2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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---
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comments: true
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---
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2023-02-24 18:45:27 +08:00
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# 11.2. 冒泡排序
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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2023-04-10 03:12:02 +08:00
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「冒泡排序 Bubble Sort」的工作原理类似于泡泡在水中的浮动。在水中,较大的泡泡会最先浮到水面。
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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2023-04-10 03:12:02 +08:00
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「冒泡操作」利用元素交换操作模拟了上述过程,具体做法为:从数组最左端开始向右遍历,依次比较相邻元素大小,如果“左元素 > 右元素”就交换它俩。遍历完成后,最大的元素会被移动到数组的最右端。
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2023-04-10 03:12:02 +08:00
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**在完成一次冒泡操作后,数组的最大元素已位于正确位置,接下来只需对剩余 $n - 1$ 个元素进行排序**。
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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2023-02-22 00:57:04 +08:00
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=== "<1>"
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2023-02-26 19:22:52 +08:00
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![冒泡操作步骤](bubble_sort.assets/bubble_operation_step1.png)
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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2023-02-22 00:57:04 +08:00
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=== "<2>"
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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![bubble_operation_step2](bubble_sort.assets/bubble_operation_step2.png)
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2023-02-22 00:57:04 +08:00
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=== "<3>"
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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![bubble_operation_step3](bubble_sort.assets/bubble_operation_step3.png)
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2023-02-22 00:57:04 +08:00
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=== "<4>"
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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![bubble_operation_step4](bubble_sort.assets/bubble_operation_step4.png)
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2023-02-22 00:57:04 +08:00
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=== "<5>"
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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![bubble_operation_step5](bubble_sort.assets/bubble_operation_step5.png)
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2023-02-22 00:57:04 +08:00
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=== "<6>"
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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![bubble_operation_step6](bubble_sort.assets/bubble_operation_step6.png)
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2023-02-22 00:57:04 +08:00
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=== "<7>"
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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![bubble_operation_step7](bubble_sort.assets/bubble_operation_step7.png)
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2023-02-24 18:45:27 +08:00
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## 11.2.1. 算法流程
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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2023-04-10 03:12:02 +08:00
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设输入数组长度为 $n$ ,整个冒泡排序的步骤为:
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2023-03-25 18:41:53 +08:00
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2023-04-10 03:12:02 +08:00
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1. 完成第一轮「冒泡」后,数组的最大元素已位于正确位置,接下来只需对剩余 $n - 1$ 个元素进行排序;
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2. 对剩余 $n - 1$ 个元素执行冒泡操作,可将第二大元素交换至正确位置,因而待排序元素只剩 $n - 2$ 个;
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3. 如此类推,经过 $n - 1$ 轮冒泡操作,整个数组便完成排序;
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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2023-02-26 18:17:57 +08:00
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![冒泡排序流程](bubble_sort.assets/bubble_sort_overview.png)
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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2023-02-26 19:53:26 +08:00
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<p align="center"> Fig. 冒泡排序流程 </p>
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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=== "Java"
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```java title="bubble_sort.java"
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/* 冒泡排序 */
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void bubbleSort(int[] nums) {
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// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
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for (int i = nums.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
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// 内循环:冒泡操作
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for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
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if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) {
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// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
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int tmp = nums[j];
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nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
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nums[j + 1] = tmp;
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}
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}
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}
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}
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="bubble_sort.cpp"
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/* 冒泡排序 */
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void bubbleSort(vector<int>& nums) {
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// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
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for (int i = nums.size() - 1; i > 0; i--) {
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// 内循环:冒泡操作
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for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
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if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) {
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// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
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// 这里使用了 std::swap() 函数
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swap(nums[j], nums[j + 1]);
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}
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}
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}
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}
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title="bubble_sort.py"
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2023-03-23 18:56:56 +08:00
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def bubble_sort(nums: list[int]) -> None:
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2023-04-09 05:12:22 +08:00
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"""冒泡排序"""
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n: int = len(nums)
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# 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
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for i in range(n - 1, 0, -1):
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# 内循环:冒泡操作
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for j in range(i):
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if nums[j] > nums[j + 1]:
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# 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
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nums[j], nums[j + 1] = nums[j + 1], nums[j]
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="bubble_sort.go"
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/* 冒泡排序 */
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func bubbleSort(nums []int) {
