2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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comments: true
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---
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# 11.9 计数排序
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「计数排序 counting sort」通过统计元素数量来实现排序,通常应用于整数数组。
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## 11.9.1 简单实现
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先来看一个简单的例子。给定一个长度为 $n$ 的数组 `nums` ,其中的元素都是“非负整数”,计数排序的整体流程如图 11-16 所示。
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1. 遍历数组,找出数组中的最大数字,记为 $m$ ,然后创建一个长度为 $m + 1$ 的辅助数组 `counter` 。
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2. **借助 `counter` 统计 `nums` 中各数字的出现次数**,其中 `counter[num]` 对应数字 `num` 的出现次数。统计方法很简单,只需遍历 `nums`(设当前数字为 `num`),每轮将 `counter[num]` 增加 $1$ 即可。
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3. **由于 `counter` 的各个索引天然有序,因此相当于所有数字已经被排序好了**。接下来,我们遍历 `counter` ,根据各数字的出现次数,将它们按从小到大的顺序填入 `nums` 即可。
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2023-11-09 05:13:48 +08:00
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![计数排序流程](counting_sort.assets/counting_sort_overview.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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<p align="center"> 图 11-16 计数排序流程 </p>
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=== "Python"
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```python title="counting_sort.py"
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def counting_sort_naive(nums: list[int]):
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"""计数排序"""
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# 简单实现,无法用于排序对象
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# 1. 统计数组最大元素 m
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m = 0
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for num in nums:
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m = max(m, num)
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# 2. 统计各数字的出现次数
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# counter[num] 代表 num 的出现次数
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counter = [0] * (m + 1)
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for num in nums:
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counter[num] += 1
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# 3. 遍历 counter ,将各元素填入原数组 nums
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i = 0
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for num in range(m + 1):
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for _ in range(counter[num]):
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nums[i] = num
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i += 1
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="counting_sort.cpp"
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2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
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/* 计数排序 */
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// 简单实现,无法用于排序对象
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void countingSortNaive(vector<int> &nums) {
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// 1. 统计数组最大元素 m
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int m = 0;
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for (int num : nums) {
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m = max(m, num);
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}
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// 2. 统计各数字的出现次数
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// counter[num] 代表 num 的出现次数
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vector<int> counter(m + 1, 0);
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for (int num : nums) {
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counter[num]++;
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}
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// 3. 遍历 counter ,将各元素填入原数组 nums
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int i = 0;
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for (int num = 0; num < m + 1; num++) {
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for (int j = 0; j < counter[num]; j++, i++) {
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nums[i] = num;
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}
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}
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}
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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```
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=== "Java"
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```java title="counting_sort.java"
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2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
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/* 计数排序 */
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// 简单实现,无法用于排序对象
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void countingSortNaive(int[] nums) {
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// 1. 统计数组最大元素 m
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int m = 0;
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for (int num : nums) {
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m = Math.max(m, num);
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}
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// 2. 统计各数字的出现次数
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// counter[num] 代表 num 的出现次数
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int[] counter = new int[m + 1];
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for (int num : nums) {
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counter[num]++;
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}
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// 3. 遍历 counter ,将各元素填入原数组 nums
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int i = 0;
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for (int num = 0; num < m + 1; num++) {
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for (int j = 0; j < counter[num]; j++, i++) {
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nums[i] = num;
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}
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}
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}
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="counting_sort.cs"
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2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
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/* 计数排序 */
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// 简单实现,无法用于排序对象
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2023-10-08 01:43:28 +08:00
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void CountingSortNaive(int[] nums) {
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2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
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// 1. 统计数组最大元素 m
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int m = 0;
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foreach (int num in nums) {
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m = Math.Max(m, num);
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}
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// 2. 统计各数字的出现次数
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// counter[num] 代表 num 的出现次数
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int[] counter = new int[m + 1];
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foreach (int num in nums) {
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counter[num]++;
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}
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// 3. 遍历 counter ,将各元素填入原数组 nums
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int i = 0;
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for (int num = 0; num < m + 1; num++) {
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for (int j = 0; j < counter[num]; j++, i++) {
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nums[i] = num;
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}
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}
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}
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="counting_sort.go"
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2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
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/* 计数排序 */
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// 简单实现,无法用于排序对象
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func countingSortNaive(nums []int) {
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// 1. 统计数组最大元素 m
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m := 0
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for _, num := range nums {
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if num > m {
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m = num
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}
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}
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// 2. 统计各数字的出现次数
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// counter[num] 代表 num 的出现次数
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counter := make([]int, m+1)
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for _, num := range nums {
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counter[num]++
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}
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// 3. 遍历 counter ,将各元素填入原数组 nums
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for i, num := 0, 0; num < m+1; num++ {
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for j := 0; j < counter[num]; j++ {
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nums[i] = num
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i++
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}
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}
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}
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="counting_sort.swift"
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2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
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/* 计数排序 */
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// 简单实现,无法用于排序对象
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func countingSortNaive(nums: inout [Int]) {
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// 1. 统计数组最大元素 m
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let m = nums.max()!
