2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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comments: true
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---
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# 4.1 数组
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「数组 array」是一种线性数据结构,其将相同类型元素存储在连续的内存空间中。我们将元素在数组中的位置称为该元素的「索引 index」。图 4-1 展示了数组的主要术语和概念。
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2023-11-09 05:13:48 +08:00
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![数组定义与存储方式](array.assets/array_definition.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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<p align="center"> 图 4-1 数组定义与存储方式 </p>
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## 4.1.1 数组常用操作
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### 1. 初始化数组
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我们可以根据需求选用数组的两种初始化方式:无初始值、给定初始值。在未指定初始值的情况下,大多数编程语言会将数组元素初始化为 $0$ 。
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=== "Python"
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```python title="array.py"
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# 初始化数组
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arr: list[int] = [0] * 5 # [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
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nums: list[int] = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4]
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="array.cpp"
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/* 初始化数组 */
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// 存储在栈上
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int arr[5];
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2023-10-26 22:28:34 +08:00
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int nums[5] = { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
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// 存储在堆上(需要手动释放空间)
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int* arr1 = new int[5];
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int* nums1 = new int[5] { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
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```
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=== "Java"
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```java title="array.java"
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/* 初始化数组 */
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int[] arr = new int[5]; // { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }
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int[] nums = { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="array.cs"
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/* 初始化数组 */
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int[] arr = new int[5]; // { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }
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int[] nums = { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="array.go"
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/* 初始化数组 */
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var arr [5]int
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// 在 Go 中,指定长度时([5]int)为数组,不指定长度时([]int)为切片
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// 由于 Go 的数组被设计为在编译期确定长度,因此只能使用常量来指定长度
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// 为了方便实现扩容 extend() 方法,以下将切片(Slice)看作数组(Array)
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nums := []int{1, 3, 2, 5, 4}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="array.swift"
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/* 初始化数组 */
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let arr = Array(repeating: 0, count: 5) // [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
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let nums = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4]
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```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title="array.js"
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/* 初始化数组 */
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var arr = new Array(5).fill(0);
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var nums = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
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```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title="array.ts"
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/* 初始化数组 */
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let arr: number[] = new Array(5).fill(0);
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let nums: number[] = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
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```
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=== "Dart"
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```dart title="array.dart"
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/* 初始化数组 */
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List<int> arr = List.filled(5, 0); // [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
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List<int> nums = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
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```
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=== "Rust"
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```rust title="array.rs"
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/* 初始化数组 */
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let arr: Vec<i32> = vec![0; 5]; // [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
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let nums: Vec<i32> = vec![1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="array.c"
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/* 初始化数组 */
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int arr[5] = { 0 }; // { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }
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int nums[5] = { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
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```
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title="array.zig"
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// 初始化数组
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var arr = [_]i32{0} ** 5; // { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }
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var nums = [_]i32{ 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
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```