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// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
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for i := len(nums) - 1; i > 0; i-- {
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// 内循环:冒泡操作
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for j := 0; j < i; j++ {
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if nums[j] > nums[j+1] {
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// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
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nums[j], nums[j+1] = nums[j+1], nums[j]
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}
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}
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}
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}
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```
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=== "JavaScript"
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```javascript title="bubble_sort.js"
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/* 冒泡排序 */
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function bubbleSort(nums) {
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// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
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for (let i = nums.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
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// 内循环:冒泡操作
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for (let j = 0; j < i; j++) {
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if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) {
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// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
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let tmp = nums[j];
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nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
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nums[j + 1] = tmp;
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}
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}
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}
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}
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```
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=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title="bubble_sort.ts"
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/* 冒泡排序 */
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function bubbleSort(nums: number[]): void {
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// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
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for (let i = nums.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
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// 内循环:冒泡操作
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for (let j = 0; j < i; j++) {
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if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) {
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// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
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let tmp = nums[j];
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nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
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nums[j + 1] = tmp;
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}
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}
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}
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}
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="bubble_sort.c"
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2023-02-11 18:21:44 +08:00
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[class]{}-[func]{bubbleSort}
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="bubble_sort.cs"
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/* 冒泡排序 */
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void bubbleSort(int[] nums)
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{
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// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
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for (int i = nums.Length - 1; i > 0; i--)
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{
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// 内循环:冒泡操作
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for (int j = 0; j < i; j++)
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{
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if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1])
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{
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// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
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int tmp = nums[j];
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nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
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nums[j + 1] = tmp;
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}
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}
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}
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}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="bubble_sort.swift"
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/* 冒泡排序 */
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func bubbleSort(nums: inout [Int]) {
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// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
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for i in stride(from: nums.count - 1, to: 0, by: -1) {
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// 内循环:冒泡操作
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for j in stride(from: 0, to: i, by: 1) {
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if nums[j] > nums[j + 1] {
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// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
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let tmp = nums[j]
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nums[j] = nums[j + 1]
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nums[j + 1] = tmp
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}
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}
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}
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}
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```
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title="bubble_sort.zig"
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2023-02-09 22:55:29 +08:00
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// 冒泡排序
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fn bubbleSort(nums: []i32) void {
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// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
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var i: usize = nums.len - 1;
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while (i > 0) : (i -= 1) {
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var j: usize = 0;
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// 内循环:冒泡操作
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while (j < i) : (j += 1) {
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if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) {
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// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
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var tmp = nums[j];
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nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
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nums[j + 1] = tmp;
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}
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}
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}
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}
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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```
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2023-02-24 18:45:27 +08:00
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## 11.2.2. 算法特性
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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2023-04-10 03:12:02 +08:00
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**时间复杂度 $O(n^2)$** :各轮冒泡遍历的数组长度依次为 $n - 1$ , $n - 2$ , $\cdots$ , $2$ , $1$ ,总和为 $\frac{(n - 1) n}{2}$ ,因此使用 $O(n^2)$ 时间。在引入下文的 `flag` 优化后,最佳时间复杂度可达到 $O(n)$ ,所以它是“自适应排序”。