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// 2. 统计各数字的出现次数
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// counter[num] 代表 num 的出现次数
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var counter = Array(repeating: 0, count: m + 1)
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for num in nums {
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counter[num] += 1
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}
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// 3. 遍历 counter ,将各元素填入原数组 nums
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var i = 0
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for num in stride(from: 0, to: m + 1, by: 1) {
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for _ in stride(from: 0, to: counter[num], by: 1) {
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nums[i] = num
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i += 1
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}
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}
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}
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title="counting_sort.js"
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2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
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/* 计数排序 */
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// 简单实现,无法用于排序对象
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function countingSortNaive(nums) {
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// 1. 统计数组最大元素 m
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let m = 0;
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for (const num of nums) {
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m = Math.max(m, num);
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}
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// 2. 统计各数字的出现次数
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// counter[num] 代表 num 的出现次数
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const counter = new Array(m + 1).fill(0);
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for (const num of nums) {
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counter[num]++;
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}
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// 3. 遍历 counter ,将各元素填入原数组 nums
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let i = 0;
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for (let num = 0; num < m + 1; num++) {
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for (let j = 0; j < counter[num]; j++, i++) {
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nums[i] = num;
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}
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}
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}
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title="counting_sort.ts"
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2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
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/* 计数排序 */
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// 简单实现,无法用于排序对象
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function countingSortNaive(nums: number[]): void {
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// 1. 统计数组最大元素 m
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let m = 0;
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for (const num of nums) {
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m = Math.max(m, num);
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}
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// 2. 统计各数字的出现次数
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// counter[num] 代表 num 的出现次数
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const counter: number[] = new Array<number>(m + 1).fill(0);
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for (const num of nums) {
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counter[num]++;
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}
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// 3. 遍历 counter ,将各元素填入原数组 nums
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let i = 0;
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for (let num = 0; num < m + 1; num++) {
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for (let j = 0; j < counter[num]; j++, i++) {
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nums[i] = num;
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}
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}
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}
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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```
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=== "Dart"
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```dart title="counting_sort.dart"
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2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
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/* 计数排序 */
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// 简单实现,无法用于排序对象
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void countingSortNaive(List<int> nums) {
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// 1. 统计数组最大元素 m
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int m = 0;
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2023-11-17 00:35:19 +08:00
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for (int _num in nums) {
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m = max(m, _num);
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2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
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}
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// 2. 统计各数字的出现次数
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2023-11-17 00:35:19 +08:00
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// counter[_num] 代表 _num 的出现次数
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2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
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List<int> counter = List.filled(m + 1, 0);
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2023-11-17 00:35:19 +08:00
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for (int _num in nums) {
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counter[_num]++;
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2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
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}
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// 3. 遍历 counter ,将各元素填入原数组 nums
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int i = 0;
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2023-11-17 00:35:19 +08:00
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for (int _num = 0; _num < m + 1; _num++) {
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for (int j = 0; j < counter[_num]; j++, i++) {
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nums[i] = _num;
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2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
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}
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}
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}
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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```
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=== "Rust"
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```rust title="counting_sort.rs"
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2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
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/* 计数排序 */
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// 简单实现,无法用于排序对象
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fn counting_sort_naive(nums: &mut [i32]) {
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// 1. 统计数组最大元素 m
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let m = *nums.into_iter().max().unwrap();
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// 2. 统计各数字的出现次数
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// counter[num] 代表 num 的出现次数
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let mut counter = vec![0; m as usize + 1];
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for &num in &*nums {
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counter[num as usize] += 1;
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}
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// 3. 遍历 counter ,将各元素填入原数组 nums
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let mut i = 0;
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for num in 0..m + 1 {
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for _ in 0..counter[num as usize] {
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nums[i] = num;
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i += 1;
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}
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}
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}
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2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="counting_sort.c"
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/* 计数排序 */
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// 简单实现,无法用于排序对象
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void countingSortNaive(int nums[], int size) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 1. 统计数组最大元素 m
|
|
|
|
|
int m = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (nums[i] > m) {
|
|
|
|
|
m = nums[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 2. 统计各数字的出现次数
|
|
|
|
|
// counter[num] 代表 num 的出现次数
|
2023-11-27 02:32:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
int *counter = calloc(m, sizeof(int));
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
counter[nums[i]]++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 3. 遍历 counter ,将各元素填入原数组 nums
|
|
|
|
|
int i = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
for (int num = 0; num < m + 1; num++) {
|
|
|
|
|
for (int j = 0; j < counter[num]; j++, i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-11-27 02:32:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 4. 释放内存
|
|
|
|
|
free(counter);
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="counting_sort.zig"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{countingSortNaive}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
!!! note "计数排序与桶排序的联系"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
从桶排序的角度看,我们可以将计数排序中的计数数组 `counter` 的每个索引视为一个桶,将统计数量的过程看作是将各个元素分配到对应的桶中。本质上,计数排序是桶排序在整型数据下的一个特例。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 11.9.2 完整实现
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
细心的同学可能发现,**如果输入数据是对象,上述步骤 `3.` 就失效了**。假设输入数据是商品对象,我们想要按照商品价格(类的成员变量)对商品进行排序,而上述算法只能给出价格的排序结果。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
那么如何才能得到原数据的排序结果呢?我们首先计算 `counter` 的“前缀和”。顾名思义,索引 `i` 处的前缀和 `prefix[i]` 等于数组前 `i` 个元素之和:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$$
|
|
|
|
|
\text{prefix}[i] = \sum_{j=0}^i \text{counter[j]}
|
|
|
|
|
$$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**前缀和具有明确的意义,`prefix[num] - 1` 代表元素 `num` 在结果数组 `res` 中最后一次出现的索引**。这个信息非常关键,因为它告诉我们各个元素应该出现在结果数组的哪个位置。接下来,我们倒序遍历原数组 `nums` 的每个元素 `num` ,在每轮迭代中执行以下两步。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1. 将 `num` 填入数组 `res` 的索引 `prefix[num] - 1` 处。
|
|
|
|
|
2. 令前缀和 `prefix[num]` 减小 $1$ ,从而得到下次放置 `num` 的索引。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
遍历完成后,数组 `res` 中就是排序好的结果,最后使用 `res` 覆盖原数组 `nums` 即可。图 11-17 展示了完整的计数排序流程。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "<1>"
|
2023-11-09 05:13:48 +08:00
|
|
|
|
![计数排序步骤](counting_sort.assets/counting_sort_step1.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "<2>"
|
2023-11-09 05:13:48 +08:00
|
|
|
|
![counting_sort_step2](counting_sort.assets/counting_sort_step2.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "<3>"
|
2023-11-09 05:13:48 +08:00
|
|
|
|
![counting_sort_step3](counting_sort.assets/counting_sort_step3.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "<4>"
|
2023-11-09 05:13:48 +08:00
|
|
|
|
![counting_sort_step4](counting_sort.assets/counting_sort_step4.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "<5>"
|
2023-11-09 05:13:48 +08:00
|
|
|
|
![counting_sort_step5](counting_sort.assets/counting_sort_step5.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "<6>"
|
2023-11-09 05:13:48 +08:00
|
|
|
|
![counting_sort_step6](counting_sort.assets/counting_sort_step6.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "<7>"
|
2023-11-09 05:13:48 +08:00
|
|
|
|
![counting_sort_step7](counting_sort.assets/counting_sort_step7.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "<8>"
|
2023-11-09 05:13:48 +08:00
|
|
|
|
![counting_sort_step8](counting_sort.assets/counting_sort_step8.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p align="center"> 图 11-17 计数排序步骤 </p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
计数排序的实现代码如下所示。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="counting_sort.py"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
def counting_sort(nums: list[int]):
|
|
|
|
|
"""计数排序"""
|
|
|
|
|
# 完整实现,可排序对象,并且是稳定排序
|
|
|
|
|
# 1. 统计数组最大元素 m
|
|
|
|
|
m = max(nums)
|
|
|
|
|
# 2. 统计各数字的出现次数
|
|
|
|
|
# counter[num] 代表 num 的出现次数
|
|
|
|
|
counter = [0] * (m + 1)
|
|
|
|
|
for num in nums:
|
|
|
|
|
counter[num] += 1
|
|
|
|
|
# 3. 求 counter 的前缀和,将“出现次数”转换为“尾索引”
|
|
|
|
|
# 即 counter[num]-1 是 num 在 res 中最后一次出现的索引
|
|
|
|
|
for i in range(m):
|
|
|
|
|
counter[i + 1] += counter[i]
|
|
|
|
|
# 4. 倒序遍历 nums ,将各元素填入结果数组 res
|
|
|
|
|
# 初始化数组 res 用于记录结果
|
|
|
|
|
n = len(nums)
|
|
|
|
|
res = [0] * n
|
|
|
|
|
for i in range(n - 1, -1, -1):
|
|
|
|
|
num = nums[i]
|
|
|
|
|
res[counter[num] - 1] = num # 将 num 放置到对应索引处
|
|
|
|
|
counter[num] -= 1 # 令前缀和自减 1 ,得到下次放置 num 的索引
|
|
|
|
|
# 使用结果数组 res 覆盖原数组 nums
|
|
|
|
|
for i in range(n):
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = res[i]
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="counting_sort.cpp"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 计数排序 */
|
|
|
|
|
// 完整实现,可排序对象,并且是稳定排序
|
|
|
|
|
void countingSort(vector<int> &nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 1. 统计数组最大元素 m
|
|
|
|
|
int m = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
for (int num : nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
m = max(m, num);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 2. 统计各数字的出现次数
|
|
|
|
|
// counter[num] 代表 num 的出现次数
|
|
|
|
|
vector<int> counter(m + 1, 0);
|
|
|
|
|
for (int num : nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
counter[num]++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 3. 求 counter 的前缀和,将“出现次数”转换为“尾索引”
|
|
|
|
|
// 即 counter[num]-1 是 num 在 res 中最后一次出现的索引