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### 2. 访问元素
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数组元素被存储在连续的内存空间中,这意味着计算数组元素的内存地址非常容易。给定数组内存地址(即首元素内存地址)和某个元素的索引,我们可以使用图 4-2 所示的公式计算得到该元素的内存地址,从而直接访问此元素。
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2023-11-09 05:13:48 +08:00
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![数组元素的内存地址计算](array.assets/array_memory_location_calculation.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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<p align="center"> 图 4-2 数组元素的内存地址计算 </p>
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观察图 4-2 ,我们发现数组首个元素的索引为 $0$ ,这似乎有些反直觉,因为从 $1$ 开始计数会更自然。但从地址计算公式的角度看,**索引的含义本质上是内存地址的偏移量**。首个元素的地址偏移量是 $0$ ,因此它的索引为 $0$ 也是合理的。
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在数组中访问元素是非常高效的,我们可以在 $O(1)$ 时间内随机访问数组中的任意一个元素。
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=== "Python"
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```python title="array.py"
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2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
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def random_access(nums: list[int]) -> int:
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"""随机访问元素"""
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# 在区间 [0, len(nums)-1] 中随机抽取一个数字
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random_index = random.randint(0, len(nums) - 1)
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# 获取并返回随机元素
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random_num = nums[random_index]
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return random_num
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="array.cpp"
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/* 随机访问元素 */
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int randomAccess(int *nums, int size) {
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// 在区间 [0, size) 中随机抽取一个数字
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int randomIndex = rand() % size;
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// 获取并返回随机元素
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int randomNum = nums[randomIndex];
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return randomNum;
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}
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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```
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=== "Java"
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```java title="array.java"
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/* 随机访问元素 */
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int randomAccess(int[] nums) {
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// 在区间 [0, nums.length) 中随机抽取一个数字
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int randomIndex = ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(0, nums.length);
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// 获取并返回随机元素
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int randomNum = nums[randomIndex];
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return randomNum;
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}
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="array.cs"
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/* 随机访问元素 */
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int RandomAccess(int[] nums) {
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Random random = new();
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// 在区间 [0, nums.Length) 中随机抽取一个数字
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int randomIndex = random.Next(nums.Length);
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// 获取并返回随机元素
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int randomNum = nums[randomIndex];
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return randomNum;
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}
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="array.go"
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/* 随机访问元素 */
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func randomAccess(nums []int) (randomNum int) {
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// 在区间 [0, nums.length) 中随机抽取一个数字
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randomIndex := rand.Intn(len(nums))
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// 获取并返回随机元素
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randomNum = nums[randomIndex]
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return
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}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="array.swift"
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/* 随机访问元素 */
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func randomAccess(nums: [Int]) -> Int {
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// 在区间 [0, nums.count) 中随机抽取一个数字
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let randomIndex = nums.indices.randomElement()!
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// 获取并返回随机元素
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let randomNum = nums[randomIndex]
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return randomNum
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}
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```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title="array.js"
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/* 随机访问元素 */
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function randomAccess(nums) {
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// 在区间 [0, nums.length) 中随机抽取一个数字
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const random_index = Math.floor(Math.random() * nums.length);
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// 获取并返回随机元素
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const random_num = nums[random_index];
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return random_num;
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}
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title="array.ts"
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/* 随机访问元素 */
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function randomAccess(nums: number[]): number {
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// 在区间 [0, nums.length) 中随机抽取一个数字
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const random_index = Math.floor(Math.random() * nums.length);
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// 获取并返回随机元素
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const random_num = nums[random_index];
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return random_num;
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}
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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```
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=== "Dart"
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```dart title="array.dart"
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/* 随机访问元素 */
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int randomAccess(List<int> nums) {
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// 在区间 [0, nums.length) 中随机抽取一个数字
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int randomIndex = Random().nextInt(nums.length);
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// 获取并返回随机元素
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int randomNum = nums[randomIndex];
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return randomNum;
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}
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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```
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=== "Rust"
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```rust title="array.rs"
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/* 随机访问元素 */
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fn random_access(nums: &[i32]) -> i32 {
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// 在区间 [0, nums.len()) 中随机抽取一个数字
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let random_index = rand::thread_rng().gen_range(0..nums.len());
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// 获取并返回随机元素
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let random_num = nums[random_index];
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random_num
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}
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="array.c"
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/* 随机访问元素 */
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int randomAccess(int *nums, int size) {
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// 在区间 [0, size) 中随机抽取一个数字
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int randomIndex = rand() % size;
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// 获取并返回随机元素
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int randomNum = nums[randomIndex];
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return randomNum;
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}
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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```
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title="array.zig"
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2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
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// 随机访问元素
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fn randomAccess(nums: []i32) i32 {
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// 在区间 [0, nums.len) 中随机抽取一个整数
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var randomIndex = std.crypto.random.intRangeLessThan(usize, 0, nums.len);
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// 获取并返回随机元素
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var randomNum = nums[randomIndex];
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return randomNum;
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}
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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```
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 3. 插入元素
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
数组元素在内存中是“紧挨着的”,它们之间没有空间再存放任何数据。如图 4-3 所示,如果想要在数组中间插入一个元素,则需要将该元素之后的所有元素都向后移动一位,之后再把元素赋值给该索引。
|
|
|
|
|
|
2023-11-09 05:13:48 +08:00
|
|
|
|
![数组插入元素示例](array.assets/array_insert_element.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p align="center"> 图 4-3 数组插入元素示例 </p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
值得注意的是,由于数组的长度是固定的,因此插入一个元素必定会导致数组尾部元素的“丢失”。我们将这个问题的解决方案留在列表章节中讨论。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="array.py"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
def insert(nums: list[int], num: int, index: int):
|
|
|
|
|
"""在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num"""
|
|
|
|
|
# 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for i in range(len(nums) - 1, index, -1):
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1]
|
|
|
|
|
# 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="array.cpp"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num */
|
|
|
|
|
void insert(int *nums, int size, int num, int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = size - 1; i > index; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="array.java"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num */
|
|
|
|
|
void insert(int[] nums, int num, int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = nums.length - 1; i > index; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="array.cs"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num */
|
2023-10-08 01:43:28 +08:00
|
|
|
|
void Insert(int[] nums, int num, int index) {
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = nums.Length - 1; i > index; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="array.go"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num */
|
|
|
|
|
func insert(nums []int, num int, index int) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for i := len(nums) - 1; i > index; i-- {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i-1]
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="array.swift"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num */
|
|
|
|
|
func insert(nums: inout [Int], num: Int, index: Int) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for i in sequence(first: nums.count - 1, next: { $0 > index + 1 ? $0 - 1 : nil }) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1]
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="array.js"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num */
|
|
|
|
|
function insert(nums, num, index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = nums.length - 1; i > index; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="array.ts"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num */
|
|
|
|
|
function insert(nums: number[], num: number, index: number): void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = nums.length - 1; i > index; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="array.dart"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num */