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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2023-03-25 18:41:53 +08:00
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**空间复杂度 $O(1)$** :指针 $i$ , $j$ 使用常数大小的额外空间,因此是“原地排序”。
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2023-04-10 03:12:02 +08:00
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由于冒泡操作中遇到相等元素不交换,因此冒泡排序是“稳定排序”。
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2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
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2023-02-24 18:45:27 +08:00
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## 11.2.3. 效率优化
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2023-04-10 03:12:02 +08:00
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我们发现,如果某轮冒泡操作中没有执行任何交换操作,说明数组已经完成排序,可直接返回结果。因此,可以增加一个标志位 `flag` 来监测这种情况,一旦出现就立即返回。
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2023-04-10 03:12:02 +08:00
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经过优化,冒泡排序的最差和平均时间复杂度仍为 $O(n^2)$ ;但当输入数组完全有序时,可达到最佳时间复杂度 $O(n)$ 。
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=== "Java"
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```java title="bubble_sort.java"
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/* 冒泡排序(标志优化)*/
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void bubbleSortWithFlag(int[] nums) {
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// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
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for (int i = nums.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
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boolean flag = false; // 初始化标志位
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// 内循环:冒泡操作
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for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
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if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) {
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// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
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|
|
|
|
int tmp = nums[j];
|
|
|
|
|
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
nums[j + 1] = tmp;
|
|
|
|
|
flag = true; // 记录交换元素
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
if (!flag) break; // 此轮冒泡未交换任何元素,直接跳出
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="bubble_sort.cpp"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 冒泡排序(标志优化)*/
|
|
|
|
|
void bubbleSortWithFlag(vector<int>& nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = nums.size() - 1; i > 0; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
bool flag = false; // 初始化标志位
|
|
|
|
|
// 内循环:冒泡操作
|
|
|
|
|
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
|
|
|
|
|
// 这里使用了 std::swap() 函数
|
|
|
|
|
swap(nums[j], nums[j + 1]);
|
|
|
|
|
flag = true; // 记录交换元素
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
if (!flag) break; // 此轮冒泡未交换任何元素,直接跳出
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="bubble_sort.py"
|
2023-03-23 18:56:56 +08:00
|
|
|
|
def bubble_sort_with_flag(nums: list[int]) -> None:
|
2023-04-09 05:12:22 +08:00
|
|
|
|
"""冒泡排序(标志优化)"""
|
2023-03-12 18:46:03 +08:00
|
|
|
|
n: int = len(nums)
|
2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
# 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
|
|
|
|
|
for i in range(n - 1, 0, -1):
|
2023-03-12 18:46:03 +08:00
|
|
|
|
flag: bool = False # 初始化标志位
|
2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
# 内循环:冒泡操作
|
|
|
|
|
for j in range(i):
|
|
|
|
|
if nums[j] > nums[j + 1]:
|
|
|
|
|
# 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
|
|
|
|
|
nums[j], nums[j + 1] = nums[j + 1], nums[j]
|
|
|
|
|
flag = True # 记录交换元素
|
|
|
|
|
if not flag:
|
2023-04-09 05:12:22 +08:00
|
|
|
|
break # 此轮冒泡未交换任何元素,直接跳出
|
2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="bubble_sort.go"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 冒泡排序(标志优化)*/
|
|
|
|
|
func bubbleSortWithFlag(nums []int) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
|
|
|
|
|
for i := len(nums) - 1; i > 0; i-- {
|
|
|
|
|
flag := false // 初始化标志位
|
|
|
|
|
// 内循环:冒泡操作
|
|
|
|
|
for j := 0; j < i; j++ {
|
|
|
|
|
if nums[j] > nums[j+1] {
|
|
|
|
|
// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
|
|
|
|
|
nums[j], nums[j+1] = nums[j+1], nums[j]
|
|
|
|
|
flag = true // 记录交换元素
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
if flag == false { // 此轮冒泡未交换任何元素,直接跳出
|
|
|
|
|
break
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JavaScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="bubble_sort.js"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 冒泡排序(标志优化)*/
|
|
|
|
|
function bubbleSortWithFlag(nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = nums.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
let flag = false; // 初始化标志位
|
|
|
|
|
// 内循环:冒泡操作
|
|
|
|
|
for (let j = 0; j < i; j++) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
|
|
|
|
|
let tmp = nums[j];
|
|
|
|
|
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
nums[j + 1] = tmp;
|
|
|
|
|
flag = true; // 记录交换元素
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
if (!flag) break; // 此轮冒泡未交换任何元素,直接跳出
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TypeScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="bubble_sort.ts"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 冒泡排序(标志优化)*/
|
|
|
|
|
function bubbleSortWithFlag(nums: number[]): void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = nums.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
let flag = false; // 初始化标志位
|
|
|
|
|
// 内循环:冒泡操作
|
|
|
|
|
for (let j = 0; j < i; j++) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
|
|
|
|
|
let tmp = nums[j];
|
|
|
|
|
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
nums[j + 1] = tmp;
|
2023-02-08 16:47:52 +08:00
|
|
|
|
flag = true; // 记录交换元素
|
2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-02-08 16:47:52 +08:00
|
|
|
|
if (!flag) break; // 此轮冒泡未交换任何元素,直接跳出
|
2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="bubble_sort.c"
|
2023-02-11 18:21:44 +08:00
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{bubbleSortWithFlag}
|
2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="bubble_sort.cs"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 冒泡排序(标志优化)*/
|
|
|
|
|
void bubbleSortWithFlag(int[] nums)
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = nums.Length - 1; i > 0; i--)
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
bool flag = false; // 初始化标志位
|
|
|
|
|
// 内循环:冒泡操作
|
|
|
|
|
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++)
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1])
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
|
|
|
|
|
int tmp = nums[j];
|
|
|
|
|
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
nums[j + 1] = tmp;
|
|
|
|
|
flag = true; // 记录交换元素
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
if (!flag) break; // 此轮冒泡未交换任何元素,直接跳出
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="bubble_sort.swift"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 冒泡排序(标志优化)*/
|
|
|
|
|
func bubbleSortWithFlag(nums: inout [Int]) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
|
|
|
|
|
for i in stride(from: nums.count - 1, to: 0, by: -1) {
|
|
|
|
|
var flag = false // 初始化标志位
|
|
|
|
|
for j in stride(from: 0, to: i, by: 1) {
|
|
|
|
|
if nums[j] > nums[j + 1] {
|
|
|
|
|
// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
|
|
|
|
|
let tmp = nums[j]
|
|
|
|
|
nums[j] = nums[j + 1]
|
|
|
|
|
nums[j + 1] = tmp
|
|
|
|
|
flag = true // 记录交换元素
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
if !flag { // 此轮冒泡未交换任何元素,直接跳出
|
|
|
|
|
break
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="bubble_sort.zig"
|
2023-02-09 22:55:29 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 冒泡排序(标志优化)
|
|
|
|
|
fn bubbleSortWithFlag(nums: []i32) void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
|
|
|
|
|
var i: usize = nums.len - 1;
|
|
|
|
|
while (i > 0) : (i -= 1) {
|
|
|
|
|
var flag = false; // 初始化标志位
|
|
|
|
|
var j: usize = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
// 内循环:冒泡操作
|
|
|
|
|
while (j < i) : (j += 1) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
|
|
|
|
|
var tmp = nums[j];
|
|
|
|
|
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
nums[j + 1] = tmp;
|
|
|
|
|
flag = true;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
if (!flag) break; // 此轮冒泡未交换任何元素,直接跳出
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-02-08 15:20:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|