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
counter[i + 1] += counter[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 4. 倒序遍历 nums ,将各元素填入结果数组 res
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化数组 res 用于记录结果
|
|
|
|
|
int n = nums.size();
|
|
|
|
|
vector<int> res(n);
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
int num = nums[i];
|
|
|
|
|
res[counter[num] - 1] = num; // 将 num 放置到对应索引处
|
|
|
|
|
counter[num]--; // 令前缀和自减 1 ,得到下次放置 num 的索引
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 使用结果数组 res 覆盖原数组 nums
|
|
|
|
|
nums = res;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="counting_sort.java"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 计数排序 */
|
|
|
|
|
// 完整实现,可排序对象,并且是稳定排序
|
|
|
|
|
void countingSort(int[] nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 1. 统计数组最大元素 m
|
|
|
|
|
int m = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
for (int num : nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
m = Math.max(m, num);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 2. 统计各数字的出现次数
|
|
|
|
|
// counter[num] 代表 num 的出现次数
|
|
|
|
|
int[] counter = new int[m + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
for (int num : nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
counter[num]++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 3. 求 counter 的前缀和,将“出现次数”转换为“尾索引”
|
|
|
|
|
// 即 counter[num]-1 是 num 在 res 中最后一次出现的索引
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
counter[i + 1] += counter[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 4. 倒序遍历 nums ,将各元素填入结果数组 res
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化数组 res 用于记录结果
|
|
|
|
|
int n = nums.length;
|
|
|
|
|
int[] res = new int[n];
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
int num = nums[i];
|
|
|
|
|
res[counter[num] - 1] = num; // 将 num 放置到对应索引处
|
|
|
|
|
counter[num]--; // 令前缀和自减 1 ,得到下次放置 num 的索引
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 使用结果数组 res 覆盖原数组 nums
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = res[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="counting_sort.cs"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 计数排序 */
|
|
|
|
|
// 完整实现,可排序对象,并且是稳定排序
|
2023-10-08 01:43:28 +08:00
|
|
|
|
void CountingSort(int[] nums) {
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 1. 统计数组最大元素 m
|
|
|
|
|
int m = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
foreach (int num in nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
m = Math.Max(m, num);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 2. 统计各数字的出现次数
|
|
|
|
|
// counter[num] 代表 num 的出现次数
|
|
|
|
|
int[] counter = new int[m + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
foreach (int num in nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
counter[num]++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 3. 求 counter 的前缀和,将“出现次数”转换为“尾索引”
|
|
|
|
|
// 即 counter[num]-1 是 num 在 res 中最后一次出现的索引
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
counter[i + 1] += counter[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 4. 倒序遍历 nums ,将各元素填入结果数组 res
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化数组 res 用于记录结果
|
|
|
|
|
int n = nums.Length;
|
|
|
|
|
int[] res = new int[n];
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
int num = nums[i];
|
|
|
|
|
res[counter[num] - 1] = num; // 将 num 放置到对应索引处
|
|
|
|
|
counter[num]--; // 令前缀和自减 1 ,得到下次放置 num 的索引
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 使用结果数组 res 覆盖原数组 nums
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = res[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="counting_sort.go"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 计数排序 */
|
|
|
|
|
// 完整实现,可排序对象,并且是稳定排序
|
|
|
|
|
func countingSort(nums []int) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 1. 统计数组最大元素 m
|
|
|
|
|
m := 0
|
|
|
|
|
for _, num := range nums {
|
|
|
|
|
if num > m {
|
|
|
|
|
m = num
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 2. 统计各数字的出现次数
|
|
|
|
|
// counter[num] 代表 num 的出现次数
|
|
|
|
|
counter := make([]int, m+1)
|
|
|
|
|
for _, num := range nums {
|
|
|
|
|
counter[num]++
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 3. 求 counter 的前缀和,将“出现次数”转换为“尾索引”
|
|
|
|
|
// 即 counter[num]-1 是 num 在 res 中最后一次出现的索引
|
|
|
|
|
for i := 0; i < m; i++ {
|
|
|
|
|
counter[i+1] += counter[i]
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 4. 倒序遍历 nums ,将各元素填入结果数组 res
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化数组 res 用于记录结果
|
|
|
|
|
n := len(nums)
|
|
|
|
|
res := make([]int, n)
|
|
|
|
|
for i := n - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
|
|
|
|
|
num := nums[i]
|
|
|
|
|
// 将 num 放置到对应索引处
|
|
|
|
|
res[counter[num]-1] = num
|
|
|
|
|
// 令前缀和自减 1 ,得到下次放置 num 的索引
|
|
|
|
|
counter[num]--
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 使用结果数组 res 覆盖原数组 nums
|
|
|
|
|
copy(nums, res)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="counting_sort.swift"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 计数排序 */
|
|
|
|
|
// 完整实现,可排序对象,并且是稳定排序
|
|
|
|
|
func countingSort(nums: inout [Int]) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 1. 统计数组最大元素 m
|
|
|
|
|
let m = nums.max()!
|
|
|
|
|
// 2. 统计各数字的出现次数
|
|
|
|
|
// counter[num] 代表 num 的出现次数
|
|
|
|
|
var counter = Array(repeating: 0, count: m + 1)
|
|
|
|
|
for num in nums {
|
|
|
|
|
counter[num] += 1
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 3. 求 counter 的前缀和,将“出现次数”转换为“尾索引”
|
|
|
|
|
// 即 counter[num]-1 是 num 在 res 中最后一次出现的索引
|
|
|
|
|
for i in stride(from: 0, to: m, by: 1) {
|
|
|
|
|
counter[i + 1] += counter[i]
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 4. 倒序遍历 nums ,将各元素填入结果数组 res
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化数组 res 用于记录结果
|
|
|
|
|
var res = Array(repeating: 0, count: nums.count)
|
|
|
|
|
for i in stride(from: nums.count - 1, through: 0, by: -1) {
|
|
|
|
|
let num = nums[i]
|
|
|
|
|
res[counter[num] - 1] = num // 将 num 放置到对应索引处
|
|
|
|
|
counter[num] -= 1 // 令前缀和自减 1 ,得到下次放置 num 的索引
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 使用结果数组 res 覆盖原数组 nums
|
|
|
|
|
for i in stride(from: 0, to: nums.count, by: 1) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = res[i]
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="counting_sort.js"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 计数排序 */
|
|
|
|
|
// 完整实现,可排序对象,并且是稳定排序
|
|
|
|
|
function countingSort(nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 1. 统计数组最大元素 m
|
|
|
|
|
let m = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
for (const num of nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
m = Math.max(m, num);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 2. 统计各数字的出现次数
|
|
|
|
|
// counter[num] 代表 num 的出现次数
|
|
|
|
|
const counter = new Array(m + 1).fill(0);
|
|
|
|
|
for (const num of nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
counter[num]++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 3. 求 counter 的前缀和,将“出现次数”转换为“尾索引”
|
|
|
|
|
// 即 counter[num]-1 是 num 在 res 中最后一次出现的索引
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < m; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
counter[i + 1] += counter[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 4. 倒序遍历 nums ,将各元素填入结果数组 res
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化数组 res 用于记录结果
|
|
|
|
|
const n = nums.length;
|
|
|
|
|
const res = new Array(n);
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
const num = nums[i];
|
|
|
|
|
res[counter[num] - 1] = num; // 将 num 放置到对应索引处
|
|
|
|
|
counter[num]--; // 令前缀和自减 1 ,得到下次放置 num 的索引
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 使用结果数组 res 覆盖原数组 nums
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = res[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="counting_sort.ts"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 计数排序 */
|
|
|
|
|
// 完整实现,可排序对象,并且是稳定排序
|
|
|
|
|
function countingSort(nums: number[]): void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 1. 统计数组最大元素 m
|
|
|
|
|
let m = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
for (const num of nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
m = Math.max(m, num);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 2. 统计各数字的出现次数
|
|
|
|
|
// counter[num] 代表 num 的出现次数
|
|
|
|
|
const counter: number[] = new Array<number>(m + 1).fill(0);
|
|
|
|
|
for (const num of nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
counter[num]++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 3. 求 counter 的前缀和,将“出现次数”转换为“尾索引”
|
|
|
|
|
// 即 counter[num]-1 是 num 在 res 中最后一次出现的索引
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < m; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
counter[i + 1] += counter[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 4. 倒序遍历 nums ,将各元素填入结果数组 res
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化数组 res 用于记录结果
|
|
|
|
|
const n = nums.length;
|
|
|
|
|
const res: number[] = new Array<number>(n);
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
const num = nums[i];
|
|
|
|
|
res[counter[num] - 1] = num; // 将 num 放置到对应索引处
|
|
|
|
|
counter[num]--; // 令前缀和自减 1 ,得到下次放置 num 的索引
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 使用结果数组 res 覆盖原数组 nums
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = res[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="counting_sort.dart"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 计数排序 */
|
|
|
|
|
// 完整实现,可排序对象,并且是稳定排序
|
|
|
|
|
void countingSort(List<int> nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 1. 统计数组最大元素 m
|
|
|
|
|
int m = 0;
|
2023-11-17 00:35:19 +08:00
|
|
|
|
for (int _num in nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
m = max(m, _num);
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 2. 统计各数字的出现次数
|
2023-11-17 00:35:19 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// counter[_num] 代表 _num 的出现次数
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
List<int> counter = List.filled(m + 1, 0);
|
2023-11-17 00:35:19 +08:00
|
|
|
|
for (int _num in nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
counter[_num]++;
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 3. 求 counter 的前缀和,将“出现次数”转换为“尾索引”
|
2023-11-17 00:35:19 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 即 counter[_num]-1 是 _num 在 res 中最后一次出现的索引
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
counter[i + 1] += counter[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 4. 倒序遍历 nums ,将各元素填入结果数组 res
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化数组 res 用于记录结果
|
|
|
|
|
int n = nums.length;
|
|
|
|
|
List<int> res = List.filled(n, 0);
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
|
2023-11-17 00:35:19 +08:00
|
|
|
|
int _num = nums[i];
|
|
|
|
|
res[counter[_num] - 1] = _num; // 将 _num 放置到对应索引处
|
|
|
|
|
counter[_num]--; // 令前缀和自减 1 ,得到下次放置 _num 的索引
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 使用结果数组 res 覆盖原数组 nums
|
|
|
|
|
nums.setAll(0, res);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="counting_sort.rs"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 计数排序 */
|
|
|
|
|
// 完整实现,可排序对象,并且是稳定排序
|
|
|
|
|
fn counting_sort(nums: &mut [i32]) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 1. 统计数组最大元素 m
|
|
|
|
|
let m = *nums.into_iter().max().unwrap();
|
|
|
|
|
// 2. 统计各数字的出现次数
|
|
|
|
|
// counter[num] 代表 num 的出现次数
|
|
|
|
|
let mut counter = vec![0; m as usize + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
for &num in &*nums {
|
|
|
|
|
counter[num as usize] += 1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 3. 求 counter 的前缀和,将“出现次数”转换为“尾索引”
|
|
|
|
|
// 即 counter[num]-1 是 num 在 res 中最后一次出现的索引
|
|
|
|
|
for i in 0..m as usize {
|
|
|
|
|
counter[i + 1] += counter[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 4. 倒序遍历 nums ,将各元素填入结果数组 res
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化数组 res 用于记录结果
|
|
|
|
|
let n = nums.len();
|
|
|
|
|
let mut res = vec![0; n];
|
|
|
|
|
for i in (0..n).rev() {
|
|
|
|
|
let num = nums[i];
|
|
|
|
|
res[counter[num as usize] - 1] = num; // 将 num 放置到对应索引处
|
|
|
|
|
counter[num as usize] -= 1; // 令前缀和自减 1 ,得到下次放置 num 的索引
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 使用结果数组 res 覆盖原数组 nums
|
|
|
|
|
for i in 0..n {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = res[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="counting_sort.c"
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
/* 计数排序 */
|
|
|
|
|
// 完整实现,可排序对象,并且是稳定排序
|
|
|
|
|
void countingSort(int nums[], int size) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 1. 统计数组最大元素 m
|
|
|
|
|
int m = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (nums[i] > m) {
|
|
|
|
|
m = nums[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 2. 统计各数字的出现次数
|
|
|
|
|
// counter[num] 代表 num 的出现次数
|
2023-11-27 02:32:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
int *counter = calloc(m, sizeof(int));
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
counter[nums[i]]++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 3. 求 counter 的前缀和,将“出现次数”转换为“尾索引”
|
|
|
|
|
// 即 counter[num]-1 是 num 在 res 中最后一次出现的索引
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
counter[i + 1] += counter[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 4. 倒序遍历 nums ,将各元素填入结果数组 res
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化数组 res 用于记录结果
|
|
|
|
|
int *res = malloc(sizeof(int) * size);
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = size - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
int num = nums[i];
|
|
|
|
|
res[counter[num] - 1] = num; // 将 num 放置到对应索引处
|
|
|
|
|
counter[num]--; // 令前缀和自减 1 ,得到下次放置 num 的索引
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 使用结果数组 res 覆盖原数组 nums
|
|
|
|
|
memcpy(nums, res, size * sizeof(int));
|
2023-11-27 02:32:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
// 5. 释放内存
|
|
|
|
|
free(counter);
|
2023-10-06 14:10:18 +08:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
2023-10-06 13:31:21 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="counting_sort.zig"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{countingSort}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 11.9.3 算法特性
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- **时间复杂度 $O(n + m)$** :涉及遍历 `nums` 和遍历 `counter` ,都使用线性时间。一般情况下 $n \gg m$ ,时间复杂度趋于 $O(n)$ 。
|
|
|
|
|
- **空间复杂度 $O(n + m)$、非原地排序**:借助了长度分别为 $n$ 和 $m$ 的数组 `res` 和 `counter` 。
|
|
|
|
|
- **稳定排序**:由于向 `res` 中填充元素的顺序是“从右向左”的,因此倒序遍历 `nums` 可以避免改变相等元素之间的相对位置,从而实现稳定排序。实际上,正序遍历 `nums` 也可以得到正确的排序结果,但结果是非稳定的。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 11.9.4 局限性
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
看到这里,你也许会觉得计数排序非常巧妙,仅通过统计数量就可以实现高效的排序工作。然而,使用计数排序的前置条件相对较为严格。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**计数排序只适用于非负整数**。若想要将其用于其他类型的数据,需要确保这些数据可以被转换为非负整数,并且在转换过程中不能改变各个元素之间的相对大小关系。例如,对于包含负数的整数数组,可以先给所有数字加上一个常数,将全部数字转化为正数,排序完成后再转换回去即可。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**计数排序适用于数据量大但数据范围较小的情况**。比如,在上述示例中 $m$ 不能太大,否则会占用过多空间。而当 $n \ll m$ 时,计数排序使用 $O(m)$ 时间,可能比 $O(n \log n)$ 的排序算法还要慢。
|