|
2023-11-14 21:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
void insert(List<int> nums, int num, int index) {
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (var i = nums.length - 1; i > index; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="array.rs"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num */
|
|
|
|
|
fn insert(nums: &mut Vec<i32>, num: i32, index: usize) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for i in (index + 1..nums.len()).rev() {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="array.c"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num */
|
|
|
|
|
void insert(int *nums, int size, int num, int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = size - 1; i > index; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="array.zig"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num
|
|
|
|
|
fn insert(nums: []i32, num: i32, index: usize) void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
var i = nums.len - 1;
|
|
|
|
|
while (i > index) : (i -= 1) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 4. 删除元素
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
同理,如图 4-4 所示,若想要删除索引 $i$ 处的元素,则需要把索引 $i$ 之后的元素都向前移动一位。
|
|
|
|
|
|
2023-11-09 05:13:48 +08:00
|
|
|
|
![数组删除元素示例](array.assets/array_remove_element.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p align="center"> 图 4-4 数组删除元素示例 </p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
请注意,删除元素完成后,原先末尾的元素变得“无意义”了,所以我们无须特意去修改它。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="array.py"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
def remove(nums: list[int], index: int):
|
|
|
|
|
"""删除索引 index 处元素"""
|
|
|
|
|
# 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for i in range(index, len(nums) - 1):
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1]
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="array.cpp"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 删除索引 index 处元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
void remove(int *nums, int size, int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = index; i < size - 1; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="array.java"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 删除索引 index 处元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
void remove(int[] nums, int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = index; i < nums.length - 1; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="array.cs"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 删除索引 index 处元素 */
|
2023-10-08 01:43:28 +08:00
|
|
|
|
void Remove(int[] nums, int index) {
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = index; i < nums.Length - 1; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="array.go"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 删除索引 index 处元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
func remove(nums []int, index int) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for i := index; i < len(nums)-1; i++ {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i+1]
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="array.swift"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 删除索引 index 处元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
func remove(nums: inout [Int], index: Int) {
|
|
|
|
|
let count = nums.count
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for i in sequence(first: index, next: { $0 < count - 1 - 1 ? $0 + 1 : nil }) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1]
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="array.js"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 删除索引 index 处元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
function remove(nums, index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = index; i < nums.length - 1; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="array.ts"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 删除索引 index 处元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
function remove(nums: number[], index: number): void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = index; i < nums.length - 1; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="array.dart"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 删除索引 index 处元素 */
|
2023-11-14 21:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
void remove(List<int> nums, int index) {
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (var i = index; i < nums.length - 1; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="array.rs"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 删除索引 index 处元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
fn remove(nums: &mut Vec<i32>, index: usize) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for i in index..nums.len() - 1 {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="array.c"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 删除索引 index 处元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
// 注意:stdio.h 占用了 remove 关键词
|
|
|
|
|
void removeItem(int *nums, int size, int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = index; i < size - 1; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="array.zig"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 删除索引 index 处元素
|
|
|
|
|
fn remove(nums: []i32, index: usize) void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
var i = index;
|
|
|
|
|
while (i < nums.len - 1) : (i += 1) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
总的来看,数组的插入与删除操作有以下缺点。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- **时间复杂度高**:数组的插入和删除的平均时间复杂度均为 $O(n)$ ,其中 $n$ 为数组长度。
|
|
|
|
|
- **丢失元素**:由于数组的长度不可变,因此在插入元素后,超出数组长度范围的元素会丢失。
|
|
|
|
|
- **内存浪费**:我们可以初始化一个比较长的数组,只用前面一部分,这样在插入数据时,丢失的末尾元素都是“无意义”的,但这样做也会造成部分内存空间的浪费。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 5. 遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
在大多数编程语言中,我们既可以通过索引遍历数组,也可以直接遍历获取数组中的每个元素。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="array.py"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
def traverse(nums: list[int]):
|
|
|
|
|
"""遍历数组"""
|
|
|
|
|
count = 0
|
|
|
|
|
# 通过索引遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
for i in range(len(nums)):
|
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
count += nums[i]
|
|
|
|
|
# 直接遍历数组元素
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
for num in nums:
|
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
count += num
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
# 同时遍历数据索引和元素
|
|
|
|
|
for i, num in enumerate(nums):
|
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
count += nums[i]
|
|
|
|
|
count += num
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="array.cpp"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 遍历数组 */
|
|
|
|
|
void traverse(int *nums, int size) {
|
|
|
|
|
int count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
// 通过索引遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
|
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
count += nums[i];
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="array.java"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 遍历数组 */
|
|
|
|
|
void traverse(int[] nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
int count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
// 通过索引遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
count += nums[i];
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 直接遍历数组元素
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
for (int num : nums) {
|
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
count += num;
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="array.cs"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 遍历数组 */
|
2023-10-08 01:43:28 +08:00
|
|
|
|
void Traverse(int[] nums) {
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
int count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
// 通过索引遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < nums.Length; i++) {
|
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
count += nums[i];
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 直接遍历数组元素
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
foreach (int num in nums) {
|
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
count += num;
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="array.go"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 遍历数组 */
|
|
|
|
|
func traverse(nums []int) {
|
|
|
|
|
count := 0
|
|
|
|
|
// 通过索引遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
for i := 0; i < len(nums); i++ {
|
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
count += nums[i]
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
count = 0
|
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 直接遍历数组元素
|
|
|
|
|
for _, num := range nums {
|
|
|
|
|
count += num
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 同时遍历数据索引和元素
|
|
|
|
|
for i, num := range nums {
|
|
|
|
|
count += nums[i]
|
|
|
|
|
count += num
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="array.swift"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 遍历数组 */
|
|
|
|
|
func traverse(nums: [Int]) {
|
|
|
|
|
var count = 0
|
|
|
|
|
// 通过索引遍历数组
|
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
for i in nums.indices {
|
|
|
|
|
count += nums[i]
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 直接遍历数组元素
|
|
|
|
|
for num in nums {
|
|
|
|
|
count += num
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="array.js"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 遍历数组 */
|
|
|
|
|
function traverse(nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
let count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
// 通过索引遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
count += nums[i];
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 直接遍历数组元素
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
for (const num of nums) {
|
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
count += num;
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="array.ts"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 遍历数组 */
|
|
|
|
|
function traverse(nums: number[]): void {
|
|
|
|
|
let count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
// 通过索引遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
count += nums[i];
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 直接遍历数组元素
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
for (const num of nums) {
|
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
count += num;
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="array.dart"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 遍历数组元素 */
|
2023-11-14 21:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
void traverse(List<int> nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
int count = 0;
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 通过索引遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (var i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
count += nums[i];
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 直接遍历数组元素
|
2023-11-14 21:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
for (int num in nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
count += num;
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 通过 forEach 方法遍历数组
|
2023-11-14 21:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
nums.forEach((num) {
|
|
|
|
|
count += num;
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
});
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="array.rs"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 遍历数组 */
|
|
|
|
|
fn traverse(nums: &[i32]) {
|
|
|
|
|
let mut _count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
// 通过索引遍历数组
|
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
for i in 0..nums.len() {
|
|
|
|
|
_count += nums[i];
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 直接遍历数组元素
|
|
|
|
|
for num in nums {
|
|
|
|
|
_count += num;
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="array.c"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 遍历数组 */
|
|
|
|
|
void traverse(int *nums, int size) {
|
|
|
|
|
int count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
// 通过索引遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
|
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
count += nums[i];
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="array.zig"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
fn traverse(nums: []i32) void {
|
|
|
|
|
var count: i32 = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
// 通过索引遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
var i: i32 = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
while (i < nums.len) : (i += 1) {
|
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
count += nums[i];
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
count = 0;
|
2023-11-11 23:03:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 直接遍历数组元素
|
|
|
|
|
for (nums) |num| {
|
|
|
|
|
count += num;
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 6. 查找元素
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
在数组中查找指定元素需要遍历数组,每轮判断元素值是否匹配,若匹配则输出对应索引。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
因为数组是线性数据结构,所以上述查找操作被称为“线性查找”。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="array.py"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
def find(nums: list[int], target: int) -> int:
|
|
|
|
|
"""在数组中查找指定元素"""
|
|
|
|
|
for i in range(len(nums)):
|
|
|
|
|
if nums[i] == target:
|
|
|
|
|
return i
|
|
|
|
|
return -1
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="array.cpp"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组中查找指定元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
int find(int *nums, int size, int target) {
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (nums[i] == target)
|
|
|
|
|
return i;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return -1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="array.java"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组中查找指定元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
int find(int[] nums, int target) {
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (nums[i] == target)
|
|
|
|
|
return i;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return -1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="array.cs"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组中查找指定元素 */
|
2023-10-08 01:43:28 +08:00
|
|
|
|
int Find(int[] nums, int target) {
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < nums.Length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (nums[i] == target)
|
|
|
|
|
return i;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return -1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="array.go"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组中查找指定元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
func find(nums []int, target int) (index int) {
|
|
|
|
|
index = -1
|
|
|
|
|
for i := 0; i < len(nums); i++ {
|
|
|
|
|
if nums[i] == target {
|
|
|
|
|
index = i
|
|
|
|
|
break
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="array.swift"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组中查找指定元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
func find(nums: [Int], target: Int) -> Int {
|
|
|
|
|
for i in nums.indices {
|
|
|
|
|
if nums[i] == target {
|
|
|
|
|
return i
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return -1
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="array.js"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组中查找指定元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
function find(nums, target) {
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (nums[i] === target) return i;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return -1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="array.ts"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组中查找指定元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
function find(nums: number[], target: number): number {
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (nums[i] === target) {
|
|
|
|
|
return i;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return -1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="array.dart"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组中查找指定元素 */
|
2023-11-14 21:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
int find(List<int> nums, int target) {
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
for (var i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (nums[i] == target) return i;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return -1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="array.rs"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组中查找指定元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
fn find(nums: &[i32], target: i32) -> Option<usize> {
|
|
|
|
|
for i in 0..nums.len() {
|
|
|
|
|
if nums[i] == target {
|
|
|
|
|
return Some(i);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
None
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="array.c"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组中查找指定元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
int find(int *nums, int size, int target) {
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (nums[i] == target)
|
|
|
|
|
return i;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return -1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="array.zig"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 在数组中查找指定元素
|
|
|
|
|
fn find(nums: []i32, target: i32) i32 {
|
|
|
|
|
for (nums, 0..) |num, i| {
|
|
|
|
|
if (num == target) return @intCast(i);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return -1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 7. 扩容数组
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
在复杂的系统环境中,程序难以保证数组之后的内存空间是可用的,从而无法安全地扩展数组容量。因此在大多数编程语言中,**数组的长度是不可变的**。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
如果我们希望扩容数组,则需重新建立一个更大的数组,然后把原数组元素依次拷贝到新数组。这是一个 $O(n)$ 的操作,在数组很大的情况下是非常耗时的。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="array.py"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
def extend(nums: list[int], enlarge: int) -> list[int]:
|
|
|
|
|
"""扩展数组长度"""
|
|
|
|
|
# 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
|
|
|
|
|
res = [0] * (len(nums) + enlarge)
|
|
|
|
|
# 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
for i in range(len(nums)):
|
|
|
|
|
res[i] = nums[i]
|
|
|
|
|
# 返回扩展后的新数组
|
|
|
|
|
return res
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="array.cpp"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 扩展数组长度 */
|
|
|
|
|
int *extend(int *nums, int size, int enlarge) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
|
|
|
|
|
int *res = new int[size + enlarge];
|
|
|
|
|
// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
res[i] = nums[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 释放内存
|
|
|
|
|
delete[] nums;
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回扩展后的新数组
|
|
|
|
|
return res;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="array.java"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 扩展数组长度 */
|
|
|
|
|
int[] extend(int[] nums, int enlarge) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
|
|
|
|
|
int[] res = new int[nums.length + enlarge];
|
|
|
|
|
// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
res[i] = nums[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回扩展后的新数组
|
|
|
|
|
return res;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="array.cs"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 扩展数组长度 */
|
2023-10-08 01:43:28 +08:00
|
|
|
|
int[] Extend(int[] nums, int enlarge) {
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
|
|
|
|
|
int[] res = new int[nums.Length + enlarge];
|
|
|
|
|
// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < nums.Length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
res[i] = nums[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回扩展后的新数组
|
|
|
|
|
return res;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="array.go"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 扩展数组长度 */
|
|
|
|
|
func extend(nums []int, enlarge int) []int {
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
|
|
|
|
|
res := make([]int, len(nums)+enlarge)
|
|
|
|
|
// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
for i, num := range nums {
|
|
|
|
|
res[i] = num
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回扩展后的新数组
|
|
|
|
|
return res
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="array.swift"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 扩展数组长度 */
|
|
|
|
|
func extend(nums: [Int], enlarge: Int) -> [Int] {
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
|
|
|
|
|
var res = Array(repeating: 0, count: nums.count + enlarge)
|
|
|
|
|
// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
for i in nums.indices {
|
|
|
|
|
res[i] = nums[i]
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回扩展后的新数组
|
|
|
|
|
return res
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="array.js"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 扩展数组长度 */
|
|
|
|
|
// 请注意,JavaScript 的 Array 是动态数组,可以直接扩展
|
|
|
|
|
// 为了方便学习,本函数将 Array 看作是长度不可变的数组
|
|
|
|
|
function extend(nums, enlarge) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
|
|
|
|
|
const res = new Array(nums.length + enlarge).fill(0);
|
|
|
|
|
// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
res[i] = nums[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回扩展后的新数组
|
|
|
|
|
return res;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="array.ts"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 扩展数组长度 */
|
|
|
|
|
// 请注意,TypeScript 的 Array 是动态数组,可以直接扩展
|
|
|
|
|
// 为了方便学习,本函数将 Array 看作是长度不可变的数组
|
|
|
|
|
function extend(nums: number[], enlarge: number): number[] {
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
|
|
|
|
|
const res = new Array(nums.length + enlarge).fill(0);
|
|
|
|
|
// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
res[i] = nums[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回扩展后的新数组
|
|
|
|
|
return res;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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|
```
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
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|
|
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|
```dart title="array.dart"
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2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
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|
|
|
/* 扩展数组长度 */
|
2023-11-14 21:31:21 +08:00
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List<int> extend(List<int> nums, int enlarge) {
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2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
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|
|
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// 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
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|
|
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List<int> res = List.filled(nums.length + enlarge, 0);
|
|
|
|
|
// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (var i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
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|
|
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|
res[i] = nums[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回扩展后的新数组
|
|
|
|
|
return res;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="array.rs"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 扩展数组长度 */
|
|
|
|
|
fn extend(nums: Vec<i32>, enlarge: usize) -> Vec<i32> {
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
|
|
|
|
|
let mut res: Vec<i32> = vec![0; nums.len() + enlarge];
|
|
|
|
|
// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新
|
|
|
|
|
for i in 0..nums.len() {
|
|
|
|
|
res[i] = nums[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回扩展后的新数组
|
|
|
|
|
res
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="array.c"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 扩展数组长度 */
|
|
|
|
|
int *extend(int *nums, int size, int enlarge) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
|
|
|
|
|
int *res = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * (size + enlarge));
|
|
|
|
|
// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
res[i] = nums[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化扩展后的空间
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = size; i < size + enlarge; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
res[i] = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回扩展后的新数组
|
|
|
|
|
return res;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="array.zig"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 扩展数组长度
|
|
|
|
|
fn extend(mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator, nums: []i32, enlarge: usize) ![]i32 {
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
|
|
|
|
|
var res = try mem_allocator.alloc(i32, nums.len + enlarge);
|
|
|
|
|
@memset(res, 0);
|
|
|
|
|
// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
std.mem.copy(i32, res, nums);
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回扩展后的新数组
|
|
|
|
|
return res;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 4.1.2 数组优点与局限性
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
数组存储在连续的内存空间内,且元素类型相同。这种做法包含丰富的先验信息,系统可以利用这些信息来优化数据结构的操作效率。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- **空间效率高**: 数组为数据分配了连续的内存块,无须额外的结构开销。
|
|
|
|
|
- **支持随机访问**: 数组允许在 $O(1)$ 时间内访问任何元素。
|
|
|
|
|
- **缓存局部性**: 当访问数组元素时,计算机不仅会加载它,还会缓存其周围的其他数据,从而借助高速缓存来提升后续操作的执行速度。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
连续空间存储是一把双刃剑,其存在以下缺点。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- **插入与删除效率低**:当数组中元素较多时,插入与删除操作需要移动大量的元素。
|
|
|
|
|
- **长度不可变**: 数组在初始化后长度就固定了,扩容数组需要将所有数据复制到新数组,开销很大。
|
|
|
|
|
- **空间浪费**: 如果数组分配的大小超过了实际所需,那么多余的空间就被浪费了。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 4.1.3 数组典型应用
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
数组是一种基础且常见的数据结构,既频繁应用在各类算法之中,也可用于实现各种复杂数据结构。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- **随机访问**:如果我们想要随机抽取一些样本,那么可以用数组存储,并生成一个随机序列,根据索引实现样本的随机抽取。
|
|
|
|
|
- **排序和搜索**:数组是排序和搜索算法最常用的数据结构。快速排序、归并排序、二分查找等都主要在数组上进行。
|
|
|
|
|
- **查找表**:当我们需要快速查找一个元素或者需要查找一个元素的对应关系时,可以使用数组作为查找表。假如我们想要实现字符到 ASCII 码的映射,则可以将字符的 ASCII 码值作为索引,对应的元素存放在数组中的对应位置。
|
|
|
|
|
- **机器学习**:神经网络中大量使用了向量、矩阵、张量之间的线性代数运算,这些数据都是以数组的形式构建的。数组是神经网络编程中最常使用的数据结构。
|
|
|
|
|
- **数据结构实现**:数组可以用于实现栈、队列、哈希表、堆、图等数据结构。例如,图的邻接矩阵表示实际上是一个二维数组。
|