -> Int {
|
||||
let capacity = capacity()
|
||||
// 由于将数组看作为环形，可能 rear < front ，因此需要取余数
|
||||
return (capacity + rear - front) % capacity
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
||||
func isEmpty() -> Bool {
|
||||
rear - front == 0
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 入队 */
|
||||
func offer(num: Int) {
|
||||
if size() == capacity() {
|
||||
print("队列已满")
|
||||
return
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 尾结点后添加 num
|
||||
nums[rear] = num
|
||||
// 尾指针向后移动一位，越过尾部后返回到数组头部
|
||||
rear = (rear + 1) % capacity()
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 出队 */
|
||||
@discardableResult
|
||||
func poll() -> Int {
|
||||
let num = peek()
|
||||
// 队头指针向后移动一位，若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
|
||||
front = (front + 1) % capacity()
|
||||
return num
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
||||
func peek() -> Int {
|
||||
if isEmpty() {
|
||||
fatalError("队列为空")
|
||||
}
|
||||
return nums[front]
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## 队列典型应用
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -22,13 +22,13 @@ comments: true
|
|||
|
||||
<div class="center-table" markdown>
|
||||
|
||||
| 方法 | 描述 |
|
||||
| --------- | ---------------------- |
|
||||
| push() | 元素入栈（添加至栈顶） |
|
||||
| pop() | 栈顶元素出栈 |
|
||||
| peek() | 访问栈顶元素 |
|
||||
| size() | 获取栈的长度 |
|
||||
| isEmpty() | 判断栈是否为空 |
|
||||
| 方法 | 描述 | 时间复杂度 |
|
||||
| --------- | ---------------------- | ---------- |
|
||||
| push() | 元素入栈（添加至栈顶） | $O(1)$ |
|
||||
| pop() | 栈顶元素出栈 | $O(1)$ |
|
||||
| peek() | 访问栈顶元素 | $O(1)$ |
|
||||
| size() | 获取栈的长度 | $O(1)$ |
|
||||
| isEmpty() | 判断栈是否为空 | $O(1)$ |
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -641,7 +641,7 @@ comments: true
|
|||
|
||||
/* 判断栈是否为空 */
|
||||
func isEmpty() -> Bool {
|
||||
_size == 0
|
||||
size() == 0
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 入栈 */
|
||||
|
|
@ -653,6 +653,7 @@ comments: true
|
|||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 出栈 */
|
||||
@discardableResult
|
||||
func pop() -> Int {
|
||||
let num = peek()
|
||||
_peek = _peek?.next
|
||||
|
|
@ -662,22 +663,11 @@ comments: true
|
|||
|
||||
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
|
||||
func peek() -> Int {
|
||||
if _size == 0 {
|
||||
if isEmpty() {
|
||||
fatalError("栈为空")
|
||||
}
|
||||
return _peek!.val
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 将 List 转化为 Array 并返回 */
|
||||
func toArray() -> [Int] {
|
||||
var node = _peek
|
||||
var res = Array(repeating: 0, count: _size)
|
||||
for i in sequence(first: res.count - 1, next: { $0 >= 0 + 1 ? $0 - 1 : nil }) {
|
||||
res[i] = node!.val
|
||||
node = node?.next
|
||||
}
|
||||
return res
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -994,8 +984,9 @@ comments: true
|
|||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 出栈 */
|
||||
@discardableResult
|
||||
func pop() -> Int {
|
||||
if stack.isEmpty {
|
||||
if isEmpty() {
|
||||
fatalError("栈为空")
|
||||
}
|
||||
return stack.removeLast()
|
||||
|
|
@ -1003,16 +994,11 @@ comments: true
|
|||
|
||||
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
|
||||
func peek() -> Int {
|
||||
if stack.isEmpty {
|
||||
if isEmpty() {
|
||||
fatalError("栈为空")
|
||||
}
|
||||
return stack.last!
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 将 List 转化为 Array 并返回 */
|
||||
func toArray() -> [Int] {
|
||||
stack
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ comments: true
|
|||
|
||||
结点的两个指针分别指向「左子结点 Left Child Node」和「右子结点 Right Child Node」，并且称该结点为两个子结点的「父结点 Parent Node」。给定二叉树某结点，将左子结点以下的树称为该结点的「左子树 Left Subtree」，右子树同理。
|
||||
|
||||
除了叶结点外，每个结点都有子结点和子树。例如，若将上图的「结点 2」看作父结点，那么其左子结点和右子结点分别为「结点 4」和「结点 5」，左子树和右子树分别为「结点 4 及其以下结点形成的树」和「结点 5 及其以下结点形成的树」。
|
||||
除了叶结点外，每个结点都有子结点和子树。例如，若将下图的「结点 2」看作父结点，那么其左子结点和右子结点分别为「结点 4」和「结点 5」，左子树和右子树分别为「结点 4 及其以下结点形成的树」和「结点 5 及其以下结点形成的树」。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ comments: true
|
|||
- 前序、中序、后序遍历是深度优先搜索，体现着“走到头、再回头继续”的回溯遍历方式，通常使用递归实现。
|
||||
- 二叉搜索树是一种高效的元素查找数据结构，查找、插入、删除操作的时间复杂度皆为 $O(\log n)$ 。二叉搜索树退化为链表后，各项时间复杂度劣化至 $O(n)$ ，因此如何避免退化是非常重要的课题。
|
||||
- AVL 树又称平衡二叉搜索树，其通过旋转操作，使得在不断插入与删除结点后，仍然可以保持二叉树的平衡（不退化）。
|
||||
- AVL 树的旋转操作分为右旋、左旋、先右旋后左旋、先左旋后右旋。在插入或删除结点后，AVL 树会从底置顶地执行旋转操作，使树恢复平衡。
|
||||
- AVL 树的旋转操作分为右旋、左旋、先右旋后左旋、先左旋后右旋。在插入或删除结点后，AVL 树会从底至顶地执行旋转操作，使树恢复平衡。
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -161,6 +161,8 @@ nav:
|
|||
- 二叉搜索树: chapter_tree/binary_search_tree.md
|
||||
- AVL 树 *: chapter_tree/avl_tree.md
|
||||
- 小结: chapter_tree/summary.md
|
||||
- 堆:
|
||||
- 堆（Heap）: chapter_heap/heap.md
|
||||
- 查找算法:
|
||||
- 线性查找: chapter_searching/linear_search.md
|
||||
- 二分查找: chapter_searching/binary_search.md
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue